From this article you will learn: what is the mechanism of action of diuretics under pressure, how do they act, how effective are they in hypertension. The main groups of diuretics, popular diuretic tablets: furosemide, indapamide, veroshpiron.
Contents of the article:
Main groups of diuretics
- Furosemide
- Indapamide
- Veroshpiron
Diuretics are agents that help the fast or slow elimination of fluid from the body.
Urine in the body is formed in two phases:
- Primary, in renal glomeruli, in composition resembles plasma. Its most part comes back into the blood( reabsorbed) in the renal tubules.
- Secondary, with a high urea content, in composition is not very similar to the primary one. Its formation is carried out in the renal tubules, after the absorption of most of the primary urine into the blood. This portion is excreted from the bladder.
Click on the picture to enlarge The medicinal substances that make up the diuretic tablets( diuretics) have a depressing effect on the process of reverse absorption( reabsorption).Thus, they reduce the fluid volume and the number of sodium ions in two ways:
- limiting their return to the blood from the primary urine( reabsorption);
- increasing their excretion from the body.
Reducing blood pressure when using diuretics is not their main purpose, they are not in fact a hypotensive drug; it is rather their additional property:
- , because of the removal of a large volume of non-cellular fluid, the cardiac output decreases, blood pressure in the vessels decreases;
- because of excretion of sodium ions decreases the tone of the vascular walls, the vessels expand, the pressure drops.
Blood pressure at normal and high levels of fluid and sodium ions in the body Diuretics:
- are effective for the treatment of hypertension only in combination with specialized antihypertensive drugs, they are not prescribed separately. Sometimes combined pressure pills are used, for example, kaptopres( a combination of an antihypertensive ACE inhibitor captopril and hydrochlorothiazide, a diuretic);
- intensify the effect of antihypertensive drugs, against their background, BP decreases much faster, which is important when providing emergency care for hypertensive crises( sudden pressure surges);
- inhibits reabsorption for a limited time( 6 to 10 weeks), then the body's resistance rises, addiction appears, and the diuretic needs to be changed;
- differ from each other mechanisms, timing, duration of action;
- have many contraindications to use( pulmonary, renal failure, diabetes mellitus) and side effects( active removal of potassium and calcium from the body, allergic reactions, nausea, dizziness), so categorically do not recommend choosing a diuretic alone without prescribing a doctor;
- can be combined if one agent does not have the desired effect( eg, furosemide and veroshpiron).
Assigns diuretic drugs at elevated pressure doctor-therapist.
The main groups of diuretics
In the treatment of hypertension( abbreviated GB), two properties of diuretics have value:
- Strength of action( weak, moderate and powerful), which allows you to predict how long the drug will act and bring out the maximum amount of fluid.
- Duration of action, allows you to determine the dosage and frequency of tablets.
The pharmaceutical industry produces several groups of diuretics that differ from each other in the mechanism( affect reabsorption in different sections of the renal tubule), strength and duration of action.
| Group diuretics | Title medicament | duration and strength |
|---|---|---|
| Loop diuretics | Furosemide bumetanide | 2 to 8 hours powerful |
| derivatives of arylacetic acid | Uregei | 2 to 8 hours powerful |
| Thiazide diuretics | chlorothiazide Hypothiazid | 12 to 18 hours, moderate |
| Thiazide-like sulfonamides | Indapamide Chlortalidone | 36 to 48 hours, moderate |
| Pteridine diuretics( non-competitive antaaldosterone gonads) | Triamterene Arumil | 8 to 24 hours, weak |
| Competitive antagonists of aldosterone, potassium-sparing diuretics | Spirorolactone Veroshpiron | 24 to 18, weak |
Popular diuretics. Click on photo to enlarge List of popular diuretics tablets
Frequently prescribed diuretic tablets at elevated pressure:
- Furosemide( Lasix), Torasemide, Bumetanide, Ureit - powerful, high-speed agents that begin to emit liquid after a few minutes( 20 to 30)after administration. The term ends quickly enough( in 2-8 hours), so they are often used as an emergency aid in case of a sudden pressure surge to prevent the development of hypertensive crisis( defeat of any target organ - brain, retina, kidneys).
- Chlortiazide, indapamide, hypothiazide - begin to work after 1 or 2 hours after taking the pill, the duration of action is long( up to 48 hours), so they are appointed to treat high blood pressure in combination with antihypertensive drugs.
- Veroshpiron, spironolactone, triamterene - have a cumulative effect, the result is noticeable only on 2-3 days. These weak diuretics are used in the early stages of hypertension( grade 1) and to enhance the effect of potent diuretics( in combination with them).
Weak diuretics have another positive quality - they are not as active as other diuretics at high pressure, they excrete potassium.
1. Furosemide
Refers to a group of loop diuretics, a powerful, fast-acting. Issue in tablets of 40 mg( 50 pieces per pack), the cost of diuretic tablets - from 21 rubles per 50 pcs.
General Information
A drug from the group of loop diuretics, it is prescribed as an emergency aid.
Active action begins 25-30 minutes after taking the tablet inside.
Unlike other diuretics, it is effective and is used for kidney diseases.
Due to the increased excretion of trace elements - magnesium and potassium - negatively affects the work of the heart muscle.
Mechanism of action
Delays the reverse absorption of sodium ions in the ascending sections of the renal tubules.
Stimulates a short-term enhanced diuresis( excretion of urine) for 6-2 hours.
Enhances the excretion of sodium, potassium, magnesium, phosphate, bicarbonate, calcium salts.
Indications
The drug is indicated with:
- Arterial hypertension.
- Post-traumatic edema of the brain.
- Edema after burn, against a background of vascular insufficiency, deep vein thrombosis, liver and kidney disease.
- Ascites( increased amount of fluid in the abdominal cavity).
- Hyperkalemia( excess potassium).
- Forced diuresis( excretion of liquid in acute poisoning).
- Edema in case of gestosis( toxicosis).
- Peripheral edema.
Contraindications
Furosemide contraindicated in:
- Hepatic coma.
- uremia( intoxication by metabolic products in diseases of the kidneys).
- Anuria( complete absence of urine).
- Obstruction of the urinary tract.
- Allergies to the components of the medication.
- Disorders of electrolyte metabolism( lack of potassium).
- Pregnancy( in the first trimester).
- Breastfeeding.
With caution apply the drug in pregnancy in the 2-3 trimester( prescribe if the benefit of the drug exceeds the risk of complications).
Side effects of
- Low blood pressure, increased heart rate, collapse( loss of consciousness due to the development of sudden cardiovascular failure).
- Weakened vision.
- Dizziness, the appearance of seizures, loss of sensitivity, confusion, lethargy, drowsiness.
- Dyspepsia phenomena( from nausea to vomiting, bile stasis, thirst).
- Reduction in the amount of excreted urine, hematuria( the presence of erythrocytes in portions of urine), nephritis( inflammation of the kidneys).
- Allergy - from anaphylactic shock to hives.
- Significantly reduces the number of cellular elements in the blood( from leukocytes to platelets).
- Increases the likelihood of thrombosis, thromboembolism, thrombophlebitis, hypovolemic shock, dehydration( dehydration and shock from dehydration), metabolic alkalosis( acid-base balance disturbance).
- Reduces the number of electrolytes in the blood, increases the level of glucose.
2. Indapamide
Refers to a group of thiazide-like sulfonamines, produced as tablets of 1.5 or 2.5 mg( 30 pieces per pack), the cost of a diuretic is from 90 rubles per package.
General information
Assign for complex treatment of hypertension.
Diuretic effect of the application comes an hour after taking the pill.
The therapeutic effect occurs after 1-2 weeks, lasts 24 hours and persists for 2 months after cancellation.
Mechanism of action
Delays the reverse absorption of sodium in the cortical sections of the renal tubules.
It is able to block calcium channels( electrolyte exchange through the cell membrane), due to this property it increases the elasticity of the vascular walls and has a vasodilating property.
Blocks the sensitivity of the vascular walls to angiotensin( substance causing their constriction, spasm), reduces the tone of the vessels.
Indications
The drug is indicated for arterial hypertension.
Contraindications
Indapamide is contraindicated in:
- Allergies to the components of the medication.
- of Anuria.
- Encephalopathy( disruption of the brain).
- Decreased amount of potassium in the blood( hypokalemia).
- Hyperparathyroidism( hyperfunction of parathyroid glands).
- For various types of functional liver failure.
- Pregnancy.
- Breastfeeding.
- Can not be combined with drugs that can extend the Q-T interval( ECG score).
Be cautiously prescribed with the simultaneous use of different groups of drugs( sulfonamides, cardiac glycosides, erythromycin, etc.), and up to 18 years.
Side effects of
- Visual impairment, allergic reactions of the eye mucosa( conjunctivitis).
- Cough.
- The development of arrhythmia, a sharp decrease in pressure, changes in the ECG.
- Dyspepsia phenomena( from nausea to vomiting, thirst and dry mouth, abdominal pain, stool disorders).
- Severe headaches, dizziness, anxiety, irritability, weakness, insomnia, fatigue.
- Potassium deficiency, excess urea nitrogen and glucose.
- Migrating pain( different localization).
3. Veroshpiron
Refers to a group of potassium-sparing, weak diuretics, produced in tablets of 25 mg, in capsules of 50 and 100 mg( in a package of 20 and 30 pcs.), The price for 20 tablets of 25 mg - from 91 rubles.
General information
The effect of the application becomes noticeable after 2-3 days of administration.
Used in the composition with antihypertensive drugs for the treatment of GB and other diuretics to enhance their effect.
Does not cause disturbances in electrolyte metabolism( hypokalemia).
Mechanism of action
Delays the reverse absorption of sodium in the distal sections of the renal tubules.
Affects the receptors of aldosterone( a hormone that stops the excretion of sodium ions), enhancing the excretion of sodium and liquid.
Restricts the potassium-releasing effect of aldosterone.
Indications for use
Assign with:
- Arterial hypertension.
- Puffiness with heart failure.
- Nephropathy( impaired renal function).
- Ascites due to cirrhosis of the liver.
- Hyperaldosteronism( enhanced production of the hormone aldosterone by the adrenal cortex).
- Prevention of electrolyte metabolism disorders( hypokalemia).
- Conn's syndrome( hormone-dependent tumor of the adrenal cortex).
Contraindications
| The drug is contraindicated with | Caution is prescribed |
|---|---|
| In severe kidney pathologies | In violation of glucose tolerance |
| In violation of absorption of galactose, glucose and lactose intolerance | With acidosis( acid balance disorders) |
| With increased contentpotassium, reduced - sodium | When liver function is disrupted( cirrhosis) |
| In Addison's disease( functional adrenocortical insufficiency) | Diabetic(disruption of kidney function due to diabetes) |
| Anuria | With dysmenorrhea( irregular menstruation) |
| In 1st trimester of pregnancy | In 3 and 2 trimesters of pregnancy |
| During lactation | |
| For children up to 3 years of age | |
| In case of an allergic reaction to the components of drug |
Side Effects
- Headache.
- Dizziness.
- Drowsiness, lethargy, apathy.
- Increase the amount of potassium and decrease the amount of sodium.
Any diuretic tablets for complex treatment of essential hypertension are chosen only on the recommendation of the attending physician-therapist.
