Monocular vision: how to identify?

With the help of the organs of vision, a person receives information about the external world: the magnitude of objects, their shape, color, mutual position in space. Evaluation of the phenomena of the surrounding world, the properties of objects of the features of their displacement and others necessary for the vital activity of the person of the data, depends on the quality of sight, the correct functioning of the visual system.

Usually monocular vision is not the main obstacle for most work situations. A person can quickly get used to orientate in space with narrowing of the visual field. It is important only to be prepared for cases when the required image can get on the blind spot of the eye.

What it is

The human visual system, evolved in the process of evolution, is binocular (stereoscopic), which allows brain to provide a three-dimensional image, create a qualitative sense of the location of objects in the visible space.

Binocular vision is not only characteristic of humans, but also of all mammals, as well as fish and birds. The ability to perceive the world with sufficient accuracy is provided by the specific features of the pair of optic organs - two eyes.The information falling into the eyes in the form of electromagnetic radiation is first processed by the brain separately.

And only then it is synthesized into a solid, detailed and voluminous visual image.Qualitative visual perception requires the possibility for the central nervous system to get a "picture" from both the left and the right eye.This allows them to compare and measure the "depth" of the visible space. With proper vision, which should be provided by the normal operation of both eyes, the most clear perception is achieved. The general field of view is expanding.

An image that is obtained by looking at an object with only one eye can create a person's idea of ​​the overall shape of the object, as well as its height and width. However, the functioning of such a truncated (or single) type of visual perception does not allow to obtain a complete and qualitative picture of the interposition of objects in space.

This kind of activity of the organs of vision is called "monocular vision".Actually, vision, in which static and moving objects, can be "seen" only with one eye, is a pathology. For this type of perception, narrowing of the boundaries of the field of view is typical, a significant deterioration in the ability to perceive the features of the location of objects in space.Monocular vision gives the possibility of a very insignificant perception of three-dimensional depth.The accuracy of estimating the depth of space for monocular vision in some cases worsens about twenty times.

Characteristics of objects are realized by the person only on indirect grounds, such as the difference in illumination or perspective.However, monocular vision is not an insuperable obstacle to orientation in the surrounding world. The perception of the volume and depth of spatial objects can be obtained by a person who has such visual peculiarities, with the help of the usual optical effects, for which the ability to binocular distinction.

The habit of perception indicates that the size of objects does not change. So, the human brain perceives images of small objects on the retina as a distant object, and vice versa.

The mutual arrangement of objects is "understood" also in connection with the fact that close objects can conceal more distant. Brightness or saturation of color also plays a role in the ability to navigate in space. The brightest of objects (or an object whose color will be perceived as more saturated) is seen closer. Remote objects are lost in the fog.Also, in the case of monocular vision, objects that move at the same speed: the one whose rate of change on the retina will be smaller, "seen" as more distant.

There are two types of monocular vision:

• Information comes to the brain from only one eye;
• The opportunity for a person to see alternately the left, then the right eye(monocular alternating vision).

For the normal functioning of the visual organs that provide binocular vision, a number of important conditions are necessary:

• The coordinated work of all the muscles of the eye;
• Correct arrangement of two eyes in one horizontal and frontal planes;
• Visual acuity sufficient to form a clear image on the retina of both eyes;
• Iseikonia(equal values ​​of images on the retina of both eyes);
• A sufficient degree of transparency of the cornea, lens, vitreous in both eyes;
• Absence of pathology in such important parts of the visual system as the retina, optic nerve and various parts of the brain responsible for visual perception(chiasmus, visual tract, subcortical centers, cortex of the large hemispheres);
• Ability to fusi(bifovealnoy merger).

In cases where the work of the organs of vision is disrupted, a monocular type of perception arises.

Diagnostic Methods

Monocular vision of a doctor may be suspected when the patient finds external signs of strabismus.If necessary, the presence or absence of normal (binocular) vision in the patient is checked by a series of tests:

• Four-point color test;
• Kalf's Trial;
• Bargolini's test;
• A sample with pressure on one eye;
• Experience of Sokolov.

It is necessary not only to diagnose the patient's monocular vision in time, but also to determine the cause of its appearance.This kind of visual perception can develop in connection with vascular disorders, certain types of eye injuries, congenital anomalies of the organs of vision.

In addition to using instrumental methods of diagnosis, it is important to collect information about when and how the patient's ability to see has changed.

Types of deviations

Monocular vision is manifested in the case of a number of diseases of the organs of vision:

1. Monocular diplopia or "double vision". The cause of this phenomenon is the deviation of the axis of the eye, as a result of which objects in the field of view of a person are perceived to be double. This pathology in most cases is caused by partial opacification of the lens of the eye. To monocular diplopia can also lead to subluxation (displacement) of the lens. Develops a problematic state as a result of congenital pathology or eye trauma;
2. Monocular strabismus, that is an abnormal violation of the parallelism of the visual axes of both eyes. In the case of the development of this type of strabismus, only one eye is "mowing". A look with two eyes simultaneously becomes very problematic, if not impossible. The patient actively uses only one eye, and the visual capabilities of the other (mowing) eye drop sharply. There is a form of alternating strabismus, in which the person uses alternately the right, then the left eye;
3. Transient monocular blindness, in which one of the eyes experiences a short-term (from a few seconds to a few minutes) attack of blindness.

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The cause of this form of visual pathology can be various types of diseases: vascular diseases brain, vascular and non-vascular lesions of the retina or optic nerve, various eye diseases and orbit.

Prevention

Prevention of development of monocular vision:

• Regular preventive examinations with an ophthalmologist, allowing timely detection of visual impairments leading to the development of this pathology;
• Timely and qualitative correction of strabismus, ametropia and other visual impairment;
• Observance of vision hygiene requirements;
• Correct distribution of visual loads.

It is important to prevent injuries to the organs of vision and the central nervous system.

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conclusions

Monocular vision is the perception of the world around us with the help of just one eye. Such pathology can create two basic problems for normal orientation in space and evaluation visible objects: inadequacy of spatial vision and a significant narrowing of the field of view (approximately 30 degrees). However, the limited possibilities of visual perception with monocular vision are sufficiently compensated by knowledge and ideas about the world around: about the properties and features of nearby and remote objects, the possibility of perceiving them illumination, etc.

However, for a number of professions and life circumstances, monocular vision becomes a serious problem. In addition, the presence of such a perception feature in many cases is a symptom of severe diseases. People with diagnosed monocular vision need to take care of quality medical examination and specialized treatment.

Also read about what is amblyopia and, as a consequence, it develops, and what is astigmatism.