Urinalysis is a mandatory procedure in order to find out the general condition of the body and the presence of any diseases. One of the indicators of this analysis is the epithelium. It is a cellular layer lining the skin surfaces, mucous internal organs and systems. Epithelium has its own characteristics and structure. In the urine, each person has these cells, they get into it through the urethra. A sharp increase in this indicator may signal a presence in the body of an infection. By itse...
Hemoglobin is part of the red blood cells. The level of content of this element is one of the most important indicators of blood composition.From his concentration depends on the person's well-being and performance. By its structure, hemoglobin is a complex protein, consisting of two main components: directly protein and iron. When giving a blood test we often hear from doctors that hemoglobin is within normal limits. And what does this expression mean, and how is the norm of hemoglobin esta...
Very often, on the basis of blood glucose levels, the condition of various systems and organs of the human body is determined. Normally, sugar should not exceed 8.8-9.9 mmol per liter. If its level in the blood rises, the tubules of the kidneys lose the ability to normally suck in blood from urine an increased amount of glucose. It is as a result of this that glucose appears in the urine - this process is commonly called glucosuria. Causes of sugar in the urine can be very diverse. Thus, glu...
The appearance of cylinders in the urine is called cylilluria. They represent a kind of sediment in the fluid when urinating, having a cylindrical shape. Different types of cylinders make it possible to recognize diseases of the lower zone of the genito-urinary tract (urethritis, etc.), as well as developing violations of the functional capacity of the kidneys. Discovered cylinders when passing urine analysis, which include erythrocytes, testify to acute diffuse glomerulonephritis. If bacter...
A general blood test is probably the most common method of laboratory diagnosis.In a modern civilized society there is virtually no person who would not have to repeatedly donate blood for a general analysis. After all, this study is carried out not only ill, but also quite healthy people with routine physical examinations at work, in educational institutions, service in the army. This blood test includes determining the concentration of hemoglobin, the number of leukocytes and counting the ...
Biochemical blood test - a study that is conducted in the laboratory and used in medicine to identify information about the functional state of the body as a whole, organs in isolation. Its results help with high accuracy to determine disruptions in the work of the body. Correct interpretation of the biochemical blood test in adults allows for accurate diagnosis of the internal organs. Biochemical analysis of blood includes the definition of a number of indicators that reliably reflect the s...
Platelets are small blood plates that form in the cells of the red bone marrow and play an important role in the processes of hemostasis and thrombosis.It is from the platelets depends on the preservation of blood in the liquid state, the dissolution of blood clots formed and the protection of the walls of blood vessels from damage. There are established norms of thrombocytes in women, men and children in the analysis of blood. If platelets are raised, it is fraught with the formation of thr...
Bilirubin is a yellow pigment formed during the decay of erythrocytes, more precisely - with the destruction of the non-protein part of hemoglobin - heme.His metabolism in the body affects a large number of organs and systems, therefore it is of great interest for doctors of all specialties. In the blood, the level of bilirubin is examined in the biochemical analysis, in urine its presence and quantity is determined by a general analysis of this biological fluid. If the concentration of bili...
Cholesterol is an organic substance, a natural fat-soluble alcohol. In the body of all living beings, it is part of the cell wall, forming its structure and participating in the transport of substances inside the cell and back. Cholesterol exists in the form of two: LDL or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is called "bad" cholesterol. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) or HDL - is called "good." High cholesterol in the blood, not considered a problem a few dozen years ago, now worries many. Heart at...
Erythrocytes - red blood cells - normally are denuclearized biconcave cells in the form of discs with enlightenment in the center and annular thickening along the edges.The ultrastructure of the erythrocyte is monotonous. Its contents are filled with gentle granulation (diameter of granules 4-5 nm), which is identified with hemoglobin. A doctor can prescribe such an analysis if he has reason to believe that the patient has a disease that affects the level of red blood cells and / or signs of...
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