From this article you will learn: what is dyspnea on the background of heart failure, how dangerous is it. Characteristic features of cardiac dyspnea, the causes of appearance. Symptoms and complications, which in dyspnea with heart failure treatment, predictions for recovery.
Contents of the article:
- Mechanism of development of cardiac dyspnea
- Causes of
- Symptoms
- Complications
- Treatment methods
- Forecasts
Lack of air in motion or resting state is the most common complaint in patients with cardiac pathologies. Therefore, in case of heart failure, the elimination of dyspnea begins with the restoration of the heart and the elimination of the causes that caused the development of the symptom.
In a healthy body, the heart is the pump responsible for the blood supply. With heart failure, its work does not provide tissue with sufficient oxygen, which is necessary for normal metabolism. As a result, the volume of cardiac output decreases, stagnation develops, signs of oxygen starvation, dyspnea appears - one of the first and most frequent symptoms in heart failure.
After the onset of the symptom it is almost impossible to get rid of and cure the CH completely. With the help of drug therapy, it is possible to stop the development of the process and steadily compensate for some of the most pronounced manifestations of the disease, because shortness of breath on the background of heart failure indicates serious changes in the functioning of the heart muscle. In this case, the success of treatment directly depends on the stage and form of failure.
The launched pathology is dangerous due to the development of complications in the form of cardiac asthma, pulmonary edema, pulmonary artery thromboembolism( clogged blood vessels) and acute fatal heart failure.
Any appointment and monitoring of patients with dyspnea on the background of heart failure is performed by a cardiologist.
Mechanism of development of cardiac dyspnea
Why is this symptom manifested first? In stages, when the heart muscle begins to lack oxygen, neurohumoral mechanisms of gas exchange regulation are included: the pituitary gland secrets the antidiuretic hormone, reducing the withdrawal of water from the body. As a result, the volume of blood increases, oxygen uptake by the tissues from the vessels increases( from 30% to 70%), which, under normal operation of the heart, should lead to normalization of the gas exchange.
But with heart failure( abbreviated CH), heart work is not able to meet the need for tissues and organs in oxygen, withdraw metabolic products and carbon dioxide in the required volume. Their accumulation provokes increased work of the respiratory and respiratory muscles( the frequency of inspiration-exhalations increases from 15 to 30 per minute), increases metabolism and provokes oxygen debt. As a result, dyspnea( increased frequency and depth of breathing) appears - the body's response to a feeling of lack of air, suffocation.
Stagnation of blood and violation of gas exchange in heart failure may be caused by pathologies in the left atrium and ventricle( in a small circle of circulation) and in the right atrium and ventricle( in a large circle of blood circulation).
With left ventricular and left atrial insufficiency, dyspnea becomes the first, one of the main symptoms and indicates the presence of such pathologies as:
- Arterial hypertension.
- Insufficiency or stenosis( narrowing) of the mitral valve.
- Ischemic disease.
- Congenital and acquired defects.
- Myocardial infarction.
- Cardiopathy.
Click on photo to enlarge Isolated( right or left) heart failure does not last long. If you do not eliminate the causes of HF, the disease becomes combined.
Causes of
Causes of dyspnea with heart failure are a number of diseases and pathologies that provoke the development of chronic heart failure:
- arterial hypertension;
- stenosis( constriction) and mitral valve insufficiency;
- ischemic disease;
- myocardial infarction;
- ischemic cardiomyopathy( death of myocardial cells and its replacement by other tissues);
- congenital or acquired heart disease;
- myocarditis( inflammation of the myocardium);
- dilation( increase in volume) of the heart chambers;
- toxic effects( alcohol).
Chronic heart failure progresses rapidly, especially if the person has comorbid conditions( diabetes mellitus or hyperthyroidism).
Symptoms of dyspnea development
The appearance of dyspnea indicates that heart failure progresses, cardiac function, blood circulation and gas exchange are disrupted. Therefore, even in the initial stages the symptom is combined with fatigue and weakness after performing any physical activity that pass at rest.
In the future, if the development of pathology can not be suspended, such a violation of breathing remains at rest, preventing the patient from not only performing simple domestic activities, but also sleeping in a horizontal position.
How dyspnea develops in the background of heart failure:
- At the initial stage of heart failure, cardiac dyspnea appears only against the background of physical activity and is accompanied by rhythm disturbances, increased fatigue, and weakness. In a state of rest it passes.
- At the expressed stage of CH, dyspnea develops against the background of daily physical activity, it is more difficult to perform any household activities, work capacity is markedly reduced.
- Dyspnea persists at rest and increases in the horizontal position, forcing the patient to sleep half sideways( orthopnea).It is combined with increased fatigue, weakness, rhythm disturbances, cyanosis, edema of the ankles, initial signs of diseases of the involved organs( enlargement of the liver), ascites( enlarged abdomen due to fluid accumulation).
- At the dystrophic stage of heart failure, any physical action can result in the development of suffocation and an attack of acute heart failure. With continuous dyspnea, complete disability, weakness, arrhythmia, cyanosis, edema, symptoms of diseases of the involved organs( kidneys, liver, lungs), physical exhaustion are combined.
At the dystrophic stage, changes in the heart muscle and other tissues become irreversible and lead to a lethal outcome in 60% during the year.
Dyspnoea is typical for cardiac pathology
Shortness of breath can be caused not only by heart failure, it can occur in various lung diseases( inflammation), bronchial asthma, cerebral circulation( brain tumor, stroke), anemia( as a mechanismcompensation for heavy physical exertion).
By what signs to distinguish dyspnea with HF:
- symptom occurs with normal loads, walking on an even surface, while performing daily household duties;
- the emerging condition does not pass for 10-15 minutes( at rest);
- shortness of breath( inspiratory form of dyspnea) and exhalation( mixed form);The
- symptom becomes pronounced in a horizontal position;
- is accompanied by a non-productive( without sputum) cough.
In the future, other characteristic symptoms of heart failure are associated with dyspnea: rhythm disturbances, cyanosis( cyanosis) of the tips of the ears, nose, fingers, ankle edema, pain in the heart, etc.
Complications of
Chronic insufficiency is quickly complicated by gas exchange and metabolismsubstances).As a result, shortness of breath, which is not very pronounced in the initial stages of the disease, does not disappear at rest and can result in an attack of acute heart failure.
Shortness of breath is aggravated when:
- Cardiac cardiac asthma. The patient develops an acute attack of suffocation, usually provoked by a physical or psychoemotional load. The attack is accompanied by a sharp feeling of lack of air, rhythm disturbance, falling BP, weakness, cold sweat.
- Swelling of the lungs, which develops under the influence of increased pressure in the pulmonary vessels on the background of left ventricular failure( in a small circle of blood circulation).As a result, part of the blood seeps into the alveoli of the lungs and provokes the development of edema. The attack is accompanied by suffocation, "bubbling" breathing, arrhythmia, cyanosis, filiform pulse, swollen veins, cold sweat.
- Thromboembolism of large pulmonary vessels. Pathology develops after clogging the lumen of the blood vessel with a thrombus and is accompanied by suffocation, irregular rhythm, weak pulse, falling blood pressure, swelling of the cervical veins, edema of the ankles, pain in the right hypochondrium and in the heart.
- Pneumosclerosis and emphysema. The symptom develops on the background of stagnant phenomena in a small circle of blood circulation, disorders of elasticity and sclerosis( replacement of normal tissue) of pulmonary vessels and lung tissue. Cardiac dyspnea is combined with night suffocation, cyanosis, rhythm disturbance, edema, ascites( enlargement of the abdomen due to accumulation of fluid), pain in the right hypochondrium, hemoptysis.
Click on the image to enlarge All complications require urgent medical attention, since they indicate severe violations of the heart and the involved organs and tissues.
Treatment methods
After the onset of shortness of breath, even at the earliest stages, heart failure is completely impossible to cure. Complex treatment can only halt the development of pathology, which allows to improve the quality and extend the life of the patient.
Observation and treatment are carried out continuously using combined methods: drug therapy, diet, regimen and surgical correction, if therapy is ineffective and the disease progresses.
Drug therapy
Drug therapy consists in prescribing a complex of drugs that eliminate the cause of the pathology or the expressed manifestations of insufficiency( especially shortness of breath):
- ACE inhibitors( captopril, prestarium);
- vasodilators( cardiac);
- cardiac glycosides( digoxin);
- anti-ischemic agents( joint);
- adrenoblockers( amiodarone, prazosin);
- diuretics( lasix, indapamide);
- anticoagulants( quarantil).
In addition, prescribe drugs that improve metabolism in the heart muscle( B vitamins, riboxin).
After the onset of the symptom, it is almost impossible to completely get rid of and cure the CH.With the help of drug therapy, it is possible to stop the development of the process and steadily compensate for some of the most pronounced manifestations of the disease, because shortness of breath with heart failure indicates serious changes in the functioning of the heart muscle. In this case, the success of treatment directly depends on the stage and form of failure.
Diet and physical activity regime
In case of shortness of breath in the presence of heart failure, the patient is obliged to reduce salt intake to 1.5-2 grams per day and fluids to 500 ml per day. Heavy, fatty, spicy food, alcoholic beverages and smoking are excluded. In the diet, preference is given to poultry meat, lean fish, vegetables cooked without steam. Dietary nutrition of patients with HF is recommended to adhere to throughout life.
Any severe manifestations of heart failure with shortness of breath and other concomitant symptoms require bed rest with restriction of any physical activity( decompensation stage).After the condition is normalized( the stage of compensation), exercise is recommended to restrict, performing only feasible household activities.
Surgical treatment methods
Some reasons for the development of dyspnea in the background of heart failure can not be eliminated by drug therapy( stenosis of the mitral valve).In this case, the patient is shown surgical elimination of pathology( replacement of valves, removal of congenital heart defects, aorta, up to cardiac replacement).
For complications of
Under the influence of increasing disturbances, dyspnea in CH can turn into an acute attack of suffocation. In this case, the patient needs hospitalization and emergency care. One of the effective methods of eliminating acute dyspnea and suffocation is inhalation with oxygen.
Inhalation of oxygen Forecasts
Shortness of breath in heart failure is not an independent disease, it is only a symptom that appears against the background of pathology. To get rid of it, you need to eliminate the causes that cause the disease.
In 95% of cases, the appearance of dyspnea indicates that the body's ability to maintain gas exchange and heart function has dried up, and pathology has developed. Therefore, at the stage when a person has shortness of breath, it is impossible to completely cure the disease.
With timely diagnosis, the development of heart failure can be stopped, compensated. After the development of chronic heart failure during the year, about 10% of patients die in the initial stages of the disease, from 20 to 40% - with pronounced changes, 60% - with dystrophic changes.
Despite the development and implementation of new therapies and pharmaceuticals, heart failure progresses rapidly and the mortality rate does not decrease: within only 5 years, only 50% of patients with chronic heart failure survive. Further predictions depend on the severity of the disease, lifestyle, the presence of concomitant diseases and other factors.
