Chlamydia pneumonia in children

Chlamydia pneumonia in children

Answers:

Pogonceva Julia

The doctor should appoint erythromycin series and not only an antibiotic but also an antiviral and for immunity We 3 months were treated in general and two antibiotics, Roxigeksal and summed, they themselves are not treated only with physician

Leonid the Brain

You are fortunate that you have a smart enough doctor, she found partly the cause of frequent illnesses of the child. Any disease is caused by a causative agent, the so-called parasitic infections. But I can tell you for sure that your child, like most children, not only chlamydia, but also a whole set of pathogens, without removing them, you can not get rid of diseases. Antibiotics act on them in the reverse order, they mutate, hide in other organs, adapt and become stronger. Therefore, if you want to help the child, here you need other ways. Where you are geographically, maybe there is our specialist there, I can recommend
Write to the post office,

Laura Petrarkina :)

Chlamydia pneumonia affects the lower respiratory tract (pulmonary chlamydia) and leads to the development of chlamydial pneumonia (atypical pneumonia). Chlamydia pneumonia accounts for up to 20% of all cases of pneumonia. Especially often pneumonia caused by chlamydia is observed in children (over 5 years).

Diagnosis of chlamydia
In the diagnosis of chlamydia, the following methods are used:
The cultural method is the method of growing the pathogen (chlamydia) on special nutrient media with subsequent determination of its specific properties, as well as sensitivity to antibiotics. This method takes quite a long time, requires special techniques and training, but is "Gold standard" of the diagnosis of chlamydia, as it gives the most complete information about the pathogen disease.

Immunofluorescent method (RIF-immunofluorescence reaction): consists in the fact that the preparation prepared from scraping is stained with special dyes that glow in the dark. These dyes are strictly specific to a particular type of chlamydia and stain only them. The drug is evaluated under a special microscope and in the presence of "luminous" corpuscles make a conclusion about the presence of chlamydial infection.

Immunoenzyme analysis (ELISA): reveals the presence of the body's reaction to the appearance of chlamydia - specific antibodies in the blood. Also this method can be determined whether the infection is acute or chronic, and also if it was transferred earlier. If IgM (immunoglobulin type M) is detected, this indicates an acute infection, while IgG (immunoglobulin type G) indicates a transmitted infection. By reducing the titer (amount) of IgM, one can judge the dynamics of recovery.

PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a molecular biological method, which is currently considered a reliable method for the diagnosis of chlamydia. The PCR method reveals specific DNA sequences that are specific for a particular pathogen.

Treatment of Chlamydia
In the treatment of uncomplicated chlamydial infection, as a rule, the following are used:
Azithromycin (1 dose 1 g )
Doxycycline (100 mg 2 times a day for 7 days)
Levofloxacin (500 mg / day - 1 dose)

http://www.polismed.ru/hlamidiosis-kw/

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Pneumonia caused by chlamydia

What is pneumonia, caused by chlamydia? If chlamydia enters the body of an adult, the genitourinary system suffers from it in the first place. Chlamydial conjunctivitis is most common in young children or adolescents.The initial symptoms are manifested in the form of a cold, which is accompanied by a cough.The disease begins to progress with time, but adults do not notice that chlamydia develops bronchitis in a child. The consequence of the disease is pneumonia. This disease can affect children from six months (up to adolescence). Adults get sick when they have a weak immune system.

The cause of the disease

In total, there are three types of disease, each of which is characterized by hematogenous spread. Through the respiratory tract a person becomes infected from a sick person. Few suspect that the parasites belonging to the Australian or Long-tailed are considered vectors of the disease, as well as macaws. Sometimes the disease affects pigeons, turkeys and ducks. Every year a large number of people suffer from the disease. The disease most often affects smokers men. The disease is revealed in children and young people. In rare cases, it occurs in the elderly.

In women, during pregnancy sick, most often unhealthy children are born. Many newborns have symptoms of conjunctivitis, then this ailment passes into nasopharyngitis. For some babies, whose mother is sick with chlamydia, the development of pneumonia is typical at 8 weeks. Children who have symptoms of chlamydial nasopharyngitis suffer from pneumonia.

Transmission of the disease

Among the viruses and bacteria there is a hybrid, which is an intracellular parasite. It's chlamydia. After entering the human body, it affects the cell membrane and its space.

The causative agent is fed by the resources of the cell and its energy. Over the years, chlamydia pneumonia live by human cells. Antibacterial drugs can not destroy them, as the parasites develop resistance.

Respiratory infections are characterized by a protracted course. In addition to adults, chlamydial pneumonia often occurs in newborn infants, and it is different in the pathogen. If the woman had a clamidiosis before pregnancy, there is a possibility that the baby, who is under 6 months old, will get an ailment.

The disease comes through the amniotic fluid that is infected with the infection. The mucous membranes of a baby inside the womb are exposed to a fluid containing pathogens. The child may be prone to the disease during labor, while passing through the birth canal.

When a newborn is infected with chlamydia, conjunctivitis and acute respiratory disease eventually develop. Pneumonia is considered a fairly common ailment having complications of infantile chlamydia.

The main symptoms of the disease

This infection is practically not accompanied by any symptoms. In most cases, there is a development of severe pneumonia or bronchitis, which is typical for children with an existing infection, young people and adolescents. If older people become ill with this type of ailment, there are often serious complications. The incubation period is about 3-4 weeks. The disease is characterized by gradual development. First organs such as the nose and mouth are affected, and the sensation occurs, as if a person fell ill with rhinitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis and sinusitis. After 1-4 weeks, the patient develops pneumonia. Chlamydial infection differs from mycoplasma by such indicators as:

• hoarseness of voice;
• the paranasal sinuses become inflamed and become painful;
• there is a headache that does not go away.

The first few days after the disease occur with fever, but it can last up to one or more weeks until the disease goes into the advanced stage. After pneumonia has reached a high level, the body temperature normalizes. For patients with such ailment, as pneumonia chlamydial, is characterized by the presence of cough: dry or in some cases with phlegm in a small amount. Cough manifests itself within a few weeks, in some cases - up to several months. Antibiotics do not affect this symptom. In the lungs, in the majority of cases, wet and dry rales are heard. The presence of a single subsegmental non-homogeneous infiltrate occupying the lower lobes of organs was detected in pictures of patients.

The defeat of extensive foci is observed in rare cases, but the presence of a distress syndrome, which is accompanied by an acute respiratory appearance, has been revealed. In 20-25% of cases, accompanied by a pleural effusion. For 3 or more months, the presence of a residual phenomenon is available on radiographs. Pneumonia is accompanied by otitis, endocarditis, encephalitis, nodosa erythema, as well as exacerbation or bronchial asthma. At the 3rd week of the life of the child, the symptoms of pneumonia are characterized by such ailment as the syndrome of afebrile pneumonia.

This disease develops gradually: first appears tachypnea, and then - cough. The baby's appetite disappears, he begins to be capricious, the surrounding factors irritate him. In rare cases, there is an increase in body temperature (however, it remains subfebrile). Sometimes there is a cough. It is mostly jerky and dry, but every cough push is accompanied by a short sigh. During listening to the lungs, scattered, sonorous and wet rales are noted, having a finely bubbly character.

The presence of dry wheezing is mostly not detected. Many children who are ill with this disease, suffer from conjunctivitis and changes that occur in the middle ear. During the radiographs in the lungs, the transparency of the pulmonary fields is usually seen, the presence of infiltrates in bilateral bilateral interstitial view. A general blood test is characterized by the accompaniment of eosinophilia.

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Treatment of the disease

For the treatment of pneumonia, which is caused by pathogens such as chlamydia, it is recommended to use antibiotics, developed by modern technology. The best medicines are the medicines of the last generation. Treatment with agents such as tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides is performed depending on the age of the patient. Experts recommend using powerful symptomatic therapy and restorative means. If an ailment is found in young children, inpatient treatment is necessary.

In many cases, after the disease with Chlamydia infection, there are lethal outcomes observed in young children. This is due to hidden and unmanifested symptoms, it is difficult to detect the presence of hlomidia.

With careful treatment of infants and older children it is possible to get rid of the disease forever.

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Pneumonia chlamydia is a dangerous ailment for a person, so treatment should be taken seriously. Be healthy!

respiratoria.ru

Chlamydial pneumonia: symptoms and treatment

Chlamydia are parasitic bacteria. There are several types: Chlamydia muridarum, Chlamydia pecorum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia sui, hlamydia psittaci, Chlamydophila, Chlamydia pneumoniae. Chlamydial pneumonia, the symptoms and treatment of which we now consider, is an inflammation of the lungs, the causative agents of which are microbes-chlamydia.

The causative agents of chlamydial pneumonia can cause in addition to pneumonia also rhinitis, acute bronchitis, bronchial asthma, atherosclerosis. Chlamydia develop over a period of 48-72 hours. In adults, this disease occurs rarely, more often in children and adolescents (about 10%). Deaths are approximately 9%. The source of infection of the disease are both healthy and sick people. Can be transmitted by airborne (with sneezing, coughing, runny nose, conversation) and contact method. You can get infected by aspirating. Can manifest as acute or slow. Mostly begins with a rise in fever and a headache. One or two weeks the incubation period lasts.

Chlamydial pneumonia: symptoms of the disease

Symptoms of Chlamydia pneumonia:

1. a runny nose as a symptom of chlamydial pneumonia;

2. temperature increase;

3. lethargy, loss of strength, irritability;

4. dyspnea;

5. chills as a symptom of chlamydial pneumonia;

6. headache;

7. intoxication, nausea, vomiting as symptoms of chlamydial pneumonia;

8. feelings of perspiration in the throat;

9. red throat;

10. a strong dry cough with time passing into the wet with the discharge of purulent or bloody sputum;

11. wheezing in the chest as symptoms of chlamydial pneumonia.

Chlamydial pneumonia: treatment of the disease

Chlamydia pneumonia is often confused with a common cold, which further aggravates the treatment and often causes complications. Coryza and cough mostly appear on the first day of the disease. From the nasopharynx appear mucopurulent discharge. At the slightest symptoms of chlamydial pneumonia, we advise you to consult the doctor immediately. Determine this disease using the X-ray method (in the picture you can see small-focal pneumonia), immunological (the definition of antigens pathogen with antibodies), cytological (laboratory analysis of smears) and microbiological studies (determination of pure culture pathogen).

In the treatment of chlamydial pneumonia, antibiotics from the genus tetracyclines (doxycycline), macrolides (azithromycin, erythromycin) and fluoroquinolones (lefofloxacin) are used. Pregnant women and children are prescribed only macrolides, and the nursery children are treated with erythromycin. The course of taking antibiotics lasts from 10 to 21 days. At treatment do not forget about a bed mode, plentiful drink, respiratory gymnastics.

AstroMeridian.ru

Pneumonia caused by chlamydia

It is now established that 3 types of chlamydia play a role in the development of pneumonia.

1. Chlamydia pneumoniae causes pneumonia, bronchitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis, otitis.
2. Chlamydia trachomatis is the causative agent of urogenital chlamydiosis and trachoma, causes pneumonia in newborns, and in adults it is extremely rare. Female genitalia are the reservoir and source of urogenital chlamydial infection. It is localized in the cervix in 5-13% of pregnant women, can be transmitted to a newborn and cause it trachoma and pneumonia (usually at the age of 6 months). Ch. trachomatis causes the development of urethritis (in men and women), cervicitis and other pelvic inflammatory diseases, that with prolonged persistence of the pathogen leads to the formation of cicatricial changes in the fallopian tubes and infertility. LI, L2, L3-serotypes of Ch. trachomatis cause the same venereal lymphogranuloma.
3. Chlamydia psittaci is the causative agent of ornithosis (psittacosis).

In accordance with the life cycle, two forms of the existence of chlamydia within the cells are distinguished:

• Elementary corpuscle (about 300 nm in size) is an infectious, pathogenic form capable of penetrating into the cell, formed 20-30 hours after the penetration of clavidia into the cell. When the cell wall breaks, newly formed infectious elementary particles are released;
• reticular (mesh) bodies - non-infectious form; in this case, chlamydia are metabolically active, capable of division, but at the same time are non-pathogenic. Reticular bodies come from elementary bodies.

Code for ICD-10 J16.0 Pneumonia caused by chlamydia

Pneumonia caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae

Infections caused by Chl. pneumoniae, are widespread. At the age of 20, specific antibodies to Chl. pneumoniae are found in half of the examined, with an increase in age - in 80% of men and 70% of women. Chl.pneumoniae causes the development of acute or chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, pharyngitis, sinuititis, inflammation of the middle ear. In addition, the role of Chl is now discussed. pneumoniae in the etiology of bronchial asthma, atherosclerosis, acute endo- and myocarditis, sarkovidosis, arthritis.

Chl infection. pneumoniae is transmitted from person to person by airborne droplets.

Clinical Features

Most often, young people are ill (5-35 years old). In this age group Chl. pneumoniae as the cause of pneumonia ranked second after Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Clinical picture of pneumonia caused by Chl. pneumoniae, is similar to the clinic of mycoplasmal pneumonia. The disease begins with a dry cough, at first it is stubborn, unproductive, then - with the separation of sputum. The body temperature rises, it is usually subfebrile, although it can be high, but it is not accompanied by chills. Disturbing headache, muscle pain, general weakness, but intoxication is not clearly expressed, the general condition is mild. Characteristic is the presence of pharyngitis. With auscultation of the lungs dry scattered rales are heard, and rarer - small bubbling rales in a certain area of ​​the lungs (mainly in the lower parts).

In 10-15% of patients, the disease is severe, with a marked intoxication syndrome, an increase in the liver, spleen.

Radiologic examination reveals mainly interstitial changes, perivascular, peribronchial infiltration, enhancement of pulmonary pattern. However, it is possible to have focal and infiltrative darkening. Quite often, clear radiographic changes may be absent.

A general analysis of peripheral blood reveals leukopenia and increased ESR.

Diagnostic criteria

When making a diagnosis it is necessary to consider the following main points:

• young age of patients (5-35 years), first of all adolescents and young adults are ill;
• persistent prolonged cough;
• presence of a pharyngitis and bronchitis clinic;
• X-ray examination of the lungs reveals mainly interstitial changes, an X-ray negative variant is possible;
• revealing Chl. pneumoniae in sputum with the use of immunofluorescent method and polymerase chain reaction; positive sputum culture results on the environment with chicken embryos;
• the growth of antibody titres to legionella in the blood of a patient in paired sera (10-12 days from the first study).

Pneumonia caused by Chlamydia psittaci (psittacosis, ornithosis)

Chlamydia psittaci is found in parrots, domestic birds (ducks, turkeys), pigeons, canaries, some sea birds (in some species of gulls).

Infection is transmitted mainly by aerosol (inhalation of dust from feathers or excrement of infected birds). The causative agent of psittacosis can persist for a month in a dry bird litter. In rare cases, infection occurs through droplets of a patient's saliva when coughing. It is reported about the possibility of sexual transmission.

If the source of infection are parrots, talk about psittacosis, if other birds - the disease is called ornithosis.

Clinical Features

The incubation period of the disease is 1-3 weeks. Then the clinical picture of the disease develops. In most patients, it begins acutely. The body temperature rises rapidly (up to 39 ° C and above), chills are observed, severe intoxication develops (severe headache, pronounced general weakness, myalgia, appetite disappears, repeated vomiting). From 3-4 days there is a dry cough, later mucopurulent sputum is separated, sometimes with an admixture of blood. Disturbing pain in the chest, worse with breathing and coughing.

With percussion of the lungs, dullness of percussion sound is detected (not always), with auscultation - hard breathing, finely bubbling, often dry rales. These physical signs are most often detected in the lower lobe on the right.

Almost half of the patients have an increase in the liver and spleen.

Perhaps a serious course of the disease with the defeat of the nervous system (inhibition, meningeal syndrome, sometimes nonsense).

Priroentgenological examination of the lungs mainly determines the interstitial lesion (strengthening and deformation of the pulmonary pattern) and the expansion of the roots of the lungs. Against this background, small foci of inflammatory infiltration can also be detected.

In the general analysis of peripheral blood, leukopenia is detected (in most patients), less often - the number of leukocytes normal or increased (leukocytosis shows a shift of the leukocyte formula to the left), there is an increase ESR.

A rise in body temperature, clinical manifestations of the disease and radiological changes can last about 4-6 weeks.

Diagnostic criteria

When making a diagnosis, the following basic points should be taken into account:

• instructions in the anamnesis for domestic or professional contact with birds (the disease often occurs in workers of poultry farms, pigeon breeders, poultry farmers, etc.);
• acute onset of the disease with a marked syndrome of intoxication, fever, cough with the subsequent development of pneumonia;
• absence of symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection (rhinitis, tracheitis);
• predominantly interstitial changes in the lungs during X-ray examination;
• leukopenia in combination with an increase in ESR;
• the determination in the blood of a patient of antibodies to Chlamydia psittaci by the complement fixation reaction. Diagnostic value have a titer: 6 2 and higher, or an increase in antibody titers 4 times or more in the study of paired sera.

Where does it hurt?

Pain in the chest Pain in the chest in children

What's bothering you?

Shortness of breath Coughing Body temperature High fever in a child Crying in the lungs

What it is necessary to survey?

Lungs

How to inspect?

X-ray of the lungs Examination of the respiratory (lung) organs Computed tomography of the chest Study of bronchi and trachea

What tests are needed?

Sputum analysis General blood test Express diagnosis of urogenital chlamydiosis Chlamydia: detection of Chlamydia trachomatis

Who to contact?

Pulmonologist

Treatment of pneumonia caused by chlamydia

In the development of pneumonia, three types of chlamydia play a role:

• Chl. psittaci - causative agent of ornithosis;
• Chl. trachomatis - causative agent of urogenital chlamydosis and trachoma that causes pneumonia in newborns;
• Chl. pneumoniae is a causative agent of pneumonia with 2 subspecies: TW-183 and AR-39.

With pneumonia caused by chlamydia, new macrolides (azithromycin, roxithromycin, clarithromycin) and fluoroquinolones are highly effective. Alternative drugs are tetracyclines.

• Pneumonia - Treatment regimen and nutrition
• Antibacterial drugs for the treatment of pneumonia
• Pathogenetic treatment of pneumonia
• Symptomatic treatment of pneumonia
• Fighting complications of acute pneumonia
• Physiotherapy, exercise therapy, respiratory gymnastics with pneumonia
• Sanatorium treatment and rehabilitation for pneumonia

In addition to treatment

Physiotherapy for pneumonia What to do with pneumonia? Antibiotics for pneumonia Than to treat? Tavanik

ilive.com.ua

Pneumonia in a child - symptoms, treatment, causes

Inflammation of the lungs or pneumonia is one of the most common acute infectious and inflammatory diseases of a person. Moreover, the concept of pneumonia does not include various allergic and vascular lung diseases, bronchitis, and also pulmonary function disorders, caused by chemical or physical factors (injuries, chemical burns).

Especially often there are pneumonia in children, the symptoms and signs of which are reliably determined only on the basis of X-ray data and a general blood test. Pneumonia among all pulmonary pathologies in young children is almost 80%. Even with the introduction of progressive technologies in medicine - the discovery of antibiotics, improved methods of diagnosis and treatment - until now this disease is among the top ten most frequent causes of death. According to statistics in various regions of our country, the incidence of pneumonia in children is, %.

When and why can a child develop pneumonia?

Lungs in the human body perform several important functions. The main function of the lungs is the gas exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries, which envelop them. Simply put, oxygen from the air in the alveolus is transported to the blood, and from the blood carbon dioxide enters the alveolus. They also regulate body temperature, regulate blood coagulability, are one of the filters in the body, contribute to the purification, removal of toxins, disintegration products arising from various traumas, infectious inflammatory processes.

And when food poisoning, a burn, a fracture, surgical interventions occur, in case of any serious injury or disease, there is a general decrease in immunity, it is easy to cope with the filtration load toxins. That is why very often after a child has suffered or is suffering from injuries or poisonings, pneumonia occurs.

The most common pathogens are pathogens - pneumococci, streptococci and staphylococci, and recently cases of lung inflammation from such pathogens as pathogenic fungi, legionella (usually after staying at airports with artificial ventilation), mycoplasma, chlamydia, which are not often mixed, associated.

Pneumonia in a child, as an independent disease that occurs after a serious, strong, prolonged hypothermia, it is extremely rare, as parents try not to allow such situations. As a rule, in most children, pneumonia occurs not as a primary disease, but as a complication after an acute respiratory viral infection or influenza, less often other diseases. Why is this happening?

Many of us believe that acute viral respiratory diseases in the last decades have become more aggressive, dangerous their complications. Perhaps this is due to the fact that both viruses and infections have become more resistant to antibiotics and antiviral drugs, so they are so hard for children and cause complications.

One of the factors contributing to the increase in the incidence of pneumonia in children in recent years has been the overall poor health in the younger generation - how many children are born with congenital pathologies, malformations, lesions of the central nervous system. Especially severe pneumonia occurs in premature or newborn babies, when the disease develops against the background of intrauterine infection with insufficiently formed, not mature respiratory system.

In congenital pneumonia, the herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, mycoplasmas are not infrequently causative agents, and with infection during labor, chlamydia, group B streptococci, opportunistic fungi, E. coli, Klebsiella, anaerobic flora, when infected with hospital infections, pneumonia begins on day 6 or 2 weeks after birth.

Naturally, pneumonia often happens in cold weather, when the organism is subjected to seasonal adjustment from heat to cold and vice versa, there are overloads for immunity, at this time there is a lack of natural vitamins in foods, temperature changes, damp, frosty, windy weather contribute to children's hypothermia and their infection.

In addition, if a child suffers from any chronic diseases - tonsillitis, adenoids in children, sinusitis, dystrophy, rickets (see. rickets in infants), cardiovascular disease, any severe chronic pathologies, such as congenital lesions central nervous system, malformations, immunodeficiency states - significantly increase the risk of developing pneumonia, weighed down its course.

The severity of the disease depends on:

• Extensibility of the process (focal, focal, draining, segmental, lobar, interstitial pneumonia).
• The child's age, the younger the baby, the narrower the airways, the less intense gas exchange in the child's body and the heavier the course of pneumonia.
• Places where and for what reason there was a pneumonia:
  - community-acquired: most often have an easier flow
  - hospital: more severe, because it is possible to infect bacteria resistant to antibiotics
  - Aspiration: when inhaled foreign objects, mixture or milk.
• The most important role in this is played by the general health of the child, that is, his immunity.

Improper treatment of influenza and ARVI can lead to pneumonia in the child

When a child falls ill with an ordinary cold, SARS, influenza - the inflammatory process is localized only in the nasopharynx, trachea and larynx. With a weak immune response, and also if the causative agent is very active and aggressive, and the treatment in the child is carried out incorrectly, the process of reproduction of bacteria descends from the upper respiratory tract to the bronchi, then bronchitis. Further, the inflammation can affect the lung tissue, causing pneumonia.

What happens in the body of a child in a viral disease? Most adults and children in the nasopharynx always have different opportunistic microorganisms - streptococci, staphylococci, without causing harm to health, because local immunity holds them back growth.

However, any acute respiratory disease leads to their active reproduction and with the correct action of the parents during the illness of the child, immunity does not allow their intensive growth.

What should not be done during ARVI in the child, so as not to cause complications:

• You can not use antitussives. Coughing is a natural reflex that helps the body to clear the trachea, bronchi and lungs from mucus, bacteria, toxins. If for the treatment of a child, in order to reduce the intensity of dry cough, use antitussives that affect the cough center in the brain, such as Stoptosin, Broncholitin, Libexin, Paxeladin, then sputum and bacteria may accumulate in the lower respiratory tract, which ultimately leads to inflammation lungs.
• It is not possible to conduct any preventive therapy with antibiotics for colds, with a viral infection (see. antibiotics for colds). Antibiotics are powerless against the virus, and from opportunistic bacteria to cope immunity, and only in the event of complications on prescription shown their use.
• The same applies to the use of various nasal vasoconstrictors, their use contributes to a faster penetration of the virus into the lower respiratory tract; therefore, galazoline, naphthysine, sanorin should not be used in case of a viral infection safely.
• Abundant drink - one of the most effective methods of removing intoxication, dilution of sputum and rapid cleansing respiratory tract is an abundant drink, even if the child refuses to drink, parents should be very persistent. If you do not insist that the child drink enough fluids, in addition, the room will have dry air - this will help to dry the mucosa, which can lead to a longer course of the disease or complication - bronchitis or pneumonia.
• Permanent ventilation, lack of carpets and carpeting, daily wet cleaning of the room in which the child is, Humidification and air purification with the help of a humidifier and an air cleaner will help to cope faster with the virus and prevent development pneumonia. As clean, cool, moist air helps to dissolve sputum, quickly remove toxins with sweat, cough, wet breath, which allows the child to recover faster.

Acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis - differences from pneumonia

With SARS usually the following symptoms:

• High temperature in the first 2-3 days of the disease (see Fig. antipyretics for children)
• Headache, chills, intoxication, weakness
• Qatar upper respiratory tract, runny nose, cough, sneezing, sore throat (it does not always happen).

In acute bronchitis with Orvy, the following symptoms may occur:

• Minor increase in body temperature, usually up to 38C.
• First the cough is dry, then it becomes wet, there is no shortness of breath, unlike pneumonia.
• Breathing becomes hard, on different sides there are variously scattered rales that change or disappear after coughing.
• On the roentgenogram, the intensification of the pulmonary pattern is determined, the structure of the roots of the lungs decreases.
• There are no local changes in the lungs.

Bronchiolitis occurs most often in children up to a year:

• The difference between bronchiolitis and pneumonia can be determined only by X-ray examination, based on the absence of local changes in the lungs. According to the clinical picture, the acute symptoms of intoxication and the increase in respiratory insufficiency, the appearance of dyspnoea - very much resemble pneumonia.
• In bronchiolitis, the breathing in a child is weakened, shortness of breath with the help of an auxiliary musculature, nasolabial the triangle becomes a bluish hue, a common cyanosis is possible, a pronounced pulmonary-cardiac failure. When listening to a boxed sound is detected, the mass of scattered small bubbling rales.

Signs of pneumonia in the child

With a high activity of the causative agent of the infection, or with a weak immune response of the body to it, when even the most effective preventive medical measures do not stop inflammatory process and the child's condition worsens, parents can for some symptoms guess that the child needs more serious treatment and urgent examination doctor. In this case, in no case should not begin treatment by any popular method. If it really is pneumonia, it will not only not help, but the condition may worsen and time for adequate examination and treatment will be missed.

Symptoms of pneumonia in a child 2 - 3 years and older

How to identify attentive parents with a cold or viral illness that it is necessary to urgently call a doctor and suspect a pneumonia in the child? Symptoms that require an X-ray diagnosis:

• After Orvi, influenza within 3-5 days there is no improvement or after a slight improvement again there is a temperature jump and increased intoxication, coughing.
• Lack of appetite, sluggishness of the child, sleep disturbance, capriciousness persist within a week after the onset of the illness.
• The main symptom of the disease remains a strong cough.
• The body temperature is not high, but the baby has shortness of breath. In this case, the number of breaths per minute in a child increases, the rate of breaths per minute in children aged 1-3 years 25-30 breaths, children 4-6 years - a rate of 25 breaths per minute, if the child is in a relaxed calm condition. With pneumonia, the number of breaths becomes larger than these figures.
• With the other symptoms of a viral infection - cough, temperature, cold, severe pallor of the skin is observed.
• If the temperature is high for more than 4 days and antipyretic agents such as Paracetamol, Efferalgan, Panadol, Tylenol are not effective.

Symptoms of pneumonia in infants, children under one year of age

The onset of the disease can be noticed by the mom by changing the behavior of the baby. If the child constantly wants to sleep, become sluggish, apathetic or vice versa, a lot of naughty, crying, refuses to eat, while the temperature may slightly increase - mom should urgently turn to pediatrician.

Body temperature

In the first year of life, pneumonia in a child, a symptom which is considered to be high, not knocked down temperature, is different in that at this age it is not high, does not reach 3, or even 3, -3,. The temperature is not an indication of the severity of the state.

The first symptoms of pneumonia in an infant

This causeless anxiety, lethargy, decreased appetite, the baby refuses from the breast, the sleep becomes restless, short, there is a loose stool, there may be vomiting or regurgitation, a runny nose and a paroxysmal cough that worsens during crying or feeding child.

Child's breathing

Pain in the chest with breathing and coughing.
Sputum - with a damp cough, purulent or mucopurulent sputum (yellow or green) is secreted.
Shortness of breath or an increase in the number of respiratory movements in young children is a clear sign of pneumonia in a child. Dyspnoea in babies can be accompanied by nodding to the breath, as well as the baby blows his cheeks and extends his lips, sometimes there are foamy discharge from the mouth and nose. The symptom of pneumonia is considered to be the excess of the number of breaths per minute:

• In children up to 2 months - the norm is up to 50 breaths per minute, more than 60 is considered a high frequency.
• In children, after 2 months to a year, the norm is 25-40 breaths, if 50 or more, this is an excess of the norm.
• In children older than one year, the number of breaths more than 40 is considered a shortness of breath.

The skin relief during breathing changes. Attentive parents can also notice the retraction of the skin during breathing, more often on one side of the patient's lung. To notice this, it is necessary to undress the baby and observe the skin between the ribs, it retracts when breathing.

With extensive lesions, there may be a lag of one side of the lung with deep breathing. Sometimes you can notice periodic stopping of breathing, disturbance of rhythm, depth, breathing frequency and the child's desire to lie on one side.

Cyanosis of the nasolabial triangle

This is the most important symptom of pneumonia, when the blue skin appears between the lips and the spout of the baby. Especially this sign is pronounced when the child sucks the breast. With severe respiratory failure, a slight blueing can be not only on the face, but also on the body.

Chlamydia, mycoplasmal pneumonia in children

Among the pneumonias, the causative agents of which are not banal bacteria, but various atypical representatives secrete mycoplasmal and chlamydial pneumonia. In children, the symptoms of such pneumonia are slightly different from the course of the usual pneumonia. Sometimes they are characterized by a hidden sluggish current. Symptoms of SARS in a child can be as follows:

• The onset of the disease is characterized by a sharp rise in body temperature to 3, C, then a stable subfebrile temperature of -3, -3 is formed, or even a temperature normalization occurs.
• It is also possible the onset of the disease with the usual signs of ARVI - sneezing, choking in the throat, a bad cold.
• Persistent dry debilitating cough, shortness of breath may not be permanent. Such a cough usually occurs with acute bronchitis, and not pneumonia, which complicates the diagnosis.
• When listening to a doctor, scanty data are usually presented: rare variegated rattles, pulmonary percussion sound. Therefore, according to the nature of wheezing, it is difficult for a doctor to determine atypical pneumonia, since there are no traditional signs, which greatly complicates the diagnosis.
• In the analysis of blood in atypical pneumonia there may be no significant changes. But usually there is increased ESR, neutrophilic leukocytosis, a combination with anemia, leukopenia, eosinophilia.
• On the x-ray of the chest reveals a pronounced enhancement of the pulmonary pattern, non-uniform focal infiltration of the pulmonary fields.
• Both chlamydia and mycoplasma have a feature that exists for a long time in the epithelial cells of the bronchi and lungs, therefore, pneumonia usually has a prolonged recurrent character.
• Treatment of atypical pneumonia in the child is carried out by macrolides (azithromycin, josamycin, clarithromycin), because the pathogens to them are most sensitive (to tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, too, but they are children contraindicated).

Indications for hospitalization

The decision on where to treat a child with pneumonia - in a hospital or at home, the doctor takes, while he takes into account several factors:

• The severity of the condition and the presence of complications - respiratory failure, pleurisy, acute disorders of consciousness, heart failure, falls AD, lung abscess, pleural empyema, infectious-toxic shock, sepsis.
• The defeat of several lobes of the lung. Treatment of focal pneumonia in the child at home is entirely possible, but with croupous pneumonia treatment is best done in a hospital.
• Social indications are poor living conditions, inability to perform care and doctor's prescriptions.
• Age of the child - if the infant is sick, this is the reason for hospitalization, because the pneumonia of the baby is a serious threat to life. If pneumonia develops in a child under 3 years of age, treatment depends on the severity of the condition and most often doctors insist on hospitalization. Older children can be treated at home provided that the pneumonia is not severe.
• General health - in the presence of chronic diseases, weakened overall health of the child, regardless of age, the doctor may insist on hospitalization.

Treatment of pneumonia in children

How to treat pneumonia in children? The basis of therapy for pneumonia is antibiotics. At a time when there were no antibiotics in the arsenal of doctors with bronchitis and pneumonia, a very frequent cause of death of adults and children there was pneumonia, therefore, in no case should one refuse to use them, no folk remedies for pneumonia are effective. From the parents it is required to strictly follow all the doctor's recommendations, the proper care of the child, the observance of the drinking regime, nutrition:

• Reception of antibiotics must be carried out strictly in time, if the appointment of the drug 2 times per day, this means that there should be a break of 12 hours between meals, if 3 times a day, then a break of 8 hours (cm. 11 rules how to take antibiotics correctly). Antibiotics are prescribed - penicillins, cephalosporins for 7 days, macrolides (azithromycin, josamycin, clarithromycin) - 5 days. The effectiveness of the drug is estimated within 72 hours - an improvement in appetite, a decrease in temperature, dyspnea.
• Antipyretics are used if the temperature is above 39C, in infants above 38C. Initially, antibiotic treatment of antipyretics is not prescribed, as the evaluation of the effectiveness of therapy is difficult. It should be remembered that during a high temperature in the body, the maximum amount antibodies against the causative agent of the disease, so if the child can tolerate the temperature of 38C, it is better not to knock down. So the body quickly cope with the microbe that caused pneumonia in the baby. If the child had at least one episode of febrile seizures, the temperature should be knocked down already at 3, C.
• Nutrition of the child with pneumonia - lack of appetite in children during illness is considered natural and the child's refusal from food intake due to increased strain on the liver when fighting infection, so you can not force a child to feed. If possible, prepare light food for the patient, exclude any ready-made chemicals, fried and fatty, try to feed child simple, easily assimilated food - cereals, soups on a weak broth, steam cutlets from low-fat meat, boiled potatoes, various vegetables, fruit.
• Oral hydration - in water, natural freshly diluted juices - carrot, apple, weakly boiled tea with raspberries, rose hips infusion, water-electrolyte solutions (Regidron and etc).
• Airing, daily wet cleaning, use of air humidifiers - ease the condition of the baby, and the love and care of parents works wonders.
• No restorative (synthetic vitamins), antihistamines, immunomodulating agents are not used, as often lead to side effects and do not improve the course and outcome of pneumonia.

Reception of antibiotics for pneumonia in a child (uncomplicated) usually does not exceed 7 days (macrolides 5 days), and if bed rest is observed, perform all the doctor's recommendations, in the absence of complications, the child quickly recovers, but for a month there will still be residual effects in the form of a cough, slight weakness. With atypical pneumonia, treatment can be delayed.

In the treatment of antibiotics in the body, the intestinal microflora is broken, so the doctor prescribes probiotics - RioFlora Immuno, Acipol, Bifiform, Bifidumbacterin, Normobakt, Lactobacterin. Analogues of Linex - a list of all probiotics). To remove toxins after the end of therapy, the doctor can prescribe sorbents, such as Polysorb, Enterosgel, Filtrum.

With the effectiveness of treatment for general regimen and walks, it is possible to transfer the child from the 6th to the 10th day of the disease, the hardening to resume after 2-3 weeks. With a mild pneumonia, large physical exertion (sport) is allowed after 6 weeks, with complicated after 12 weeks.

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