A general blood test is probably the most common method of laboratory diagnosis.In a modern civilized society there is virtually no person who would not have to repeatedly donate blood for a general analysis.
After all, this study is carried out not only ill, but also quite healthy people with routine physical examinations at work, in educational institutions, service in the army.
This blood test includes determining the concentration of hemoglobin, the number of leukocytes and counting the leukocyte formula, determination of the number of erythrocytes, platelets, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and other indicators.
Due to the correct interpretation of the results of a general blood test, it is possible to establish the cause of these or other symptoms in adults, determine the type of blood disease, internal organs, choose the right treatment regimen.
What it is?
A general (expanded) blood test includes:
- The level of hemoglobin and hematocrit.
- The sedimentation rate of erythrocytes (ESR), which was formerly called the reaction (ROE).
- Color indicator, calculated by the formula, if the study was carried out manually, without the participation of laboratory equipment;
- Determination of the content of blood cell elements: erythrocytes - red blood cells containing pigment hemoglobin, determining the color of blood, and leukocytes, which do not contain this pigment, are therefore called white blood cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes).
As you can see, the general blood test shows the reaction of this valuable biological fluid to any processes occurring in the body. Concerningthe proper delivery of the analysis, then there are no complicated strict instructions about this testing, but there are certain limitations:
- The analysis is performed in the morning. The patient is forbidden to eat food, water for 4 hours. before taking a blood sample.
- The main medical supplies that are used for taking blood are scarifier, cotton wool, alcohol.
- For this survey, use capillary blood, which is taken from the finger. Less often, according to the doctor's instructions, can use blood from the vein.
After receiving the results, a detailed analysis of the blood test is made. There are also special hematological analyzers, with which you can automatically determine up to 24 blood parameters. These devices are able to print a printout with a transcript of the blood test almost immediately after blood sampling.
General blood test: the norm of the indicators in the table
The table shows the normal number of blood elements. In different laboratories, these values may differ, so to determine whether the blood counts are accurate norm, it is necessary to find the reference values of the laboratory in which the blood test was performed.
Table of normal indicators of the general analysis of blood in adults:
| Analysis: | Adult women: | Adult males: |
| Hemoglobin | 120-140 g / l | 130-160 g / l |
| Hematocrit | 3, -4, % | 3, -4, % |
| Platelets | 180-360 × 109 | 180-360 × 109 |
| Erythrocytes | 3.7-4.7 × 1012 | 4-5.1 × 1012 |
| Leukocytes | 4-9 × 109 | 4-9 × 109 |
| ESR | 2-15 mm / h | 1-10 mm / h |
| Color metric | , 5-, 5 | , 5-, 5 |
| Reticulocytes | , -, % | , -, % |
| Thrombote | , -, % | , -, % |
| Eosinophils | 0-5% | 0-5% |
| Basophils | 0-1% | 0-1% |
| Lymphocytes | 18-40% | 18-40% |
| Monocytes | 2-9% | 2-9% |
| The average volume of red blood cells | 78-94 fl | 78-94 fl |
| The average hemoglobin content in erythrocytes | 26-32 pg | 26-32 pg |
| Stool granulocytes (neutrophils) | 1-6% | 1-6% |
| Segmented granulocytes (neutrophils) | 47-72% | 47-72% |
Each of these indicators is important when deciphering the blood test, but a reliable result of the study is formed not only from the comparison of the obtained data with norms - all quantitative characteristics are considered in the aggregate, in addition, the relationship between different indicators of blood properties is taken into account.
Erythrocytes
Formed elements of blood. They contain hemoglobin, which is found in each of the erythrocytes in the same amount. Erythrocytes are involved in the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.
Increase:
- Vakez disease (erythremia) is a chronic leukemia.
- As a result of hypohydration with sweating, vomiting, burns.
- As a consequence of hypoxia in the body with chronic diseases of the lungs, heart, narrowing of the renal arteries and polycystic kidney. An increase in the synthesis of erythropoietin in response to hypoxia leads to an increase in the formation of erythrocytes in the bone marrow.
Decrease:
- Anemia.
- Leukemia, myeloma - blood tumors.
The level of erythrocytes in the blood becomes less and in diseases that are characterized by increased disintegration of red blood cells:
- hemolytic anemia;
- deficiency in the body of iron;
- lack of vitamin B12;
- bleeding.
The average lifespan of the erythrocyte is 120 days. These cells form in the bone marrow, and are destroyed in the liver.
Platelets
Formal blood elements involved in providing hemostasis. Thrombocytes form in the bone marrow of megakaryocytes.
Increasethe number of platelets (thrombocytosis) is observed when:
- bleeding;
- splenectomy;
- reactive thrombocytosis;
- treatment of corticosteroids;
- physical overstrain;
- iron deficiency;
- malignant neoplasms;
- acute hemolysis;
- myeloproliferative disorders (erythremia, myelofibrosis);
- chronic inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, liver cirrhosis).
Loweringthe number of platelets (thrombocytopenia) is observed when:
- reduced production of platelets;
- DIC-syndrome;
- increased destruction of platelets;
- hemolytic-uremic syndrome;
- splenomegaly;
- autoimmune diseases.
The main function of this blood component is to participate in blood clotting. Inside the platelets, most of the clotting factors are contained, which are released into the blood if necessary (damage to the vessel wall). Due to this property, the damaged vessel is clogged by the forming thrombus and the bleeding stops.
Leukocytes
White blood cells. They form in the red bone marrow. The function of leukocytes is to protect the body from foreign substances and microbes. In other words, it is immunity.
Increaseleukocytes:
- infection, inflammation;
- allergy;
- leukemia;
- condition after acute bleeding, hemolysis.
Decreaseleukocytes:
- pathology of the bone marrow;
- infection (influenza, rubella, measles, etc.);
- genetic anomalies of immunity;
- increased function of the spleen.
There are different types of leukocytes, so the diagnostic value is the change in the number of individual species, not all leukocytes in general.
Basophils
Going to the tissues, they turn into mast cells, responsible for the release of histamine - a hypersensitivity reaction to food, drugs, etc.
- Increase: hypersensitivity reactions, chicken pox, hypothyroidism, chronic sinusitis.
- Decrease: hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, ovulation, stress, acute infections.
Basophils take part in the formation of immunological inflammatory reactions of delayed type. Contain a large number of substances that cause inflammation of the tissues.
Eosinophils
Cells that are responsible for allergies. In norm they should be from 0 to 5%. In case of an increase in the indicator, it indicates the presence of allergic inflammation (allergic rhinitis). Importantly, the number of eosinophils can be increased in the presence of helminthic invasions! Especially often it happens in children. This fact should be taken into account by pediatricians for the correct diagnosis.
Neutrophils
They are divided into several groups - young, stab and segment-nuclear. Neutrophils provide antibacterial immunity, and their varieties are the same cells of different ages. Due to this, it is possible to determine the severity and severity of the inflammatory process or the damage to the hematopoietic system.
An increase in the number of neutrophils is noted in infections, mainly bacterial, trauma, myocardial infarction, malignant tumors. In severe diseases, mostly stab neutrophils increase - a so-called staphylococcus aureus occurs. stab-shift left. In particularly severe conditions, purulent processes and sepsis, young forms can be found in the blood - promyelocytes and myelocytes, which should not normally be present. Also, in severe cases, toxic granularity is found in neutrophils.
MON - monocytes
This element is considered a variation of leukocytes in a macrophage form, i.e. their active phase, which absorbs dead cells and bacteria. The norm for a healthy person is from 0.1 to 0.7 * 10 ^ 9 el / l.
Decrease of the levelMON is due to severe operations and the intake of corticosteroids, an increase indicates the development of rheumatoid arthritis, syphilis, tuberculosis, mononucleosis and other infectious diseases.
GRAN - granulocytes
Granular leukocytes are activators of the immune system in the process of fighting inflammation, infections and allergic reactions. The rate for a person is from 1.2 to 6.8 * 10 ^ 9 el / l.
The level of GRAN increases with inflammation, decreases with red lupus and aplastic anemia.
Color metric
Reflects the relative content of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. Used for differential diagnosis of anemia: normochromic (normal amount of hemoglobin in erythrocyte), hyperchromic (increased), hypochromic (low).
- DecreaseThe CP can occur with: iron deficiency anemia; anemia caused by lead intoxication, with diseases with a violation of hemoglobin synthesis.
- IncreaseThe CPU is at: insufficiency of vitamin B12 in the body; insufficiency of folic acid; cancer; polyposis of the stomach.
The norm of the color index (CP): , 5-, .
Hemoglobin
An increase in the concentration of hemoglobin occurs with erythremia (a decrease in the number of red blood cells), erythro-cytosis (increase in the number of erythrocytes), as well as with the thickening of blood - the consequence of a large loss of body fluids. In addition, the hemoglobin index is increased with cardiovascular decompensation.
If the hemoglobin is more or less than the normal limit, this indicates the presence of pathological conditions. Thus, a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood is observed in anemia of various etiologies and with blood loss. This condition is also called anemia.
Hematocrit
Hematocrit is the percentage of the volume of the blood being studied to the volume occupied in it by the erythrocytes. This indicator is calculated in percent.
Decreasethe hematocrit may occur with:
- anemia;
- starvation;
- pregnancy;
- water retention in the body (chronic renal failure);
- excessive protein content in plasma (myeloma);
- abundant drink or the introduction of a large number of solutions intravenously.
Increasehematocrit above the norm speaks of:
- leukemia;
- true polycythemia;
- burn disease;
- diabetes mellitus;
- kidney diseases (hydronephrosis, polycystosis, neoplasms);
- loss of fluids (excessive sweating, vomiting);
- peritonitis.
Normal indicators of hematocrit: Men - 40-48%, women - 36-42%.
ESR
The rate of erythrocyte sedimentation shows how quickly blood is divided into two layers - the upper (plasma) and lower (shaped elements). This indicator depends on the number of erythrocytes, globulins and fibrinogen. That is, the more red cells in a person, the slower they settle. Increasing the number of globulins and fibrinogen, on the contrary, accelerates the sedimentation of erythrocytes.
Causes of high ESRin a general blood test:
- Acute and chronic inflammatory processes of infectious origin (pneumonia, rheumatism, syphilis, tuberculosis, sepsis).
- Heart lesions (myocardial infarction - damage to the heart muscle, inflammation, synthesis of proteins of the "acute phase," including fibrinogen.)
- Diseases of the liver (hepatitis), pancreas (destructive pancreatitis), intestines (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), kidney (nephrotic syndrome).
- Hematological diseases (anemia, lymphogranulomatosis, myeloma).
- Endocrine pathology (diabetes, thyrotoxicosis).
- Trauma of organs and tissues (surgical operations, injuries and fractures of bones) - any damage increases the ability of erythrocytes to aggregate.
- Conditions accompanied by severe intoxication.
- Poisoning by lead or arsenic.
- Malignant neoplasms.
ESR lower than normaltypical for the following conditions of the body:
- Mechanical jaundice and as a consequence - the release of a large number of bile acids;
- High level of bilirubin (hyperbilirubinemia);
- Erythremia and reactive erythrocytosis;
- Sickle-cell anemia;
- Chronic circulatory failure;
- Decrease in the level of fibrinogen (hypofibrinogenemia).
ESR, as a nonspecific indicator of the disease process, is often used to track its course.
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