Bilateral pneumonia in adult treatment duration

Symptoms of pneumonia in an adult. Treatment of pneumonia

The acute infectious pathology, which is characterized by the destruction of lung tissue, is called pneumonia. Such a disease is more commonly known as pneumonia. There are many varieties of disease. And all the symptoms of pneumonia in an adult depend on the form of pathology. Understanding such a subtle nuance is an effective key to its treatment.

Brief description of the disease

Pneumonia develops if the infectious and inflammatory process, localized in the respiratory system, extends to the connective tissues of the lungs and the alveoli. Of course, this greatly affects the functioning of the body. After all, the part of fibrin and blood sweat in the alveoli. The patient is hampered by normal breathing, a violation of gas exchange is developing.

The disease can manifest itself in different ways. From the area of ​​the lesion and the localization of the focus depends on the symptoms of pneumonia in an adult. Sometimes intoxication develops. Coagulability of blood can be impaired, bronchial passability worsens.

Despite the rapid development of modern medicine, pathology is quite common. And even today it can lead to death. Therefore, one should know the symptoms of pneumonia in an adult. After all, it is very important to identify the disease in time and start an adequate treatment.

Causes of the development of ailment

In general, the inflammation of the lungs occurs due to the action of microorganisms:

• bacteria (streptococci, pneumococci);
• viruses (pathogens of influenza, parainfluenza, rhinoviruses);
• fungi (aspergillus, histoplasm).

In addition to the above, in the development of pathology can take part special types: legionella, chlamydia, mycoplasma. It is the latter group that provokes the development of atypical pneumonia in adults.

But even if the pathogen has entered the body, a person does not necessarily develop pathology. Symptoms of pneumonia in an adult will only appear if there are factors that reduce immunity.

These include:

• any chronic pathologies (diseases of the urinary system, blood circulation, oncology, liver diseases, HIV infection);
• bad habits;
• mechanical trauma to the lung area;
• complete immobility, prolonged hypodynamia;
• inefficient nutrition (lack of minerals, vitamins);
• occupational hazards;
• debilitating physical exertion;
• fatigue, neurosis, chronic stress;
• elderly age;
• taking certain medications (immunosuppressants, chemotherapy, hormonal drugs);
• penetration of chemical agents in the respiratory tract.

Common signs of illness

Symptoms of pneumonia in an adult are divided into:

• typical (pulmonary);
• atypical (extrapulmonary).

Of course, it is very problematic to diagnose ailment at home at home. However, if you know the common features with which a dangerous pathology manifests, it is quite possible to distinguish it from banal ARVI.

But it should be understood that the following are the general symptoms of pneumonia in an adult.

So, to pulmonary signs carry:

1. Cough. Often it is moist, with abundant sputum. However, the elderly can be observed dry.
2. Dyspnea. Its occurrence is associated with physical activity. As a rule, it is moderate.
3. Pain. Patients experience severe discomfort in the sternum, exactly in the place where the inflammation occurred. When the pneumonia is localized in the lower parts of the lungs, a person experiences symptoms of diaphragm irritation. Pain occurs in the abdomen.
4. Rattles are heard, rapid breathing.
5. In the case of effusion into the pleural cavity of the fluid, the patient develops acute pain, intensified after coughing, shortness of breath, severe discomfort during movement or deep inspiration. In some cases, a violation of hemodynamics may develop: the pressure will decrease, the pulse will become more frequent, hypoxia will develop.
6. The nasolabial triangle acquires a cyanotic shade.

Like many infectious diseases, pneumonia leads to intoxication. In this case, extrapulmonary symptoms are observed.

These include:

• hyperthermia;
• deterioration of the condition: a decline in strength, weakness, fatigue;
• headache, discomfort in the joints and muscles.

However, it should be understood that the clinical picture will be quite diverse in such pathology as pneumonia. Symptoms in adults, treatment depends on many factors. Among which: the causative agent, the mechanism of the development of the disease, the conditions of the onset and course of the disease, the spread of the process, the presence of complications, the severity.

Types of pathology

There are several classifications. Let's consider some of them.

If you take into account the causative agent of the disease, then distinguish the following types of pneumonia:

• bacterial;
• viral;
• mycoplasmic;
• fungal;
• mixed.

According to the mechanism of development, the disease is classified as follows:

• primary (independent disease of the respiratory system);
• secondary (complication of some pathologies);
• posttraumatic;
• postoperative;
• infarct-pneumonia (triggered by pulmonary artery embolism or thrombosis).

In the prevalence of the inflammatory process, pneumonia can be:

• one-sided;
• two-sided.

Depending on the course of the disease, the following forms are distinguished:

• sharp;
• protracted;
• chronic.

Classification by prevailing defeat:

• parenchymal pneumonia (cereal, lobar);
• focal (bronchopneumonia, lobular);
• pathology with connective tissue damage.

Consider the most common species. We will analyze what causes pneumonia symptoms in adults, treatment of the disease and the main features of the pathology.

Viral disease

This pathology has its own peculiarities. However, in its pure form it is extremely rare. In adults, viral-bacterial pneumonia is most often diagnosed.

As a rule, pathology is a complication of acute respiratory viral infection, influenza. If viral pneumonia is diagnosed, the symptoms in adults are as follows:

• muscle pain;
• runny nose, nasal congestion;
• fever;
• general tiredness;
• headache;
• cough with whitish transparent phlegm;
• chills;
• pain in the sternum, worse with deep breaths, coughing.

Asymptomatic pneumonia

In some cases, there may be inflammation of the lungs, which is not manifested by virtually no signs. This pathology is characterized as a latent form of the disease.

Pneumonia without symptoms in an adult is a dangerous condition. As a result of the absence of characteristic signs, the necessary treatment is not carried out. And this, in turn, can lead to quite unpleasant consequences.

In addition, a person does not even suspect that he is contagious, and leads a normal life. The danger lies in the fact that he continues to infect other people.

A latent form of pneumonia can develop as a result of reduced immunity, the intake of certain medications (antitussives, antibiotics, glucocorticosteroids).

And still, one can suspect a pathology by the following symptoms:

• pallor of the skin, mucous membranes;
• shortness of breath;
• a rapid pulse;
• fatigue, weakness;
• an unusual blush;
• wheezing.

Croupous pneumonia

In pathology, a whole lobe of the lung is affected. Sometimes the inflammation spans several lobes. The development of croupous pneumonia is triggered by pneumococcus. The causative agent is highly pathogenic. Therefore, there are severe symptoms of pneumonia in adults: with temperature, intoxication of the body.

The following signs of ailment are characteristic:

• chills;
• hyperthermia (up to 39 degrees Celsius);
• cough (first 2 days - dry);
• pain in the sternum stitching;
• "Rusty" sputum due to veins of blood (appears on day 3);
• shortness of breath.

In case of complication of the pathology, skin hyperemia, cyanosis of the nasolabial triangle, herpetic rash on the chin, cheeks, nose, pressure decrease, wheezing in the chest are observed.

Focal pneumonia

Such a disease is characterized by a gradual, barely noticeable beginning. In this case, there are symptoms of pneumonia in adults with a temperature of 38-39 degrees.

The disease manifests itself by the following signs:

• the temperature rises to febrile;
• weakness;
• cough with phlegm;
• sweating;
• dyspnea;
• painful syndrome in the chest with inspiration, cough;
• hard breathing;
• acrocyanosis.

Atypical form of the disease

Sometimes symptoms of pneumonia in an adult without temperature are observed. This form is provoked by atypical microorganisms:

• mycoplasma;
• legionella;
• chlamydia.

Atypical pneumonia can cause and viruses, fungi, protozoa. Symptoms of pneumonia in an adult without a temperature are very similar to a cold.

The main signs of the disease:

• weakness, fatigue;
• headache;
• stuffy nose, runny nose;
• dry cough, significantly worse at night;
• a sore throat;
• shortness of breath, wheezing;
• nausea, vomiting.

However, if the pathology is provoked by the legionella microorganism, then the temperature may rise. For pathology, a strong cough is characteristic. A somewhat different clinic is observed if it is provoked by chlamydia, mycoplasma pneumonia. Symptoms in adults without temperature are a characteristic manifestation of such a pathology.

This form of illness is susceptible to:

• smokers;
• living in the general closed premises (barracks, hostels);
• people with weakened immunity;
• patients suffering from chronic lung diseases;
• children;
• young people.

Radical pneumonia

This is a very serious form of pathology. Symptoms of radical pneumonia in adults may not appear for a long time. But at the same time very often lead to dangerous consequences. The insidiousness of the pathology lies in the difficulty of diagnosis. After all, the focus of inflammation at the root of the lung is localized.

The disease proceeds much brighter than a simple pathology. It should not be forgotten that the radical pneumonia is very dangerous. Symptoms and treatment in adults should be observed by a doctor. After all, if the therapy is wrong, the risk of complications is high.

Symptoms are characterized by the following symptoms:

• wheezing in the lungs;
• severe cough (dry or with a lot of sputum);
• elevated temperature, not confused by drugs;
• discomfort in the throat, pershenie;
• coryza;
• weakness, chills.

The main method of combating pathology is antibiotic therapy. If the treatment is chosen correctly, then the patient becomes much easier already for 2-3 days. Often used and fizioprotsedury.

Treatment of ailment

The approach to combating the disease must be comprehensive. The basis of treatment is made up of antibiotics. Preference is given to the penicillin drug. However, in a number of cases, other medicines may be prescribed.

The most popular antibiotics used to treat pneumonia are:

• "Augmentin".
• "Amoxicillin."
• "Cefazolin."
• "Amoxiclav."
• "Cefatoxime."
• "Azithromycin".

In addition, symptomatic therapy is prescribed. The patient is recommended expectorant drugs, restorative drugs, antipyretic drugs. Depending on the form of pathology, mucolytic, antimicrobial medications are prescribed.

If there are symptoms characteristic of a form such as SARS, symptoms in adults without temperature, then antibiotics are selected depending on the bacterium that caused the ailment. As a rule, the following drugs are prescribed:

• "Erythromycin".
• "Azithromycin".
• "Tetracycline."

Conclusion

Any form of pneumonia today is successfully cured. But the main thing is to consult a doctor in a timely manner and fully comply with the prescribed treatment. The implementation of such simple rules will give a quick recovery. Health to you!

syl.ru

Symptoms and treatment of bilateral pneumonia

Pneumonia bilateral is one of the most dangerous lung diseases, which, if not properly treated, can result in the death of the patient.

Causes of bilateral pneumonia

Bilateral pneumonia is often triggered by the influence of harmful microorganisms on lung tissue.Most often, the causative agent of this disease is pneumococcus, less often the disease can be caused by a hemophilic rod, staphylococcus or several pathogens at the same time.

In the body of each person there are certain viruses and microbes, but protective functions have a deterrent effect and do not allow pathogens to develop. Therefore, the causes of bilateral pneumonia are different, one of the main is the weakening of immunity.

Deterioration of the state of the body's defenses can be caused by:

• disturbances in the rhythm of life;
• chronic diseases of the lungs and bronchi, provoking deformities of these organs;
• frequent colds;
• allergies;
• strong hypothermia;
• hypovitaminosis.

During supercooling local blood supply in the respiratory tract decreases, lung cells stop receiving nutrients and oxygen in the required amount. This also provokes the creation of favorable conditions for the development of pathogenic microorganisms.

Frequent colds have a destructive effect on the bronchial epithelium, and also provoke a decrease in local protection. Disorders of the vital rhythm are represented, first of all, by constant lack of sleep, which leads to a decrease in the reserve capacity of the organism to counteract viruses and bacteria. The normal duration of human sleep should be at least 8 hours.

Allergy also contributes to the weakening of immunity. Specialists noted that bilateral pneumonia is often diagnosed in people suffering from bronchial asthma or hyperplastic rhinitis.

Symptoms of bilateral pneumonia

Signs of bilateral pneumonia are similar to those of other forms of the disease.

Symptoms of bilateral pneumonia are presented:

• a sharp increase in body temperature, which practically does not decrease under the influence of antipyretic drugs;
• frequent headaches;
• the appearance of painful sensations in the chest, the intensity of which increases during deep breaths;
• weakness and discomfort due to a decrease in pressure;
• excessive sweating and shortness of breath;
• chills;
• muscle pain;
• deterioration of appetite;
• heart palpitations;
• signs of general intoxication of the body;
• attacks of cough accompanied by secretions of sputum with bloody impurities (sputum production is not noted in all cases of the disease);
• the appearance of rashes on the face, as well as the acquisition of skin pale or cyanotic shades.

Bilateral pneumonia is classified as acute disease, so the first symptom is manifested a few hours after the pathogen began to multiply in the respiratory tract. But depending on the severity of bilateral pneumonia and the stage of development, the symptoms can manifest with varying intensity.

In its development, the disease goes through two stages. The first stage is characterized by inflammation of the alveolar acini, accompanied by a minor hemorrhage. In the second stage, inflammation of the involved areas occurs and the formation of fibrin on them. These processes provoke the development of respiratory failure.

When identifying the above symptoms it is important to seek help from a doctor in a timely manner, because bilateral pneumonia develops rapidly and within a week can end in a fatal outcome. Children have a more rapid development of the disease, rather than in the adult category of patients. In some cases, the infection of the child from the mother through the milk is diagnosed.

Diagnosis of bilateral pneumonia

Diagnosis of the disease can only be based on the results of radiological examination of the lungs. In the early stages of the disease manifest in the picture focal or segmental eclipses.

In the absence of treatment within a few days, the clinical picture can drastically change, and the picture will clearly show the absolute eclipse of both lungs. In this case, urgent hospitalization of the patient is necessary.

Treatment of bilateral pneumonia

The purpose of treatment of bilateral pneumonia should be preceded by determining the nature of the pathogen, analyzing the state of immunity of the patient and identifying co-morbidities. For this purpose, bacteriological examination of the patient's sputum and a test for sensitivity to antibacterial drugs are carried out.

But quite often the specialists do not have extra time for carrying out all the necessary tests, and the treatment should be started urgently. In such cases, a general scheme of treatment of bilateral pneumonia is used, in which the patient is prescribed strong antibiotics with a wide spectrum of action. The main purpose of their use is to remove inflammation and detoxification of the body. Treatment involves the simultaneous use of several drugs. This prevents the development of serious pathologies.

Mandatory drugs include antihistamine and antipyretics. Further therapy with antibacterial drugs can be corrected after obtaining the results of studies giving a better idea of ​​the pathogen. During treatment of bilateral pneumonia, the patient should be at the hospital and be sure to adhere to the conditions of strict bed rest and high-calorie diet. To improve the protective functions of the body, the patient is prescribed vitamin therapy.

To exclude the development of bilateral pneumonia, it is necessary, above all, not to allow hypothermia. Therefore, the feet should always be kept warm. This applies to a greater extent to young children who are not able to take care of themselves and are quite vulnerable to the effects of harmful microorganisms.

After a slight improvement in the condition, oxygen inhalations and physiotherapy procedures can be prescribed. Categorically it is not recommended to treat bilateral pneumonia at home, because it is impossible to get rid of this disease without using antibacterial therapy.

Complications of bilateral pneumonia

Two-sided pneumonia is a rather insidious disease, requiring an individual approach to the treatment of each patient. The result of illiterate treatment or its complete absence may be the development of complications presented:

• infection of blood (development of sepsis);
• infectious-toxic shock;
• occurrence of abscesses;
• fatal.

Often the cases of bilateral pneumonia, which were provoked by pneumococcus, are terminated in a lethal outcome. This is due to the excessive toxicity of the pathogen and its ability to rapidly multiply. The category of persons for whom the disease poses the greatest danger includes children in preschool age and elderly patients.

Prevention of disease

Since bilateral pneumonia can develop against frequent catarrhal diseases, it is important to pay sufficient attention improve immunity and do not forget about responsible and timely treatment of respiratory diseases.

Particular treatment is required for diseases of the respiratory system, which, if not properly treated, acquire a chronic form that creates favorable soil for the reproduction of bacteria. Of great importance is the system of proper nutrition, presupposing the use of those products that are necessary for the saturation of the body with all the necessary vitamins.

respiratoria.ru

Symptoms of pneumonia in adults

Pneumonia is an infectious disease. It remains one of the most common in the world. It is the leader among nosocomial infections leading to death. It is important to know the symptoms of pneumonia in adults in order to take timely action. Treatment of pneumonia and the prognosis of the development of the disease depends on the nature of the infection, age and general condition of the patient.

What is pneumonia and how dangerous it is

Inflammation of the lungs in an acute form is called pneumonia. It is caused by infections that can be transmitted in various ways, affecting the lung tissue. In the list of diseases that caused death, she is in fifth place, and medicine does not always help. Lethal outcome among adults from pneumonia is 10-33%. Intrahospital and atypical form of the disease takes even more lives - the risk of dying increases to 50%. In elderly people, people with weakened immunity, the prognosis of pneumonia is often disappointing.

From usual pneumonia, 1-3% of young patients who do not have diseases that die, can die. Among elderly patients, the mortality rate is up to 40-50%. Causes of death from pneumonia:

• Concomitant diseases, such as cardiac pathologies, existing respiratory diseases (such as bronchitis), diabetes mellitus, problems in the genitourinary system;
• bad habits (smoking, especially lengthy experience, drug addiction, alcoholism);
• dysfunctional living conditions;
• weakened immunity.

A special risk of inflammation of the lungs is for pregnant women. The disease itself is heavy due to dangerous pathologies. For a woman who carries a child, she is doubly dangerous - for the future mother and fetus. In early terms, pneumonia is threatened by an embryo, the tissues and organs of which are not yet formed. In the last trimester for a child, pneumonia is less dangerous than for a mother. Prevention is simple: strengthening the immune system of the mother.

The first signs of pneumonia

Symptoms of pneumonia in adults depend on the type of infection that caused the disease. There are several types of pneumonia, and each has its own clinical picture. The provoking factor for the onset of pneumonia is hypothermia affecting the upper respiratory tract. In the elderly, it often goes into a pathological form. Symptoms of pneumonia in adults are several: they are divided into varieties of insidious disease. The common form of pneumonia is viral, occurs in half the cases. Other reasons:

• bacteria;
• mycoplasma;
• fungus;
• parasites;
• chlamydia;
• streptococcus.

Atypical

A disease that occurs without symptoms characteristic of pneumonia is called atypical. The latent inflammation of the lungs is dangerous because it is delayed for its treatment, when many complications appear. Pulmonary manifestations fade into the background, the patient is more concerned about general intoxication. The X-ray does not show changes in the airway. Signs of atypical inflammation:

• dry cough;
• sore throat;
• muscle pain;
• headache;
• weakness.

Aseptic atypical pneumonia is caused by Legionella, viruses, chlamydia, mycoplasmas, therefore, it is treated with antimicrobials. After infection, the symptoms of the disease manifest themselves in a period of 2 to 10 days. Changes in the lungs begin later than with a typical pneumonia. The temperature rises, the patient starts to suffocate, he does not have enough air. A large percentage of patients can be cured at home, but sometimes the ailment is difficult. The mortality from this type of disease is 3-5%, the cause is cardiopulmonary insufficiency.

Viral

This type of disease is caused by several viruses. In the first place - the flu. At the onset of pneumonia, triggered by the influenza virus, malaise is noticeable during 3-5 days. Then the condition worsens, shortness of breath starts, chest pains appear. Pneumonia is treated with rimantadine, zanamivir, oseltamivir. Viral pneumonia is caused by cytomegalovirus.

Serious complication of viral pneumonia is SARS, respiratory syndrome. It is caused by the viruses of Paramyxoviridae (they are also the cause of measles and mumps). The syndrome poses a great danger. Symptoms of pneumonia in adults with viral pneumonia are:

• very high temperature accompanied by chills;
• dry cough (unproductive);
• headache and muscle pain;
• fatigue without reason.

Bacterial

The cause of pneumonia in this case are bacteria: pneumococcus, staphylococcus, streptococcus. Bacterial pneumonia begins with a sharp temperature jump to a mark of 41 degrees. It lasts up to 3 days, and this symptom is considered a clear sign of bacterial infection. If the temperature then falls, then rises - this is a viral picture. Pneumococcal pneumonia is accompanied by the escape of "rusty" sputum, cardiac contractions become more frequent (tachycardia), breathing becomes more difficult. Treat the disease with antibiotics.

Grybkovoy

The most dangerous variant of pulmonary inflammation is fungal infection. It is due to the fact that fungal pneumonia is not manifested at first, and people do not know that they are sick. The disease is diagnosed late. The onset of the process of inflammation of the lung tissue is like atypical pneumonia, but with the exacerbation of symptoms, the nature of lung damage changes, cavities are formed. A frequent causative agent of such pneumonia is Candida albicans, a fungus. Initially, the patient has catarrhal symptoms: fever, cough, fatigue and shortness of breath. Then, when pussy is pus, then the correct diagnosis is made.

The main symptoms of pneumonia in an adult

The cold, the flu, should not last more than 7 days, if in 4-7 days after the onset of an acute respiratory infection the condition of the patient worsened, this signal starts in the lower respiratory tract of a dangerous inflammation. Symptoms of pneumonia in adults include pallor and dyspnea. If they have a cold, they are accompanied by weakness, sweating, decreased appetite - this is typical for intoxication in the beginning of pneumonia.

Temperature with pneumonia

Attypical pneumonia, body temperature is not always greater than 37.5. In the usual cases, a sharp increase to 40 degrees is typical. With pneumonia, antipyretic drugs do not work. If you can not bring down the temperature - it's a sign of pneumonia. The temperature begins to drop when antibiotics work. It is dangerous if the disease runs without temperature: the patients sometimes do not take measures until the condition worsens. How much the temperature lasts depends on the pathogen: a fungus, a bacterium or a virus.

What a cough with pneumonia

At the beginning of the disease, a cough is dry, this is called unproductive. He becomes obtrusive, constant, exhausting. Inflammation develops - this symptom also changes. The sputum departs, the color of which depends on the nature of the infection: yellow-green, purulent, "rusty." Nasal cough, which does not pass for 7-10 days, is a clear sign of the inflammatory process in the lungs.

Voice tremor

The doctor can recognize the symptoms of the disease, assessing the patient's jittery response. The patient says words where there are several "p" sounds, and the doctor puts his hands on his chest, and determines the voice trembling. With pneumonia, part of the lung, or it is whole, becomes denser. This will be noticed by the medical doctor who conducts the diagnostics, by the fact that the voice tremor is amplified.

Diagnosis of the disease

If there is a suspicion of an inflammatory process in the lungs, a comprehensive diagnosis is performed. Sometimes already at the primary admission the doctor can determine the disease by conducting an auscultation, that is, having listened to the chest with a phonendoscope. But the main method of diagnosis in an adult is an X-ray. Necessarily the patient will take blood for general and biochemical analysis. If the patient is in the hospital, examine the culture of sputum, urine, check blood for antibodies to viruses.

Types of pneumonia

The mild forms of pneumonia, found in the initial stage, are treated at home. Remember that even mild pneumonia will complicate with improper care. It is necessary to adhere to the doctor's recommendations how to treat pneumonia in the home:

• antipyretic drugs, anti-inflammatory;
• an abundant drink is prescribed;
• an important component of the treatment is a diet: the body is poisoned by toxins, light foods, more fluids are required.

How to treat pneumonia, how long the process will last depends on the severity and variety of the disease. Infection is sometimes found in the lung tissue for years, leading to a chronic illness. Fibers and connective tissues are damaged, they press on the pulmonary vesicles, which leads to hardening of the lungs, pneumosclerosis. The patient feels discomfort, constantly coughs. It is a slow, prolonged illness, which gradually leads to complications.

Conventional pneumonia is divided into mild, moderate, severe and extremely severe in severity, it depends on how the disease proceeds. Severe acute forms include pleuropneumonia, when one or more of the lungs are inflamed. There is pneumonia in the localization:

• Focal (concentrated in the focus of inflammation);
• segmental or polysegmentary, depending on whether one or more segments are located;
• share - does not exceed one share;
• total - covers all the lungs.

One-sided and two-sided

The inflammatory process is concentrated either on one side or it is bilateral. Unilateral pneumonia is divided into two types:

1. Right-sided - occurs more often, the right bronchus is wider than the left and shorter than it, the infection penetrates there freer.
2. Left-sided - develops less often, with it there are stagnant processes in the lung.

Two-sided covers both lungs: all lung tissue becomes inflamed, and the disease is provoked by bacteria (pneumococcus, hemophilic rod). Against the background of one infection, other harmful microorganisms are multiplied, mixed-infection develops. In the fight against a person enter several pathogens, to select antibacterial drugs for treatment is difficult.

Basal

The focus of inflammation, located along the root of the lung, is difficult to diagnose. Such cases are called basal pneumonia. In the diagnosis of computed tomography. The doctor should exclude tuberculosis and lung cancer, the focus of inflammation is similar to a picture on a tumor. Tuberculin tests are carried out. If you mistakenly prescribe drugs against tuberculosis, but they do not give an effect - this is considered a diagnostic sign.

Bronchopneumonia

Bronchial pneumonia characterizes the lesion of small branches of the bronchial tree of the patient. Bronchopneumonia refers to focal. The process of recovery will take a long time. Sometimes the disease is secondary, develops against the background of bronchitis. A person tries to cure bronchitis, that is prolonged, the condition worsens, weakness appears, temperature jumps. The cough that accompanies bronchitis intensifies, unpleasant purulent sputum is separated, at times - with veins of blood.

Important symptoms of this disease: shortness of breath, increased heart rate to 110 strokes for a minute, chest pain. To the development of bronchopneumonia leads not only bronchitis, but also ARVI. Often this type of pneumonia and viruses cause this kind of pneumonia, in order to treat the disease correctly, establish a pathogen, prescribe antiviral drugs or antibacterial. How much the disease is treated depends on the type of pathogen.

Hospital

In addition to community-acquired pneumonia, which develops under normal conditions, there is a serious form of illness - hospital, it is also hospital-acquired. The diagnosis is made when the inflammation appears after two days and more after placing a person in a hospital clinic with a completely different diagnosis. This is the most ruthless species, killing 50% of patients. The disease is caused by microorganisms. Types of nosocomial pneumonia:

• associated with artificial ventilation;
• postoperative;
• Hospital-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized in serious condition.

Immunity of patients is weakened, the body struggled with another disease, was not ready to invade new microbes. To save the situation, patients are placed with droppers, use intravenous nutrition to maintain the vital forces of the body, use drugs of a new generation, potent drugs. Cure nosocomial pneumonia can not always. Treatment of pneumonia in this case is excluded.

The equity

Fracture pneumonia affects the lobe of the lung and the pleura. With this type of pneumonia, it is important to schedule injections of antibiotics, the duration of which is determined by the doctor. Applied physiotherapy, detoxification. Partial pneumonia begins suddenly and sharply. There are three forms of the disease:

• Upper-lobar - it is difficult, with neurological disorders;
• lower-lobed - gives a pseudo-picture of the "acute abdomen", which confuses during diagnosis, chills and "rusty" sputum are characteristic;
• central - inflammation develops deep in the lung, symptomatology is poorly defined, difficult to define.

Croupous

Croupous pneumonia proceeds acutely. The nature of the defeat of the lungs is bilateral. If the pathology is not recognized and the treatment is not started quickly, the patient will die from cerebral hypoxia and cardiovascular insufficiency. The first day the patient has a dry cough. The next day, sputum is rusty, vomiting occurs. On the third day, it becomes worse, dyspnea appears, tachycardia develops. The patient is not able to climb to one floor. Treat croupous pneumonia in pulmonology, in a hospital or resuscitation. Pulmonary lobes of the patient are totally affected on both sides.

Video: types and symptoms of pneumonia

Pneumonia is a dangerous disease, it is important to determine it in the early stages, when the treatment is effective even with folk remedies at home. In the video offered below, experts will tell in detail about the symptoms of pneumonia, teach what to look for if pneumonia occurs without the typical symptoms. Timely detection will avoid irreversible consequences.

sovets.net

Causes of the appearance of polysegmental pneumonia

Polysegmentary pneumonia (especially bilateral) is one of the most difficult illnesses and requires prompt treatment. The fact is that bilateral polysergmental pneumonia always develops rapidly, leading to a complication of breathing and even death.

With this type of disease of any type (bilateral, right-sided or left-sided), inflammatory effects on the lung epithelium occur. This inflammation disrupts work in several functional segments (they are called lung areas containing alveoli in large numbers). There is a rapid progress of the disease, which eventually becomes the cause of respiratory failure.

Polysegmentary pneumonia: causes of appearance

The conclusion of roentgenography about polisegmental pneumonia is established by experts in the case of a patient in the pulmonary tissues of foci of inflammation that can be located in different segments from either side or from 2 sides simultaneously.

When this disease occurs, children experience painful sensations, because in their lungs during the whole illness irritates the pleura (it acts as a protective shell), which is located over the pulmonary fields.Contains a pleura of a lot of nerve endings, which causes irritation and pain.The lungs themselves do not have receptors sensitive to pain, so serious bilateral inflammation is not always immediately appears until the patient performs the radiographic procedure or notices the first signs.

The causes of polysegmental ailment can be different, the main ones are:

• the emergence of bacterial infections, such as staphylococcus, pneumococcus, chlamydia or mycoplasma;
• lung damage by viruses;
• affliction with ailments of a number of parasitic and fungal.

One of the serious features of polysegmental pneumonia in children is considered immediate type hypersensitivity (medical workers use the abbreviation STI). It arises in the region of pulmonary lesions in the form of tissue edema, which is rapidly developing.

Most often, immediate type hypersensitivity occurs with pneumococcal infection, since its antigens most similar to the proteins of the body, in view of which immunity is unstable, not recognizing antigens of GNT. In this case, the immune system perceives its proteins as bacterial antigens and subsequently begins to destroy them. In adults, such a reaction occurs when there is a right-sided lower-lobe polysegmental pneumonia in the body. Hypersensitivity immediate type contributes to the deterioration of the patient due to increased inflammatory effects on the body.

Signs of the emerging polysegmental inflammation

Polysegmental type of inflammation in patients of any age includes symptoms of intoxication or bronchopulmonary category. The first aggravate the course of the disease in the patient and are revealed by muscle weakness, dizziness, headaches, chills, feverish condition and painful sensations in the joints.

Signs of intoxication syndrome:

1. Polysegmentary inflammation with an intoxication syndrome is always accompanied by an elevated temperature reaching 39-40 ° C. Development of the disease is lightning fast and is most often provoked by pneumococcal pneumonia. The pneumonia itself is characterized by constantly high fever (it almost does not fall off even for several days), gradual decrease in temperature is promoted by adequate treatment.
2. A significant chill in some cases is a precursor of feverish sensations lasting for several hours, the patient is sweating at this time. When the epithelium of the lung is damaged, the concentration of pathogens increases, which contributes to the deterioration of the blood supply to the brain due to the increase in the viscosity of the blood. At the same time there are dizziness and headaches.
3. Violation of pulmonary epithelium in children occurs due to staphylococcal or streptococcal ailment and contributes to a stable elevated temperature to 40 ° C. The medical workers gave this fever the name febris continua, the translation of which means "constant fever". Pneumococcal pneumonia in children is capable of causing fulminant fever, accompanied by a visual intoxication syndrome. This type of fever may not occur for several days.
4. Croupous child pneumonia is accompanied by an intoxication syndrome. This type of pneumonia is very rare. Clinical signs of polysegmental are similar to those of segmental pneumonia. It manifests in children in the form of dyspnea, wheezing and weakened breathing, and the localization of foci occurs mainly in the upper parts of the lungs. To clarify the defeat of the segments, the x-ray is done in 2 projections. In this case, the shadow of infiltration is homogeneous and intense.
5. Polysegmentary pneumonia promotes the formation of muscle weakness in patients. The reason for this is a low fluidity of the blood, which in the future disrupts the saturation of the body with oxygen.
6. A similar pathogenesis arises in the joints, accompanied by painful sensations in them. This is due to the deterioration of microcirculation in the periosteum.

Symptoms of bronchopulmonary syndrome

With the accumulation of infiltrates in the body and reproduction of pathogens in the respiratory tract, bronchopulmonary syndrome occurs.
There are the following main symptoms:

• the appearance of hoarseness during breathing and talking, which appear due to edema of the walls of the bronchi;
• cough with sputum;
• When inflammation occurs in the pleural sheets painful sensations occur in the chest.

A normal organism uses the cilia of the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract to remove pathogens. If the cilia are not working properly, or if infectious bacteria enter the lower parts, bacteria are eliminated by means of bronchial cuts in the form of a cough.

Polysegmentary pneumonia promotes large accumulation of fluid, the body removes it through a protracted cough. With pneumonia, the cough lasts until the respiratory system is completely cleansed.

Pain sensations in the areas of the lungs' lesions occur due to inflammation of the pleura, which has irritations in lesions in any form of the pleural leaf. With pleurisy, polysergmental pneumonia exacerbates pain or causes severe pain in the chest during sharp movements.

All of the above symptoms are factors of pneumonia. To confirm them, you need to take a radiograph. All these signs are the reason for an early visit to the pulmonologist, in order to avoid serious complications.

How is polysegmental pneumonia treated?

Treatment of one- or two-sided pneumonia is possible by using antibacterial drugs and medications.

The etiology of pathogens in children and adults is different, so the therapy involves the use of different antibiotics.

The best will be timely treatment, when medical specialists will be able to sow bacterial cultures in a short time, which are the consequence of an ailment in a special environment, and determine the sensitivity of the disease to antibiotics. Within 2 weeks of therapy, the physician prescribes broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs. Also, treatment includes the elimination of existing complications or their prevention.

Two-sided, right-sided or left-sided polysergmental pneumonia is a disease that can not be triggered in any case. Its development can lead to respiratory insufficiency and death.

respiratoria.ru

Community-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis, treatment. Prevention of community-acquired pneumonia

Community-acquired pneumonia is considered to be the most common infectious diseases of the respiratory tract. Most often, this ailment is the cause of death from various infections. This occurs as a result of a decrease in the immunity of people and the rapid adaptation of pathogens to antibiotics.

What is community acquired pneumonia?

This is an infectious disease of the lower respiratory tract. Community-acquired pneumonia in children and adults develops in most cases as a complication of a viral infection. The name of pneumonia characterizes the conditions of its occurrence. The person is ill at home, without any contact with the medical institution.

Pneumonia in an adult

Adults most often get pneumonia due to ingestion of bacteria, which are the causative agents of the disease. Community-acquired pneumonia in adults does not depend on geographical zones and socio-economic relations.

Throughout life on the airways and lungs of a person are constantly affected by pathogens: viruses and parasites. On the way to the lungs, bacteria encounter protective barriers, which are represented by the upper respiratory tract and the oropharynx. If these barriers are overcome by pathogenic organisms - bacteria, viruses and fungi, infection begins to develop.

What is pneumonia?

This disease is divided into three types:

1. Light pneumonia is the largest group. She is treated out-patiently, at home.
2. The disease is of medium severity. Such pneumonia is treated in the hospital. The peculiarity of this group is that most patients have chronic diseases.
3. Severe form of pneumonia. She is treated only in the hospital, in the intensive care unit.

Community-acquired pneumonia happens:

• Focal. A small area of ​​the lungs is inflamed.
• Segmental. Characteristic is the defeat of one or at once several parts of the organ.
• The equity. Some part of the body is damaged.
• The total. The defeat is all the lungs.

Community-acquired pneumonia is one-sided and two-sided, right-sided and left-sided.

Symptoms

• The body temperature rises.
• There is a chill and weakness.
• Decreased efficiency and appetite.
• Sweating appears, especially at night.
• The head, joints and muscles aches.
• The consciousness gets confused and the orientation is broken, if the disease is in severe form.
• Pain in the chest.
• Herpes can appear.

• Pain in the abdomen, diarrhea and vomiting.
• Shortness of breath, which occurs during exercise. When a person is at rest, this does not happen.

Causes

Community-acquired pneumonia develops when microbes enter the weakened human body and cause inflammation. The causes of the disease are as follows:

• Subcooling the body.
• Viral infections.
• Concomitant diseases: diabetes, heart, lungs and others.
• Weakened immunity.
• Excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages.
• Long stay on bed.
• Postponed operations.
• Elderly age.

Pathogens of the disease

• Pneumococci (most often the cause of the disease).
• Staphylococci.
• Atypical pathogens: mycoplasma and chlamydia.
• Klebsiella.
• Viruses.
• Pneumocystis.
• Intestinal bacillus.
• Haemophilus influenzae.

Diagnostics

During the examination, it is very important to identify and evaluate the clinical symptoms of the disease, such as fever, chest pain, cough with phlegm. Therefore, if a person has community-acquired pneumonia, the history of the disease is mandatory for every patient. In it, the doctor records all the patient's complaints and appointments. To confirm the diagnosis, a radiological examination is carried out: chest x-ray. Clinical manifestations of community-acquired pneumonia are:

• Cough with discharge of muco-purulent sputum, in which veins of blood are present.
• Pain in the chest during breathing and coughing.
• Fever and shortness of breath.
• Trembling of the voice.
• Chryps.

Sometimes the symptoms differ from those typical for this disease, which makes it difficult to establish the correct diagnosis and determine the method of treatment.

Radiation examination

The patient is assigned radiography if he has community-acquired pneumonia. Diagnosis by the radiation method involves the examination of the organs of the chest cavity in the anterior part of it. The image is taken in a straight and a side view. The patient underwent an X-ray examination as soon as he consulted a doctor, and then half a month after the treatment with antibacterial agents began. But this procedure can be carried out earlier, if the treatment has complications or the clinical picture of the disease has changed significantly.

The main sign of community-acquired pneumonia during X-ray examination is the compaction of lung tissue, a darkening is determined in the picture. If there are no signs of densification, then there is no pneumonia.

Lower-lobe right-sided pneumonia

Many patients go to the hospital when they are disturbed by symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough accompanied by discharge mucous sputum, an increase in temperature to 39 degrees, pain with a sensation of tingling on the right side under the rib. After hearing complaints of the patient, the doctor examines it, listens and probes where necessary. If it is suspected that the patient has a community-acquired right-sided pneumonia, which, as a rule, occurs much more often (why we pay special attention to it), he is given a full examination:

• Laboratory tests: general, clinical and biochemical blood analysis, urine and sputum analysis.
• Instrumental studies, including chest radiography, fibroblochoscopy and electrocardiograms. The form of darkening on the radiographic image allows us to clarify the diagnosis, and fibroscopy - to reveal the involvement of bronchi and trachea in the process of inflammation.

If the results of all tests confirm that the patient has a right-side community-acquired pneumonia, the medical history is supplemented. Before starting therapy, the patient's chart records the results of studies on all indicators. This is necessary in order to carry out its adjustment as necessary.

Laboratory and instrumental studies can show inflammation of the lower right lobe of the lung. This is another story of the disease. Community-acquired lower-lobe pneumonia - this will be the diagnosis. When it is accurately established, the doctor prescribes a treatment that is individual for each patient.

How to treat community-acquired pneumonia?

Patients with this diagnosis can be treated both in a hospital and at home. If a patient has community-acquired pneumonia, the history of the disease is mandatory, regardless of the place of treatment. Patients in out-patient treatment are conventionally divided into two groups. The first refers to people under 60 years of age who do not have concomitant diseases. The second - over 60 or people with concomitant diseases (of any age). When a person has community-acquired pneumonia, treatment is performed with antibacterial drugs.

For patients of the first group, the following are appointed:

• "Amoxicillin" with a dosage of 0.5-1 g or "Amoxicillin / clavulanate" - 0.625 grams at a time. Accepted during the day 3 times.
• An alternative to these drugs may be: "Clarithromycin" or "Roxithromycin" in a dosage of 0.5 g and 0.15 g respectively. Take twice a day. Can be appointed "Azithromycin", which is taken once a day in an amount of 0.5 g.
• If it is suspected that the disease is caused by an atypical pathogen, the doctor may prescribe "Levofloxacin" or "Moxifloxacin" for 0.5 g and 0.4 g respectively. Both drugs are taken once a day.

If patients of the second group have community-acquired pneumonia, the treatment is performed using the following drugs:

• "Amoxicillin / clavulanate" is prescribed three times a day for 0.625 g or twice a day for 1 g, "Cefuroxime" should be taken in an amount of 0.5 g at a time twice a day.
• Alternative drugs may be prescribed: "Levofloxacin" or "Moxifloxacin" for 0.5 g and 0.4 g, respectively, once a day per day. "Ceftriaxone" is prescribed for 1-2 grams intramuscularly, too, once a day.

Treatment of the disease in children

Community-acquired pneumonia in children with uncomplicated form of the disease, depending on age, is treated with the following drugs:

• Children under 6 months are prescribed: "Josamycin" twice a day for a week in the calculation of 20 mg per one kilogram of body weight. Maybe "Azithromycin" - the daily norm should not exceed 5 mg per kilogram of body weight, the duration of treatment - 5 days.
• Children under the age of 5 years are prescribed "Amoxicillin" inside 25 mg / kg twice a day, the duration of treatment is 5 days. Can appoint "Amoxicillin / clavulanate" in recalculation per kilogram of body weight 40-50 mg or "Cefuroxin aksetil" dosage of 20-40 mg / kg, respectively. Both drugs are taken twice a day, the duration of treatment is 5 days.
• Children older than 5 years are prescribed "Amoxicillin" with a dosage of 25 mg / kg in the morning and in the evening. If there is a suspicion of SARS, prescribe "Josamycin" inside, increasing the dosage to 40 mg / kg in day during the week or "Azithromycin" according to the scheme: 1 day - 10 mg / kg, then 5 mg / kg for 5 days. If there is no positive result in treatment, you can replace "Amoxicillin" at a rate of 50 mg / kg once a day.

Preventive measures for the prevention of disease

Preventive maintenance of community-acquired pneumonia is carried out using pneumococcal and influenza vaccines. If necessary, they are injected simultaneously, only in different hands. For this purpose, a 23-valent unconjugated vaccine is used. It is introduced:

• People who are over 50 years old.
• Persons living in nursing homes.
• Adults and children with chronic lung, heart and vascular disease or under constant medical supervision.
• Children and adolescents (from six months to adulthood) who have been taking aspirin for a long time.
• Pregnant women 2-3 rd term.
• Doctors, nurses and the rest of the hospital staff and outpatient clinics.
• Employees of nursing departments.
• To family members of those people who are at risk.
• Medical workers caring for the sick at home.

Prevention of community-acquired pneumonia is:

• The correct way of life, which involves exercise, regular long walks in the fresh air, active rest.
• A balanced healthy diet with a normal content of proteins, vitamins and trace elements.
• Annual vaccination of children and adults against influenza, which is done before the onset of the cold season. Very often, the flu gives a complication. A person gets pneumonia, which is difficult.
• Life without hypothermia and drafts.
• Daily cleaning and airing of the room.
• Frequent washing of hands and rinsing of nasal passages.
• Restriction of contacts with patients with ARI.
• In the period of mass spread of infection, the intake of honey and garlic. They are excellent immunostimulating agents.
• If you become infected with flu yourself or your child, do not self-medicate, but call a doctor.

syl.ru

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