Pneumonia in a child 3 years old

Pneumonia in a child - symptoms, treatment, causes

Inflammation of the lungs or pneumonia is one of the most common acute infectious and inflammatory diseases of a person. Moreover, the concept of pneumonia does not include various allergic and vascular lung diseases, bronchitis, and also impaired lung function, triggered by chemical or physical factors (injuries, chemical burns).

Especially often there are pneumonia in children, the symptoms and signs of which are reliably determined only on the basis of X-ray data and a general blood test. Pneumonia among all pulmonary pathologies in young children is almost 80%. Even with the introduction of advanced technologies in medicine - the discovery of antibiotics, improved methods of diagnosis and treatment - so far this disease is among the top ten most frequent causes of death. According to statistics in various regions of our country, the incidence of pneumonia in children is 0.4-1.7%.

When and why can a child develop pneumonia?

Lungs in the human body perform several important functions. The main function of the lungs is the gas exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries, which envelop them. Simply put, oxygen from the air in the alveolus is transported to the blood, and from the blood carbon dioxide enters the alveolus. They also regulate body temperature, regulate blood coagulability, are one of the filters in the body, promote purification, removal of toxins, decay products arising from various injuries, infectious inflammatory processes.

And if food poisoning, a burn, a fracture, surgical interventions, any serious injury or disease, there is a general decrease in immunity, it is easier to cope with the toxin filtration effort more easily. That is why very often after a child has suffered or is suffering from injuries or poisonings, pneumonia occurs.

The most common pathogens are pathogenic bacteria - pneumococci, streptococci and staphylococci, and recently cases of lung inflammation from such pathogens, legionella (usually after staying at airports with artificial ventilation), mycoplasma, chlamydia, which are not often mixed, associated.

Pneumonia in a child, as an independent disease that occurs after a serious, strong, prolonged hypothermia, it is extremely rare, as parents try not to allow such situations. As a rule, in most children, pneumonia occurs not as a primary disease, but as a complication after an acute respiratory viral infection or influenza, less often other diseases. Why is this happening?

Many of us believe that acute viral respiratory diseases in the last decades have become more aggressive, dangerous their complications. Perhaps this is due to the fact that both viruses and infections have become more resistant to antibiotics and antiviral drugs, so they are so hard for children and cause complications.

One of the factors contributing to the increase in the incidence of pneumonia in children in recent years has been the overall poor health of the growing generation - how many children are born with congenital pathologies, malformations, CNS lesions. Especially severe pneumonia occurs in premature or newborn babies, when the disease develops against the background of intrauterine infection with an insufficiently formed, not mature respiratory system.

In congenital pneumonia, the herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, mycoplasmas are not infrequently causative agents, and when infected with childbirth - chlamydia, group B Streptococcus, conditionally pathogenic fungi, E. coli, Klebsiella, anaerobic flora, when infected with hospital infections, pneumonia begins on day 6 or 2 weeks after birth.

Naturally, pneumonia often happens in cold weather, when the organism is subjected to seasonal adjustment from heat to cold and vice versa, there are overloads for immunity, at this time there is a lack of natural vitamins in foods, temperature changes, damp, frosty, windy weather contribute to children's hypothermia and their infection.

In addition, if a child suffers from any chronic diseases - tonsillitis, adenoids in children, sinusitis, dystrophy, rickets (see. rickets in infants), cardiovascular disease, any severe chronic pathologies, such as congenital central lesions nervous system, malformations, immunodeficiency states - significantly increase the risk of developing pneumonia, aggravate its course.

The severity of the disease depends on:

• Extensibility of the process (focal, focal, draining, segmental, lobar, interstitial pneumonia).
• The child's age, the younger the baby, the narrower the airways, the less intense gas exchange in the child's body and the heavier the course of pneumonia.
• Places where and for what reason there was a pneumonia:
  - community-acquired: most often have an easier flow
  - hospital: more severe, because it is possible to infect bacteria resistant to antibiotics
  - Aspiration: when inhaled foreign objects, mixture or milk.
• The most important role in this is played by the general health of the child, that is, his immunity.

Improper treatment of influenza and ARVI can lead to pneumonia in the child

When a child falls ill with an ordinary cold, SARS, influenza - the inflammatory process is localized only in the nasopharynx, trachea and larynx. With a weak immune response, and also if the causative agent is very active and aggressive, and the treatment in the child is done incorrectly, the process of reproduction of bacteria descends from the upper respiratory tract to the bronchi, then bronchitis may occur. Further, the inflammation can affect the lung tissue, causing pneumonia.

What happens in the body of a child in a viral disease? The majority of adults and children in the nasopharynx always have various opportunistic microorganisms - streptococci, staphylococci, without causing harm to health, because local immunity inhibits their growth.

However, any acute respiratory disease leads to their active reproduction and with the correct action of the parents during the illness of the child, immunity does not allow their intensive growth.

What should not be done during ARVI in the child, so as not to cause complications:

• You can not use antitussives. Coughing is a natural reflex that helps the body to clear the trachea, bronchi and lungs from mucus, bacteria, toxins. If, for the purpose of reducing the intensity of dry cough, to use the antitussive drugs that affect the cough center in the brain, such as Stoptusin, Broncholitin, Libexin, Paxeladin, then sputum and bacteria may accumulate in the lower respiratory tract, which ultimately leads to pneumonia.
• It is not possible to conduct any preventive therapy with antibiotics for colds, with a viral infection (see. antibiotics for colds). Against the virus, antibiotics are powerless, and with opportunistic bacteria immunity should cope, and only when complications arise according to the doctor's appointment is shown their use.
• The same applies to the use of various nasal vasoconstrictors, their use contributes to a faster penetration virus in the lower respiratory tract, so galazolin, Naphthysine, Sanorin used in viral infection is not safe.
• Abundant drink - one of the most effective methods of removing intoxication, dilution of sputum and rapid cleansing of respiratory There are plenty of ways to drink, even if the child refuses to drink, parents should be very persistent. If you do not insist that your child drink enough fluids, in addition, the room will have dry air - it will be promote drying of the mucosa, which can lead to a longer course of the disease or complication - bronchitis or pneumonia.
• Permanent ventilation, lack of carpets and carpeting, daily wet cleaning of the room in which the child is, moisturizing and cleaning the air with a humidifier and air cleaner will help to quickly cope with the virus and prevent the development of pneumonia. As clean, cool, moist air helps to dissolve sputum, quickly remove toxins with sweat, cough, wet breath, which allows the child to recover faster.

Acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis - differences from pneumonia

With SARS usually the following symptoms:

• High temperature in the first 2-3 days of the disease (see Fig. antipyretics for children)
• Headache, chills, intoxication, weakness
• Qatar upper respiratory tract, runny nose, cough, sneezing, sore throat (it does not always happen).

In acute bronchitis with Orvy, the following symptoms may occur:

• Minor increase in body temperature, usually up to 38C.
• First the cough is dry, then it becomes wet, there is no shortness of breath, unlike pneumonia.
• Breathing becomes hard, on different sides there are variously scattered rales that change or disappear after coughing.
• On the roentgenogram, the intensification of the pulmonary pattern is determined, the structure of the roots of the lungs decreases.
• There are no local changes in the lungs.

Bronchiolitis occurs most often in children up to a year:

• The difference between bronchiolitis and pneumonia can be determined only by X-ray examination, based on the absence of local changes in the lungs. According to the clinical picture, the acute symptoms of intoxication and the increase in respiratory insufficiency, the appearance of dyspnoea - very much resemble pneumonia.
• With bronchiolitis, the breathing in a child is weakened, shortness of breath with the help of an auxiliary musculature, nasolabial triangle to become a bluish shade, a general cyanosis, a pronounced pulmonary-cardiac insufficiency, is possible. When listening to a boxed sound is detected, the mass of scattered small bubbling rales.

Signs of pneumonia in the child

With a high activity of the causative agent of the infection, or with a weak immune response of the body to it, when even the most effective preventive medical measures do not stop the inflammatory the process and the condition of the child deteriorates, the parents can for some symptoms guess that the child needs more serious treatment and urgent examination of the doctor. In this case, in no case should not begin treatment by any popular method. If it really is pneumonia, it will not only not help, but the condition may worsen and time for adequate examination and treatment will be missed.

Symptoms of pneumonia in a child 2 - 3 years and older

How to identify attentive parents with a cold or viral illness that it is necessary to urgently call a doctor and suspect a pneumonia in the child? Symptoms that require an X-ray diagnosis:

• After Orvi, influenza within 3-5 days there is no improvement or after a slight improvement again there is a temperature jump and increased intoxication, coughing.
• Lack of appetite, sluggishness of the child, sleep disturbance, capriciousness persist within a week after the onset of the illness.
• The main symptom of the disease remains a strong cough.
• The body temperature is not high, but the baby has shortness of breath. At the same time, the number of breaths per minute in a child increases, the rate of breaths per minute in children aged 1-3 years is 25-30 breaths, in children 4-6 years - a rate of 25 breaths per minute, if the child is in a relaxed calm state. With pneumonia, the number of breaths becomes larger than these figures.
• With the other symptoms of a viral infection - cough, temperature, cold, severe pallor of the skin is observed.
• If the temperature is high for more than 4 days and antipyretic agents such as Paracetamol, Efferalgan, Panadol, Tylenol are not effective.

Symptoms of pneumonia in infants, children under one year of age

The onset of the disease can be noticed by the mom by changing the behavior of the baby. If a child constantly wants to sleep, become listless, apathetic or vice versa, he is a lot naughty, cries, refuses from food, with a slight increase in temperature - mom should immediately contact the pediatrician.

Body temperature

In the first year of life, pneumonia in a child, a symptom of which is considered to be a high, not knocked down temperature, differs in that at this age it is not high, does not reach 37.5 or even 37.1-37.3. The temperature is not an indication of the severity of the state.

The first symptoms of pneumonia in an infant

This causeless anxiety, lethargy, decreased appetite, the baby refuses the breast, the sleep becomes restless, short, appears a loose stool, there may be vomiting or regurgitation, a runny nose and paroxysmal cough that increases during crying or feeding the baby.

Child's breathing

Pain in the chest with breathing and coughing.
Sputum - with a damp cough, purulent or mucopurulent sputum (yellow or green) is secreted.
Shortness of breath or an increase in the number of respiratory movements in young children is a clear sign of pneumonia in a child. Dyspnoea in babies can be accompanied by nodding to the breath, as well as the baby blows his cheeks and extends his lips, sometimes there are foamy discharge from the mouth and nose. The symptom of pneumonia is considered to be the excess of the number of breaths per minute:

• In children up to 2 months - the norm is up to 50 breaths per minute, more than 60 is considered a high frequency.
• In children, after 2 months to a year, the norm is 25-40 breaths, if 50 or more, this is an excess of the norm.
• In children older than one year, the number of breaths more than 40 is considered a shortness of breath.

The skin relief during breathing changes. Attentive parents can also notice the retraction of the skin during breathing, more often on one side of the patient's lung. To notice this, it is necessary to undress the baby and observe the skin between the ribs, it retracts when breathing.

With extensive lesions, there may be a lag of one side of the lung with deep breathing. Sometimes you can notice periodic stopping of breathing, disturbance of rhythm, depth, breathing frequency and the child's desire to lie on one side.

Cyanosis of the nasolabial triangle

This is the most important symptom of pneumonia, when the blue skin appears between the lips and the spout of the baby. Especially this sign is pronounced when the child sucks the breast. With severe respiratory failure, a slight blueing can be not only on the face, but also on the body.

Chlamydia, mycoplasmal pneumonia in children

Among the pneumonias, the causative agents of which are not banal bacteria, but various atypical representatives secrete mycoplasmal and chlamydial pneumonia. In children, the symptoms of such pneumonia are slightly different from the course of the usual pneumonia. Sometimes they are characterized by a hidden sluggish current. Symptoms of SARS in a child can be as follows:

• The onset of the disease is characterized by a sharp rise in body temperature to 39.5C, then a stable low-grade fever -37.2-37.5 is formed or even a temperature normalization occurs.
• It is also possible the onset of the disease with the usual signs of ARVI - sneezing, choking in the throat, a bad cold.
• Persistent dry debilitating cough, shortness of breath may not be permanent. Such a cough usually occurs with acute bronchitis, and not pneumonia, which complicates the diagnosis.
• When listening to a doctor, scanty data are usually presented: rare variegated rattles, pulmonary percussion sound. Therefore, according to the nature of wheezing, it is difficult for a doctor to determine atypical pneumonia, since there are no traditional signs, which greatly complicates the diagnosis.
• In the analysis of blood in atypical pneumonia there may be no significant changes. But usually there is increased ESR, neutrophilic leukocytosis, a combination with anemia, leukopenia, eosinophilia.
• On the x-ray of the chest reveals a pronounced enhancement of the pulmonary pattern, non-uniform focal infiltration of the pulmonary fields.
• Both chlamydia and mycoplasma have a feature that exists for a long time in the epithelial cells of the bronchi and lungs, therefore, pneumonia usually has a prolonged recurrent character.
• Treatment of atypical pneumonia in the child is carried out by macrolides (azithromycin, josamycin, clarithromycin), since the causative agents to them are the most sensitive (to tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, too, but they are contraindicated for children).

Indications for hospitalization

The decision on where to treat a child with pneumonia - in a hospital or at home, the doctor takes, while he takes into account several factors:

• The severity of the condition and the presence of complications - respiratory failure, pleurisy, acute disorders of consciousness, cardiac insufficiency, falling blood pressure, lung abscess, pleural empyema, infectious-toxic shock, sepsis.
• The defeat of several lobes of the lung. Treatment of focal pneumonia in the child at home is entirely possible, but with croupous pneumonia treatment is best done in a hospital.
• Social indications are poor living conditions, inability to perform care and doctor's prescriptions.
• Age of the child - if the infant is sick, this is the reason for hospitalization, because the pneumonia of the baby is a serious threat to life. If pneumonia develops in a child under 3 years of age, treatment depends on the severity of the condition and most often doctors insist on hospitalization. Older children can be treated at home provided that the pneumonia is not severe.
• General health - in the presence of chronic diseases, weakened overall health of the child, regardless of age, the doctor may insist on hospitalization.

Treatment of pneumonia in children

How to treat pneumonia in children? The basis of therapy for pneumonia is antibiotics. At a time when there were no antibiotics in the arsenal of doctors for bronchitis and pneumonia, a very frequent cause of death of adults and children was pneumonia, therefore, in no case can not refuse to use them, no folk remedies for pneumonia are effective. From the parents it is required to strictly follow all the doctor's recommendations, the proper care of the child, the observance of the drinking regime, nutrition:

• Admission of antibiotics must be carried out strictly in time, if the appointment of the drug 2 times in day, this means that there should be a break between meals at 12 o'clock, if 3 times a day, then a break of 8 hours (see. 11 rules how to take antibiotics correctly). Antibiotics are prescribed - penicillins, cephalosporins for 7 days, macrolides (azithromycin, josamycin, clarithromycin) - 5 days. The effectiveness of the drug is estimated within 72 hours - an improvement in appetite, a decrease in temperature, dyspnea.
• Antipyretics are used if the temperature is above 39C, in infants above 38C. Initially, antibiotic treatment of antipyretics is not prescribed, as the evaluation of the effectiveness of therapy is difficult. It should be remembered that during a high temperature in the body produces the maximum number of antibodies against the causative agent of the disease, so if the child can tolerate the temperature of 38C, it is better not to knock it down. So the body quickly cope with the microbe that caused pneumonia in the baby. If the child had at least one episode of febrile seizures, the temperature should be knocked down already at 37.5C.
• Nutrition of the child with pneumonia - lack of appetite in children during illness is considered natural and the child's refusal to admit food is explained by the increased burden on the liver when fighting infection, so you can not force a child to feed. If possible, prepare light food for the patient, exclude any ready-made chemical products, fried and fatty, try to feed the child simple, easily digestible food - cereals, soups on a weak broth, steamed cutlets from low-fat meat, boiled potatoes, various vegetables, fruits.
• Oral hydration - in water, natural freshly diluted juices - carrot, apple, slightly boiled tea with raspberries, rose hips infusion, water-electrolyte solutions (Regidron and others) are added.
• Airing, daily wet cleaning, use of air humidifiers - ease the condition of the baby, and the love and care of parents works wonders.
• No restorative (synthetic vitamins), antihistamines, immunomodulating agents are not used, as often lead to side effects and do not improve the course and outcome of pneumonia.

Reception of antibiotics for pneumonia in a child (uncomplicated) usually does not exceed 7 days (macrolides 5 days), and if bed rest is observed, follow all recommendations doctor, in the absence of complications, the child quickly recovers, but for a month there will still be residual effects in the form of a cough, minor weakness. With atypical pneumonia, treatment can be delayed.

In the treatment of antibiotics in the body, the intestinal microflora is broken, so the doctor prescribes probiotics - RioFlora Immuno, Acipol, Bifiform, Bifidumbacterin, Normobakt, Lactobacterin. Analogues of Linex - a list of all probiotics). To remove toxins after the end of therapy, the doctor can prescribe sorbents, such as Polysorb, Enterosgel, Filtrum.

With the effectiveness of treatment for general regimen and walks, it is possible to transfer the child from the 6th to the 10th day of the disease, the hardening to resume after 2-3 weeks. With a mild pneumonia, large physical exertion (sport) is allowed after 6 weeks, with complicated after 12 weeks.

zdravotvet.ru

Inflammation of the lungs in children: symptoms and treatment of newborns and infants

• Symptoms in children 1-3
• Symptoms in infants
• Treatment

Inflammation of the lungs is an acute infectious disease of the respiratory system.Inflammation of the lungs in children can be primary and develop independently or secondary, that is, develop as a consequence of another infectious disease that was transferred earlier, for example, sinusitis or the flu.

A child of any age, even just born, can get sick of this infection.Today, there are many medicines to treat this disease, so the disease can be called not so dangerous than a few dozen years ago.

However, it is not necessary to relax, since pneumonia is a serious illness that must be treated on time and correctly, so as not to lead to a fatal outcome.

• The cause of the disease can be bacteria, viruses, fungiand all kinds of parasites. In the lungs of a child, these organisms are through breathing.
• The main factors of the disease are viral infections, as a result of which the immunity of the child becomes weak.
• Respiratory infectionsincrease the amount of mucus and reduce their bactericidal activity, and air enters the lungs not so clean and moist. All this kills epithelial cells and reduces the immunity of the baby, so that all microbes and viruses calmly penetrate the respiratory tract, leading to an inflammatory process in the lungs.

At infection, in the lungs there is an edema of the small bronchus, because of which the air enters the body badly. And it is here that the process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. The gas exchange process is hampered and oxygen is supplied to internal organs in insufficient quantity for normal functioning.

Important

A doctor who determines a child's lung inflammation should always determine the form and severity of the disease. Only in this way can an adequate treatment be prescribed that will give results and facilitate the treatment process.

Inflammation can be of several types:

• Croupous- One lung is affected. Can be left-handed or right-handed. The baby immediately jumps to a temperature of 39-40 degrees. In the lungs and abdomen, pain is felt, a moist cough with phlegm appears, red rashes appear on the body;
• Focal. It is diagnosed in children aged 1-3 years. It affects the entire area of ​​the lung. This form is considered secondary and appears as a result of the transferred bronchitis. The first symptoms are high fever, dry and deep cough. This type of disease can be cured only by prolonged intake of the necessary drugs. Treatment lasts 2-3 weeks;
• Segmented. Partially affects the child's lung. When this child does not want to eat and play, sleeps badly, the temperature appears 37-38 degrees. Coughing can be practically non-existent, because of what often this type of illness is difficult to detect from the first days of appearance;
• Staphylococcal. This type of infection infects newborns and babies up to one year. The main symptoms are shortness of breath, vomiting, coughing and wheezing with heavy breathing. ESR and leukocytosis in the blood test will be above the norm. With timely and correct treatment, the disease will begin to recede after 1.5 - 2 months. After that, the baby undergoes a 10-day rehabilitation.

Inflammation: symptoms in children from one year to three

According to statistics, babies are more likely to suffer from inflammation.All this is explained by the underdeveloped respiratory system in children under three years old. The weight of the baby's organs is only being formed and developing, so they can not fully resist the infections. In children up to the age of three, lung tissue is not yet mature, the respiratory tract is small and narrow, and the mucous membranes are saturated blood vessels, which instantly swell as a result of infection, which leads to a deterioration in lung ventilation.

In addition, the ciliated epithelium still can not quickly remove phlegm, which becomes more numerous in the disease. As a result, the infection safely penetrates into the body, settles in the organs and multiplies, leading to severe inflammation.

About the inflammation of the lungs, parents can guess by certain signs and symptoms.If the disease does not recede, but on the contrary gaining strength. If the child's immunity weakens day by day and all the treatment procedures performed do not lead to the desired result, it is necessary to urgently show the child to the doctor and think about serious medication.

Important

It is not necessary in such cases to engage in self-medication and risk the health and life of the baby. This can only worsen a child's condition, and time for quick and painless treatment will be missed.

• Symptoms of pneumonia in children aged two and three years are the same.
• Parents should identify them in the shortest possible time and urgently call the doctor at home.
• Within 3-5 days from the onset of the development of a cold or flu, the child's condition does not improve, the temperature constantly rises and cough intensifies.
• The child refuses to eat, does not sleep well, is capricious and does not want to do anything about a week after the onset of the illness.
• The main symptom is a strong strangling cough.
• There may also be shortness of breath and a small temperature, indicating an inflammatory process in a small body.
• The child begins to breathe frequently and intensively, but can not breathe normally.

Important

Children 1-3 years should do 25-30 breaths, at an older age the norm is reduced to 25 breaths per minute.

With pneumonia the baby breathes more often than usual.There is a cough, runny nose, fever and temperature. If more than three consecutive days the fever keeps, you need to take antipyretic drugs.

Inflammation of the lungs: symptoms of pneumonia in infants

Mom must constantly monitor the condition of her baby, as the inflammation of the lungs in newborns manifests itself immediately and it will be seen from the behavior of the child.

If the baby whimpers all the time, behaves sluggishly and indifferent to the world around him or cries all the time, does not want to eat and at the same time the temperature rises to the baby, it is necessary to show the child to the doctor.

Most often pneumonia is diagnosed in infants who are on artificial feeding. As well as this disease, children with diathesis, rickets and other diseases are susceptible.The main symptoms that talk about the inflammation of the lungs in infants:

• Temperature. In the first year with pneumonia, the temperature may not be high, in contrast to older children. It can keep within 37 degrees, sometimes rising to 37.5 degrees. In addition, the temperature at this age will not indicate the severity of the disease;
• Unnatural behavior. The kid behaves uneasily, reacts badly to others, refuses food and breast, while in his sleep he constantly turns and cries. Vomiting, diarrhea, runny nose and a strong cough may also occur;
• Breath. The baby becomes painful to breathe. When coughing, purulent and mucous formations are prominent. There is shortness of breath and rapid breathing. Sometimes foam and discharge can go from the nose and mouth.

  Important

  The norm in newborns is 50 breaths per minute. From two months to one year, children make 25-40 breaths. If the number of breaths becomes larger, the baby may have pneumonia.

  You can also observe how the skin is drawn into the child during breathing. Usually this happens from the patient's lung. To do this, you need to undress the baby and see how the skin behaves between the ribs;

• Cyanosisnasolabial triangle. This symptom is manifested by blue skin over the upper lip and under the nose. Especially the skin turns blue during breastfeeding.

Treatment of pneumonia in children

Children under three years of age who have been diagnosed with pneumonia can be treated both in the hospital and at home. It all depends on the severity of the disease and the condition of the small patient.

The doctor should identify the type of pneumonia, on the basis of which the risks of complications will be determined.

• Inflammation of the lungs in children can be treated at home, if the baby is not intoxicated, not breathing and the work of internal organs.
• In addition, the doctor should be sure that the child's living conditions will be favorable for his treatment and will not provoke complications.
• In this case, the doctor must come to the patient every day until the condition of the baby can not be called satisfactory, but stable. If the child's improved condition lasts several days, the doctor can come to the patient once or twice a day.

Treatment of newborns and children up to3-хyears should be spent in a hospital.Also, under the constant supervision of doctors should be children with respiratory failure, rickets, immunodeficiency. Immediate hospitalization is carried out by children who do not experience any improvement within 1-2 days of treatment.

Children with pneumonia are assigned bed rest in a ventilated room with an air humidity of 50-60%.

• The trunk and head of the child in a horizontal position should rise.
• It is necessary to drink a lot, so that the blood liquefies and sputum forms, which removes the entire infection from the body.
• A complex treatment is prescribed, the basis of which is antibacterial therapy.

Before prescribing antibiotics, it is necessary to determine the presence of allergic reactions to any kind of medications from the baby and its close relatives. Initially, a wide-spectrum antibiotic is chosen which the child will take until, until all the test results are obtained and the pathogen and type of disease are determined.

Usually, the course of taking antibiotics is7-10 days.In severe forms, the course can be prolonged. In addition, antifungal agents and probiotics with vitamins are prescribed to support the body and enhance immunity.

If antibiotics do not improve the patient's condition for two days, the drug is urgently changed to another. After the temperature subsides and ceases to rise, dyspnea and wheezing during breathing will also decrease, the treatment continues for a couple of more days. Reception of antibiotics is terminated only after the complete cure of the child.

In order for the sputum to leave the baby's body well, stimulating and coughing means are used, thanks to which the bronchial secretion is diluted and eliminated from the body.

To do this, use plant, synthetic and semi-synthetic medicines, the basis of which are medicinal plants.

Also, antipyretic agents may be prescribed:

• Babies up to 3 months at a temperature of 38 degrees and febrile convulsions;
• At a temperature of 39-40 degrees;
• With toxicosis and poor condition of the child.

After recovery from a serious illness, the rehabilitation process begins, during which the child is prescribed curative breathing exercises, warm inhalations and chest massage.

The doctor must always monitor the condition of the baby and his internal organs.After recovery, you need to pass the necessary tests to determine the need to take medication to restore the normal functioning of all the organs of the child. During the year the baby should visit the pediatrician every month.

Interesting Facts

Every year, according to statistics, 150 million children aged 1-5 years and younger suffer from such an ailment as pneumonia. Of these, 70% of all cases are associated with viruses that can be treated without antibiotics, 20% are infected with bacteria, and only 10% of all diagnosed diseases require treatment in the hospital.

A doctor can determine the presence of pneumonia in a child according to the main signs, the results of a blood test and a lung X-ray. And first of all it is necessary to determine the causative agent of the disease. Dr. Komarovsky argues that pneumonia in children is not necessarily treated in a hospital.

Medical assistance is necessary only in the event of a child's poor state and if it begins to suffocate. There are specific symptoms in which you urgently need to see a doctor.

Dr. Komarovsky singles out a few:

1. Cough became the main symptom of the disease;
2. Impairment after improvement;
3. Any catarrhal disease that lasts more than a week;
4. Coughing attacks with deep breathing;
5. Pronounced pallor of the skin;
6. Shortness of breath and lack of antipyretic effect.

As it turns out, it is not always necessary to prick injections. There are many analogues in syrups and tablets, which also act effectively. Therefore, if a child can swallow tablets, it is not necessary to give him injections.

To prevent the disease the child must live and develop under normal conditions, eat balanced and walk more often outdoors.

gajmorit.com

Treatment of pneumonia in children

Pneumonia or pneumonia is one of the most serious diseases of the respiratory system, especially in childhood. This disease very often develops in infants of the first years of life, as a complication after suffering ARVI, angina or bronchitis. The treatment of pneumonia in children is rather complicated and requires great efforts on the part of medical workers and parents, a problem.

The incidence and severity of the disease in children under 3 years of age are associated with the physiological features of the structure of the respiratory system at this age, the imperfection of the immune system, and the fact that all the processes in the child's body are developing very quickly.

Pneumonia is an infectious inflammatory disease that affects the structural units of the lungs - the alveoli. More often the pathogens of pneumonia are bacteria - pneumococci, staphylococci, hemophilic rod and others. Weakened children, children with disabilities in the immune system or with malformations of the respiratory system, the cause of pneumonia can become viruses, mycoplasma, chlamydia and other microorganisms.

Pathogenesis of the disease

The causative agent most often enters the baby's lungs through the upper respiratory tract, then the infection spreads throughout the body and affects any part of the lungs (segmental or focal pneumonia), one lung (unilateral pneumonia) or both lungs at once (total pneumonia).

Inflammation of small bronchioles and alveoli leads to hyperproduction of exudate, which accumulates inside the lung and interferes with the normal breathing process. Due to the violation of the gas exchange process, the patient's body does not receive enough oxygen and begins to experience hypoxia, which has a very negative effect on the condition of all organs and systems of the sick child.

If the patient receives timely and correct treatment, the inflammation begins to resolve and the normal gas exchange in the lungs, with uncomplicated course of the disease, the process of recovery takes about 3-4 weeks. Severe pneumonia can lead to damage to lung tissue - atelectasis or lung abscess or to pleural lesions, in which case the recovery is delayed for a few weeks, and after it - there are structural changes in the lung tissue that interfere with the normal operation of the respiratory system as a whole.Therefore, timely diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia is important, especially in children younger than 3 years old.

Symptoms of the disease

Since pneumonia most often begins against the background of colds and ARVI, parents need to carefully follow the child's condition and immediately consult a doctor for any suspicious symptoms.

The beginning of pneumonia is indicated by such symptoms as: high body temperature, which lasts for more than 3 days, no symptoms of recovery, despite treatment, weakness and apathy of the child, cyanosis of the nasolabial triangle, intense sweating, shortness of breath, with the help of the auxiliary musculature of the thorax. Precisely determine the presence or absence of inflammation of the lungs with a more detailed examination, auscultation and chest radiograph.

In young children with pneumonia, confusion, changes in the color of the skin, diarrhea, seizures and skin rashes can occur.One of the most characteristic symptoms of pneumonia in children is the rapidity of breathing (more than 60 times per minute) and the entrainment of the skin of the intercostal spaces during breathing.

Atypical pneumonia is caused by ingestion of such pathogens as mycoplasma, chlamydia or some viruses into the lung tissue. It can be asymptomatic or without symptoms, such as fever and weakness. Symptoms of such pneumonia are a persistent cough, a prolonged cold or a regular increase in body temperature, so for any suspicious diseases the respiratory system must be consulted by a doctor and, if necessary, an X-ray examination to exclude the development of pneumonia.

Treatment of pneumonia

Treatment of pneumonia should be carried out only under the control and on the prescription of the doctor. Even with a suspicion of this disease, you need to urgently seek medical help and stop trying to treat people's remedies. The main method of fighting lung inflammation is the use of antibiotics, in addition, mucolytic, antipyretic and other drugs that help alleviate the condition of the patient.

1. Depending on the severity of the patient's condition, age and form of the disease, the doctor can offer treatment in a hospital or at home. If the sick child has not reached another 3 years of age, treatment should be performed in the hospital - in young children the disease develops rapidly, worsening of the condition can come unexpectedly and the child will need urgent medical help. Also, constant medical supervision is necessary for children suffering from other serious diseases, with disorders of the immune system or patients with severe disease, when a significant part of the lung is affected, for example, with croupous or total pneumonia.
2. If parents refuse hospitalization, they should be aware of the seriousness of the disease and the responsibility for treatment, as with pneumonia care and compliance with medical prescriptions, are of paramount importance.

Care and treatment of a child with pneumonia

1. Regimen - in any form of the disease requires bed rest, a generous warm drink - at least 1.5-2.5 liters per day and light caloric food. If the baby is breastfed, it should be dopaivat warm boiled water, at a rate of 100-150 ml per kilogram of weight per day. To control the lack of fluid in the body of the baby, you need to pay attention to external signs - dry lips and tongue, hot dry skin, rarity and meagerness of urination, sluggishness and unwillingness of the child to take the chest, all these symptoms indicate a lack of fluid in the body of the patient.

2. Antibiotics - the main type of treatment for pneumonia remains the use of antibiotics. They are prescribed immediately, once the diagnosis has been established. The drugs of choice are penicillins with clavulanic acid (amoxicillin, amoxiclav), cefazolines (cefazolin, kefzol, ceftriaxone), macrolides (rovamycin, erythromycin, azithromycin). Depending on the severity of the patient's condition, antibiotics are given orally or in injections. Since the treatment is started before finding out the type of causative agent of the disease, the main criteria for the effectiveness of therapy remains improvement in the patient's condition.

With properly selected antibiotics, after 12-24 hours there is an improvement: the body temperature decreases, the symptoms of intoxication decrease. If the improvement in the condition does not occur within 24-36 hours, the group of antibiotics or the way of administration of the drugs is changed. Usually, in the treatment of pneumonia, antibiotic therapy lasts 6-10 days. With atypical pneumonia caused by ingestion of mycoplasma or chlamydia, antiviral drugs or combinations of antibiotics are used for treatment.

3. In addition to antibiotics, use symptomatic therapy - drugs that restore the drainage function of the lungs (euphyllin, atrovent, berodual), expectorant and mucolytic agents (licorice root, bromhexine, ambroben, ACC, mucaltin) and immunostimulants.

4. If the patient has a body temperature above 38.5 g or the general condition suffers greatly, an antipyretic is prescribed - paracetamol, ibuprofen and others.

5. Depending on the severity of the patient's condition, corticosteroids, antihistamines, infusion therapy, oxygen therapy and other medications are also prescribed.

After the symptoms of intoxication disappear, the body temperature normalizes and the acute phase of the disease ends, it is necessary to begin complex treatment that helps restore the functions of the respiratory system, strengthen the body and avoid complications. For this, patients with pneumonia are prescribed physiotherapy, massage, respiratory gymnastics, physiotherapy exercises and general hardening procedures.

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How can you determine pneumonia in a child?

Each parent sooner or later wondered: how to determine pneumonia in a child? This ailment in children manifests itself more often than other diseases. Intensive development of medicine over the past 50 years has been able to mitigate the impact and consequences of the disease.

Recovery of the child occurs in almost all cases (subject to timely treatment of parents to doctors). Inflammation of the lungs in most cases is caused by infectious causes. The most common factor is bactericidal viruses (pneumococci), which are a permanent refuge in the nasal cavities.

At the age of six, the disease is provoked by a hemophilic rod. A child of school age is exposed to chlamydia, mycoplasma, which is a viral source of such a pathology.One of the key tasks of the lungs is the oxygen supply of the body.The oxygen message in the body occurs due to the vascular channels that perform the transport task. The fulfillment of the responsible task occurs due to the alveoli (small sacciform regions of the lung). Under normal operating conditions, the alveoli do not disintegrate together on exhalation.

Pneumonia strikes precisely in these areas, filling them with products of the inflammatory process. The result of this process is a failure in the operation of the entire lung, as a result the body is harmed by inflammatory fluids.

Children were the first to feel the success of medical development in the fight against pneumonia. Relatively recently, this disease was considered a serious enemy of health and even the life of the patient. Today pneumonia as a disease with a fatal outcome is already nestrashna. However, a positive result of treatment is dependent on a qualitative, rapid diagnosis, respectively, correctly formulated therapy.

Factors provoking pneumonia in children

A group of factors causing the disease is headed by bactericidal viruses. The virus group of ARVI is not excluded (as the cause of pneumonia, and the means of transporting other viruses to the lungs). Separate cases of ailment can be provoked by fungal viruses or intracellular microbes.

The intrauterine pneumonia is not an exception. Viral microelements affect the amniotic fluid at the expense of the placenta at the time of fruiting or birth canals prone to inflammation. As a result, the newly born baby can already be sick with pneumonia.

Parents should be aware of how to recognize pneumonia in order to detect the disease in time.

Children's risk group

The following factors are characteristic of a group of children most susceptible to this disease:

• the weight of the child is small enough;
• during pregnancy, the mother suffered a viral, bacterial disease;
• anemia iron deficiency;
• heart malformation;
• rachitism;
• the affected nervous system;
• long period of stay in the stationary block.

In the latter case, the likelihood of pneumonia is very high. The causative agent of the disease in this situation is an aggressive flora with a negative reaction to antibiotic drugs.

Symptomatology of pathology

An experienced practitioner is able to establish the correct diagnosis of the disease, determine a successful course of treatment. In some cases, the diagnosis of pneumonia requires the results of an X-ray study. Do not be afraid to use a similar method of analysis, since the quality of the definition of the ailment will only increase, which can easily compensate for the negative impact of X-rays on the baby's body.

A person who has contracted pneumonia is troubled by the following symptoms:

• there is a cyanotic skin color, lips;
• lack of appetite;
• retraction of the soft tissues of the baby's breasts;
• a feeling of anxiety, increased drowsiness;
• Increased respiration (age up to 2.5 months - 60 times a minute, 2.5 months - 1 year - more than 55 times, 1-3 years - more than 40 times);
• the airways are hanging;
• temperature over 38º C for 2-3 days.

An extensive inflammatory process is expressed by shortness of breath, at which soft gaps between the ribs can be drawn inward. In the respiratory process, nasal, cervical muscle groups are involved. Children have a natural desire to sit down or raise their arms and shoulders higher.

This desire is explained by the fact that in such a situation the chest widens, the breathing is slightly facilitated. In parallel, there is a pale-blue hue of the lips, the edges of the nose. When this symptomatology develops, it is necessary to immediately apply to inpatient treatment, because it rises risk of death due to disruption of the central nervous system due to oxygen deficiency.

Diagnosis of newborns

It is necessary to pay attention to the behavioral changes of the baby. There is lethargy, in rare cases - anxiety, capriciousness, loss of appetite. There are malfunctions in the respiratory processes: the rhythm is lost, the respiration is predominantly superficial, in which additional muscle groups are included. The temperature of the body increases, but in rare cases is quite high. The presence of a cough is uncharacteristic. There may be diarrhea.

One-year-old, six-year-olds with pneumonia change in behavior, shortness of breath, high fever, loss of appetite, do not feel like drinking. A pale blue shade of the nose and lips appears at the last stage of the pathology. The presence of a cough is not always observed. Due to oxygen deficiency there is a high probability of diarrhea.

Using a phonendoscope, even a qualified doctor is not always able to determine the presence of pathology. This is the insidiousness of the disease. Any diagnosis of pneumonia is based on lung X-rays.

Treatment of the disease

The negative influence of pneumonia affects cardiac activity and a number of important organs. A serious complication may be the appearance of purulent cavities in the lungs.

The severe form of the disease requires in-patient treatment, but many patients with mild pathology cope with the disease at home. Often, a doctor can not diagnose pneumonia during a call to the house. In such cases, the child with the parents goes to the children's polyclinic. With effective in-patient treatment of the baby, the process is allowed to be completed at home (with the necessary requirements for the patient's maintenance). The superiority of treatment at home is in the child's own atmosphere, the probability of being infected again with a virus in the hospital is excluded. The hospital has many viral microorganisms that have developed a certain immunity for antibacterial drugs.

It is the use of antibacterial drugs aimed at fighting pneumonia. The mild form of the course of the disease is treated with prescribed penicillin preparations administered by mouth. The concomitant medication is macrolide. The second line of medicines does not need a prescription for the initial stages of therapy. Complex form of the disease requires the appointment of antibiotic injecting drugs. Using several injections, the doctor observes the patient's condition. In case of improvement in health and a decrease in temperature of less than 38.2 ° C without using heat-removing agents the introduction of antibiotics by intramuscular route is stopped, an oral method of taking medication is prescribed.

When the temperature indicators of the baby returned to normal, the patient is recommended to sleep in fresh air (within reasonable temperature limits). Older children may go out three weeks after the disease, but only in the case of an effective treatment result, in the absence of key signs of pathology. If treatment has passed without special complications, specific rehabilitation exercises are not appointed.

respiratoria.ru

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