Vaccination against influenza complications

Vaccination against influenza

Vaccination against influenza only since 2006 is included in the National Calendar. In Europe, there is a continuous record of cases of influenza, and although it is far from complete, an inoculation against influenza has led to a decrease in the incidence.

According to WHO, with annual epidemics of influenza, 5-10% of adults and 20-30% of children fall ill, 250 000-500 000 people die from this disease, economic damage amounts to 1 to 6 mln. dollars per 100 000 population.

A vaccine against influenza should be given to patients-chroniclers, who are often ill with ARI, children of preschool age. In the countries of Europe, the elderly, patients with cardiac, pulmonary (including bronchial asthma) and renal pathology, diabetes and people with immunosuppression are vaccinated. In the USA since 2008 Inoculation against influenza is older than 6 months. introduced into the National Calendar.

Influenza vaccination in children

Vaccination against influenza should be carried out in the first year, because at this age there is a high incidence and severe course. Thus, in the 2007/08 season, the share of children 0-2 years among those who developed the flu was 38.4%, 3-6 years - 43.5%, while schoolchildren only 14%, and adults - 2.8%. Among the children hospitalized with confirmed influenza, 50% were children under the age of 6 months, 2/3 - children under 1 year and 80% - up to 2 years. In another study, it was shown that of the number of children who are sick with influenza at the age of 2-5 years, every 250th, 6-24 months is hospitalized. - every 100th. and 0-6 months. - every 10th.. According to the combined data of the American Academy of Pediatrics, the hospitalization rate for this disease is 240-720 per 100 000 children 0-6 months. and 17-45 per 10, 00 children aged 2-5 years; 37% of those hospitalized were at risk - their hospitalization rate was 500 per 100 000.

And although the death rate of children is 1/10 of the death rate of older persons (0.1 and 1.0 per 100 000), a special study in the United States of this issue in 2004-2005. showed that the children of the first half of this indicator is 0.88 per 100 000.

Symptoms of influenza in young children often differ from the classical picture - high fever + intoxication + cough and runny nose. At this age, febrile convulsions are frequent against the background of fever, the flu often causes croup, bronchiolitis, exacerbation of asthma, often complicated by otitis media, sinusitis and pneumonia. The frequency of otitis media in children with influenza is 18-40% according to different tori, much more often in children under 2 years old. Complication of myocarditis, as well as from the nervous system - is not uncommon. So, in one of the studies of 842 children with confirmed laboratory flu in 72 there were neurological complications: encephalopathy in 10 children, febrile convulsions in 27 and afebrile - in 29, meningitis 2 and cerebral stroke due to hypotension - in 4.

Who should be vaccinated?

The contingents listed in the National Calendar do not include a number of groups whose flu vaccine gives a certain effect and can be recommended; The immunoprophylaxis calendar for epidemiological indications does not decode the risk groups. The recommendations in force in the United States are presented below, the flu shot should be administered to the following categories of people:

• Healthy children over the age of 6 months.
• Asthma and other chronic lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis.
• Diseases of the heart with hemodynamic disorders.
• Conditions that are fraught with impairment of respiratory functions (aspiration, sputum stasis) - epilepsy, neuromuscular diseases, spinal cord injuries, mental retardation
• Immunodeficiencies, including HIV infection.
• Sickle cell anemia and other hemoglobinopathies.
• Chronic kidney disease, metabolism, diabetes,
• Diseases requiring long-term therapy with acetylsalicylic acid (rheumatic diseases, Kawasaki syndrome) as prevention of Reye's syndrome.
• Family members and staff caring for children under the age of 5 (especially important for children under 6 months of age).

These recommendations, although they do not include such obvious risk groups as patients with organic lesions of the central nervous system, influenza causes long-term apnea, children with malformations of the lungs and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, are quite acceptable for our conditions. Of course, we should also recommend vaccination on an individual basis to all children and adults.

Vaccination against influenza for people with chronic diseases is safe. Published enough convincing work, allowing to vaccinate these contingents.

Contraindications to the vaccination against influenza

For all vaccines - an allergy to egg hen proteins, to aminoglycosides (for vaccines containing them), allergic reactions to the administration of any vaccine. Split- and subunit vaccination against influenza can be used in persons with chronic pathology, incl. with immune defects, pregnant and lactating women, patients with immunosuppressive therapy, combine with other vaccines (in different syringes). It is not recommended to vaccinate people who have undergone Guillain-Barre syndrome.

Contraindications for live vaccines - immunodeficiency states, immunosuppression, malignant neoplasms, rhinitis, pregnancy, intolerance of chicken protein. Temporary contraindications, as for inactivated vaccines, are acute diseases and exacerbations of chronic.

Vaccination reactions and complications

The live vaccine against influenza is slightly reactogenic, the temperature above 37.5 ° in the first 3 days is allowed for no more than 2% of the vaccinated. When subcutaneous injection of whole-cell vaccines, it is allowed to develop a short-term temperature above 37.5 ° or infiltrates up to 50 mm in no more than 3% of the vaccinated. With their intranasal administration, subfebrile within 1 to 3 days is allowed for no more than 2% of the vaccinated.

Subunit and split vaccines give weak short-term (48-72 hours) reactions in no more than 3% of the vaccinated. The least reactogenic according to international independent studies are subunit vaccines. Clinical experience confirms the low reactogenicity of inactivated sipit and subadynamic vaccines and in children even in the second half of life. The largest amount (about 7, 00 doses) of vaccine safety is from the United States. There are observations that the vaccine against influenza is safe in children in the first half of the year.

Rare cases of vasculitis are described. Observations in England for 34 000 vaccinated with different vaccines (of which 75% with chronic pathology) showed a low incidence of all and allergic reactions (in total, within 1-3% for different vaccines).

Rare, immediate reactions after the vaccine against influenza Grippol was introduced in 2006. in the subsequent, they were practically not repeated.

Vaccines against influenza

The vaccine against influenza is prepared from the current strains of A / H1N1 /, A / H3N2 / and B viruses, recommended annually by WHO. Vaccination against influenza is carried out in the autumn, preferably before the onset of morbidity.

Instead of the previously released anti-influenza gamma globulin, a normal human immunoglobulin is used in a doubled dosage.

Currently, a vaccine against influenza is being tested, which is based not on hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, but on the matrix protein 1 and virion nucleoprotein that do not mutate; if successful, there will be no need for an annual vaccination.

Live vaccines are made from attenuated strains of the virus (adapted to cold mutants), they are able to produce local immunity (production of IgA antibodies) with intranasal administration. In the USA, where a live vaccine has been used since 5 years, incl. in children with asthma, it is shown to be more effective than the inactivated vaccine against A / H1N1 and B.

Allantoin intranasal live flu vaccine is dry for children aged 3 years and adults (Microgen, Russia) - lyophilizate for solution preparation. The contents of the ampoule are dissolved in 0.5 ml (1 dose) of boiled water (cooled). The age-appropriate vaccine is administered once in 0.25 ml in each nasal passage to a depth of 0.5 cm. attached by the spray dispenser type RD single use.

Vaccination against influenza is weakly reactogenic. Storage of drugs at a temperature of 2 to 8. Shelf life - 1 year.

Inactivated all-virion vaccination against influenza is used in children older than 7 years and adults. It is a purified virus, cultured on chick embryos, inactivated by UV irradiation.

Grippovak (NIIVS, Russia) contains in 1 ml of 20 μg hemagglutinin subtypes A and 26 μg B. Preservative - merthiolate. Form release: 1 ml ampoules (2 doses), vials of 40 or 100 doses. Store at 2-8 °. Introduced to children from 7 years and adolescents intranasal (spray RDZH-M4) to 0.25 ml in each nasal passage twice with an interval 3-4 weeks, adults - from 18 years - intranasal in the same scheme or parenterally (SC) once in a dose of 0.5 ml.

Vaccination against influenza inactivated eluate-centrifuge liquid (Russia) - is applied according to the same scheme as Grippovac

Subunit and split vaccines are used in children older than 6 months, adolescents and Roslyh. Children vaccinated for the first time and neoblevshim influenza, as well as patients with immunodeficiency is recommended to enter 2 doses with an interval of 4 weeks, in subsequent years - once. With the introduction of 1 dose in the spring and one fall, the vaccines are less immunogenic

A vaccine against influenza is injected intramuscularly or deeply subcutaneously into the upper third of the outer surface of the shoulder. The vaccines are stored at 2-8 °. Shelf life 12-18 months.

Subunit and split vaccines registered in Russia

Vaccination against influenza	Composition, preservative	Doses and methods of vaccination
Grippol Subunit-Microgen, Russia	5 μg of 2 strains of A and 11 μg of strain B, + polyoxidonium of 500 μg, merthiolate. Ampoules 0.5 ml	Children 6 months - 3 years 2-fold to 0.25 ml with an interval of 4 weeks. over 3 years - 0.5 ml each 1 time.
Grippol® plus Polymer-subunit - Petrovax FC, Russia	5 μg 2 strains A and B (Solvay Biolodzh.) + Polyoxidonium 500 μg, without preservative. Syringe, amp., 0.5 ml bottles	Children over 3 years and adults at 1 dose (0.5 ml) once
Agrippal S1 - Subunit, Novartis Vaccine and Diagnostics Srl, Italy	15 mcg 3 strains, without cone. Syringe-dose.	Children older than 3 years and adults 1 dose (0.5 ml) once, up to 3 years - 1/2 dose (0.25 ml) - vaccinated for the first time and not sick of the flu - 2 times after 1 month.
Begrivak Split, New Artis Vaccine, Germany	15 mcg 3 strains, without preservative. Syringe-dose
Vaxigrip Split, sanofi pasteur, France	For 15 mcg 3 strains, no preservative. Syringe doses, amp. 0.5 ml, 10 dose vials	Children under 9 years 2-fold, 0.25 ml (up to 3 years) or 0.5 ml (3-8 years); > 9 years - 1 dose of 0.5 ml.
Inflexal V Subunit, Berna Biotech, Switzerland	For 15 μg 3 strains; virosomes mimic the virion. Without preservatives, formaldehyde and antibiotics	Children older than 3 years and adults - 0.5 ml IM or deeply n / k, children from 6 months. up to 3 years in 0.25 ml (previously not vaccinated with 2 doses).
Influwak Subunit, Solvay Pharma, The Netherlands	15 mcg 3 strains, free of preservatives and antibiotics. Self-destroying syringe-dose.	Persons> 14 years 0.5 ml. Children
Fluarix Split, SmithKlein Forms. GmbH, KG, Germany	15 μg 3 strains, traces of merthiolate and formaldehyde. Syringe-dose.	Children over 6 years of 0.5 ml once, 6 months - 6 years - 0.25 ml 2-fold

A cell culture-grown subunit vaccine against influenza On-taflu, Novartis Vaccine and Diagnosis GmbH, FRG and Split Vaccine FluvaxiN, ChangchukLife Science Ltd., China, is registered.

A vaccine against influenza is not active against avian influenza viruses and possible future mutants. Vaccines from "avian" strains in case of an epidemic have been created in Russia and other countries.

Is the flu vaccine effective?

The vaccination against influenza develops immunity 14 days after the injection, but in children who did not previously have contact with the virus, this requires 2 doses of the vaccine administered at intervals of 4-6 weeks. Immunity is type-specific; Vaccination against influenza should be carried out every year, since there is an antigenic drift of strains of viruses, as well as its short duration (6-12 months), even if its strain composition, in comparison with the previous season, has not changed.

Vaccination against influenza has a prophylactic efficacy against a laboratory-confirmed disease of 60-90%, although the degree of protection in children and the elderly is considered to be lower. When infected with strains of the virus, different from vaccine, the effectiveness is reduced; although the disease in vaccinated flows more easily, but the incidence of influenza and mortality remain above the epidemic threshold.

Vaccination against influenza is the most effective method of reducing the incidence of influenza and mortality from it both among the general population and at risk groups. A vaccination against influenza reduces the hospitalization of children aged 6-23 months. (who received 2 doses of the vaccine) by 75%, and mortality by 41%, and the protective effect of the vaccination, carried out for 2 years or more, is much higher than the one-time before the epidemic. Among adults with community-acquired pneumonia vaccinated against influenza, during the influenza season, mortality was lower - RR 0.3 (0.22-0.41). Especially pronounced effect among the elderly: for 10 seasons, the relative risk of pneumonia was 0.73 and death - 0.52.

Vaccination against influenza also reduces the incidence of children with acute otitis media (by 2.3-5.2%) and exudative otitis media (by 22.8-31.1%). Vaccination against influenza reduces the frequency of all ARI.

To protect children of the first half of this disease, the effect of vaccination of pregnant women is studied. Data from Bangladesh showed that this flu shot has an efficacy of 63%: up to the age of 24 weeks, 4% of children were infected with influenza, compared to 10% in controls. In addition, the frequency of febrile ARI decreased by 29%.

The problem of bird flu

The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) multiplies in the intestines of birds - its neuraminidase N1 is resistant to acidic medium, and haemagglutinin H5 recognizes epithelial receptors containing sialic acids characteristic of birds. There are few such receptors (therefore people rarely get sick), but the trachea of ​​pigs contains both types of sialic acids, which makes them the main "mixer" of viruses. Mass transmission from a person to a person is possible only if the specificity of the hemagglutinin of the avian virus changes.

Post-exposure prophylaxis

Vaccination against influenza should be performed before the beginning of the cold season. During the epidemic, interferon-a-nasal drops of Alfaron, Grippferon (1, 00 U / ml) and in aeozoles are used: children 0-1 years, 1 drop (, 00 ME); 1-14 years old - 2 each, older than 14 years and adults - 3 drops 2 times a day for 5-7 days (in contact with a sick person) or an age-related dose in the morning every 1-2 days (during the epidemic season). The same scheme uses Viferon 1 candles. Interferon-gamma (Ingaron - 100 000 ME in a vial, diluted in 5 liters of water) for children over 7 years and adults for 2 drops in the nose: in contact with a sick flu - once, in the season of epidemics - 2-3 drops 30 minutes before meals after the toilet of the nose 1 time every other day 10 days (repeated course if necessary - after 2 weeks).

For prevention in adults and children older than 1 year, use rimantadine (tablets 50 mg, 2% syrup for children Algeria with sodium alginate), although the virus A1 has become resistant to it. Doses of rimantadine: 100 mg / day (children 7-10 years), 150 mg / day (children over 10 years and adults); Algirem: children 1-3 years 10 ml (20 mg) children 3-7 years - 15 ml: (30 mg) - once a day for 10-15 days. Similar effect in Arbidol - according to the same scheme: children 2-6 years - 0.05, 6-12 years - 0.1, over 12 years - 0.2 g.

The neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir (Tamiflu) is approved for the treatment and prevention of influenza A and B from 1 g. When administered within 36 hours after contact with the patient, warns of influenza in 80%, is active with avian flu (but not with ARVI). Prophylactic dose for children 1-2 mg / kg / day, for adults - 75-150 mg / day - 7 days after contact or up to 6 weeks during the epidemic. Zanamivir (Relenza in an aerosol is used from the age of 5 years for 2 inhalations 2 times a day (total 10 mg / day) treatment and prevention.

Vaccination against influenza in people with chronic diseases

Vaccination against influenza in the form of split and subunit vaccines has shown its effectiveness and safety when administered to patients with severe pathology (asthma, leukemia, liver transplant recipients, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, etc.). Clinical experience of vaccination of more than , 00 children, 31 of them with various pathologies, showed its safety and effectiveness.

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Vaccination against influenza - contraindications

The flu epidemic has become habitual for a long time, and preparation for it has turned into something self-evident. Even children know how important prevention is. It is also well known that one of the best means for preventing influenza is vaccination. And only those who directly faced the problem know that the flu vaccine is not universal - it has contraindications. That is, not everyone can protect themselves from the disease with the help of a vaccine. More details about the negative aspects of vaccination against influenza will be described in the article.

Side effects of vaccination against influenza

Vaccines against influenza are of different types:

1. Injection is more popular. There are no live viruses, but it gets into the body thanks to a shot.
2. The second type of vaccine is aerosol. This means contains live viruses. Weakened, they do not pose a threat to the body, but contribute to the development of strong immunity.

Like any other vaccine, a flu shot can cause side effects. Different organisms perceive vaccination in their own way. The most frequent negative manifestations of vaccination are the following:

1. Immediately after vaccination a person can feel weakness, fatigue, drowsiness. Sometimes the patient is tormented by fever and fever.
2. Many people get a headache after the vaccination.
3. One of the most unpleasant consequences of vaccination is a runny nose or a pharyngitis.
4. The most serious and harmful complication of vaccination against influenza is anaphylactic shock. Fortunately, this side effect is extremely rare.
5. A fairly frequent unpleasant consequence of vaccination is pain, swelling and redness at the injection site.

Most of the side effects the patient forgets about a couple of days after the vaccination. And in order to avoid more serious and complex consequences, it is necessary to get acquainted with the list of contraindications before vaccination.

Who is against the flu vaccine?

Despite the large number of benefits, some groups of patients may not be vaccinated against influenza. An alternative method of protection against a disease is recommended in the following cases:

1. First, it is strictly forbidden to get a flu shot from people suffering from colds or ARVI. Vaccination is allowed at least a month after recovery.
2. Secondly, an inoculation against influenza is contraindicated to people with an allergy to chicken protein.
3. Specialists are in no hurry to vaccinate patients who did not have a good previous vaccination.
4. This method of preventing influenza is not recommended for people with diseases of the nervous and endocrine systems.
5. Additionally, patients suffering from kidney and adrenal problems should consult.
6. Vaccination against influenza Grippol and its analogs are contraindicated for chronic diseases of the lungs, bronchi and upper respiratory tract.
7. You can not vaccinate babies.
8. Asthma, anemia, hypertension and general cardiacInsufficiency can also serve as a contraindication to vaccination.

As you can see, there are a lot of contraindications to vaccination against influenza for adults. Therefore, in order to really benefit the vaccination, the procedure must necessarily be consulted with specialists and with understanding to treat their detailed inquiries about the state of health and the transferred diseases.

Do not forget that the vaccine is not a panacea. To completely protect yourself against the flu, you need to lead a healthy lifestyle, for the time of the epidemic, to supplement your diet with nutritious foods, fruits and vegetables.

WomanAdvice.ru

Complication after vaccination against influenza.

Answers:

Motya Mitya

and nehren incomprehensible vaccine itself to do
to us all the shit is poured off
on their own do not experience
but on our people, please

Well, who recognizes that this is from vaccination
will say, your body is bad

Mom Choli

antibiotics for flu, no one writes and does not appoint.. antiviral buy and cure as it should, not with vitamin C.. Nobody will pay you medicines.. well, you can not buy, but through the court to prove that your illness is connected with vaccination and from the state to claim compensation for your own treatment.. laugh the court with your claims.. maybe from laughter and surprise you and will compensate for the damage ..

electic_deman

There is a reason to check the body to identify the cause of weak immunity.

Queen winter

when you vaccinated, your immunity was weakened. In general, I personally am very much against vaccinations. this infection in small doses, personally entered into the body and if the body is not ready for this, then you will get sick like in this case. No one should pay you any treatment. Only you. Antibiotic sometimes they are really prescribed to the influenza patient, as a rule - in case of complications after the illness. Because often the causative agents of these complications are precisely the bacteria that managed to attack the body, which was fairly weakened by the influenza virus. In this case, the use of antibiotics is entirely reasonable. They are prescribed for pneumonia, bacterial bronchitis, sore throat or respiratory tract, middle ear cold or conjunctivitis. Bacterial infection can occur immediately after a viral infection - which is why many people believe that doctors prescribe antibiotics for them specifically for influenza. therefore you are treated ...

Complications after the flu: what should I fear?

The flu is not as terrible as its complications. After the flu, you can suffer even more if you have not been treated correctly. What are the complications after the flu and what to do with them?

What is the flu?

Influenza is an extremely contagious viral disease, which is most often manifested in autumn and winter. Influenza attacks quickly, spreading through the upper respiratory tract, and sometimes invades our lungs.

It ends with pneumonia, bronchitis and tracheitis - not very pleasant. We will have to seriously treat.

Groups at risk of complications after influenza

People with a high risk of complications after the flu are adults over the age of 50, children aged 6 months to 4 years, adults and children with diseases of the heart or lungs, people with weakened immune system (including people with HIV / AIDS), and pregnant women.

What are the symptoms of influenza?

With the flu, you may have the following symptoms:

• Very high temperature (above 39 degrees Celsius).
• Headache.
• Fatigue (it can be very strong).
• Cough.
• Sore throat.
• Runny nose or stuffy nose.
• The body is very sore.
• Diarrhea and vomiting (more often in children than in adults).

When should I see a doctor to prevent complications of the flu?

If you have a fever and shortness of breath, consult a doctor. And here are other symptoms that can be very serious:

• Fever with chills
• Cough with blood or mucus from the lungs

• Labored breathing
• Too often breathing
• Dyspnea
• Chest Pain
• Wheezing

What are the most common complications after the flu?

The most common complications after the flu include viral or bacterial pneumonia, muscle inflammation (myositis), diseases of the central nervous system and heart problems, including heart attacks, inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis), and inflammation of the envelope around the heart (pericarditis).

Read also: Complications of influenza in children Complications after influenza in pregnant women

Other complications of influenza may include infections of the ear and sinuses (otitis and sinusitis), especially in children, dehydration and exacerbation of chronic diseases, for example, such as congestive heart failure, asthma or diabetes.

Is pneumonia a serious complication after the flu?

Yes, pneumonia is a common and very serious complication after the flu. Pneumonia can develop due to the direct entry of the influenza virus into the lungs or when a bacterial infection develops during the flu. If viral or bacterial pneumonia makes your condition very difficult, you may need immediate hospitalization.

With pneumonia, you may have chills, fever, chest pain, sweating, coughing with green or bloody mucus, increased heart rate, and lips and nails of bluish color due to lack of oxygen. Other symptoms of pneumonia include shortness of breath and severe chest pains when you take a deep breath. Sometimes in elderly people with pneumonia, there is also a feeling of pain in the abdomen. With a bacterial infection, pneumonia is superimposed on influenza, and these symptoms can only worsen, manifested by a higher fever, a strong cough and a greenish tinge of phlegm.

If you have a persistent cough or fever, or shortness of breath, or chest pain - especially if these symptoms supplement another disease, such as flu - you should definitely consult a doctor. Good diagnosis, including chest X-ray and sputum analysis, can help the doctor diagnose pneumonia. Be aware that antibiotics can help with bacterial pneumonia, but they can not help with viral pneumonia.

How long does pneumonia last?

Pneumonia usually lasts about two weeks, and in young children, the elderly and patients with a weakened immune system, even longer. Suffer from pneumonia and those who can have chronic diseases, such as asthma. Even the strongest people can feel tired and weak for a month or more after suffering pneumonia.

What is an inoculation against pneumonia?

To avoid bacterial pneumonia, ask your doctor about the possibility of administering pneumococcal vaccine to you. Currently, there are 2 types of pneumococcal vaccine: pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV) for adults and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) for children.

The vaccine against pneumonia is quite safe and provides immunity against 23 subtypes of bacteria that usually cause pneumonia.

If you are a healthy adult over the age of 65, you are strongly recommended a vaccine against pneumonia. Some experts suggest that adults under the age of 55 can also receive this vaccine, because their immunological reactivity in this case is higher.

The vaccine against pneumonia is also recommended for people at increased risk of developing infection, for example, with heart disease, diseases liver, lung disease, kidney failure, diabetes, various types of cancer, sickle-cell anemia. And the vaccine against pneumonia is best done by adults aged 19 to 64 who smoke cigarettes or who have asthma. Vaccine against pneumonia is not recommended for pregnant women.

Four doses of the PCV13 pneumonia vaccine are recommended for all children under 2 years of age. Children from 2 to 4 years who have not yet been vaccinated against pneumonia should receive at least one inoculation. For children aged 6 to 18 with health problems, a single dose of PCV13 vaccine against pneumonia will be sufficient regardless of whether they were previously vaccinated.

How can you protect yourself from complications of influenza?

A vaccine against influenza or a flu vaccine is the best way to prevent disease. Because of the flu, the probability of pneumonia and other complications of influenza increases, so it makes sense to protect yourself from this.

Can flu complications be prevented?

While many complications after the flu can be controlled, some, depending on the state of your immune system, are quite difficult to prevent. Therefore, at the first signs of complications, consult a doctor for recommendations.

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Vaccination against influenza: contraindications. Do I need a flu vaccine?

Seasonal flu is a disease that affects millions of citizens annually. The most favorable time for the disease is autumn and winter, when human immunity is weakened and can not cope with viruses so effectively. Different strains of viruses can cause the development of an acute respiratory disease, but, despite the nature of the pathogen, the symptoms are very similar in all cases. The patient has a fever, a sore throat, a cold, a cough and a headache.

Inoculation against influenza

To prevent the onset of many infectious diseases, vaccination is given. After the opening of the first vaccine, doctors saved hundreds of millions of lives. Against the flu every year, millions of people are vaccinated, because the vaccine is today considered to be the main preventive method in the fight against infections.

Sometimes potential patients have a question: do I need a flu vaccine? The vaccine is a weakened viral material that can not reproduce in the body. When a vaccine material is introduced to a person whose set of proteins is identical to the active virus, his immune system starts producing antibodies against the virus.

Time for vaccination

To be vaccinated against the flu is best in the fall (from September to November), because the epidemic of the disease at this time is becoming a massive one. Inflammation is administered to children and adults. It is not recommended to vaccinate the vaccine in the spring or summer, as the amount of antibodies decreases with time, and the effect from it is not so strong.

You can get a vaccine against the flu even after the epidemic begins. If the vaccination was carried out and the next day the person was infected, the vaccine will not worsen the course of the disease. Much worse the flu will leak if such vaccinations are not done, even there is a risk of serious complications.

Who needs an inoculation

To date, inoculations are already done by infants from 6 months of age. There is a category of people who need a vaccination against the flu in the first place. In the high-risk zone, there are elderly people, patients who are on inpatient treatment, pregnant women. It is necessary to vaccinate children and adolescents (from 6 months to 18 years), especially if they have been using aspirin for a long time for the purpose of treatment. Such patients may have severe complications after the flu. This category includes people with kidney, lung, heart problems, metabolic disorders, patients with immunodeficiency, with hemoglobulinopathies, with staphylococcal infection, as well as students and schoolchildren, who are constantly in the community.

Vaccination against influenza: contraindications

The main material for the manufacture of the vaccine is chicken embryos. Not every organism is susceptible to them, and there are a number of cases when a flu vaccine is not recommended. Contraindications are primarily to those patients who suffer from an allergic reaction to chicken protein. It is not necessary to vaccinate people during the period of exacerbation of chronic diseases. Vaccination is undesirable for two weeks after the final recovery, because the body is weakened and may react incorrectly.

It is not necessary to inoculate patients with progressive forms of neurological diseases, as well as with an allergy to influenza vaccines.

What is the flu?

The disease belongs to the category of acute viral infections, is accompanied by a general infectious syndrome in severe form and affects the respiratory tract. Not all patients realize the full danger of this disease. In some cases, the flu begins with a cough, fever and a runny nose, and can end with the death of the patient. Statistics show that annually about 40 thousand people from developed countries die from the flu and complications caused by it.

Types of the causative agent of influenza

The causative agent of the virus is divided into three independent types: A, B and C. The constant mutation of the virus, which leads to a change in its antigenic structure, leads to the fact that qualitatively new varieties of the influenza virus actively appear and multiply. The danger for the population is that the immunity to them in the human body has not yet developed, so the virus affects the patient and can cause unpredictable complications. The transmission of the influenza virus from a sick person is carried out by airborne droplets, which allows it to spread to all categories of the population.

Influenza A type instantly spreads over vast areas and is pandemic or epidemic in nature. Local spread of the influenza B virus type allows recording its individual outbreaks and taking timely measures. Sporadic outbreaks of infections cause influenza type C.

Benefits of Inoculation

The vaccine helps the body develop a permanent immunity, which will help to avoid getting infected with the flu. If even a vaccinated person has taken up an infection, then the disease goes on without complications and in a lighter form than those who refused to vaccinate. Specific prophylaxis is carried out by live and inactivated vaccines. The vaccine against influenza for children over three years old is of domestic origin. Imported vaccines, which have all the necessary licenses, are intended for children between the ages of 6 to 12 months.

The maximum amount of antibody is reached 14 days after vaccination. The annual vaccination is explained by the fact that the vaccine provides the body with short-term immunity (6-12 months). Vaccination should be carried out before and during the epidemic season.

Vaccines against influenza

Vaccines aimed at fighting the flu are divided into several types. The first is live vaccines. They are made from strains of the virus that are safe for humans. With intranasal administration, they contribute to the development of local immunity. Vaccination before the beginning of the epidemic period. Live vaccines vary depending on who they are intended for - children or adults.

People who are older than 7 years are assigned inactivated vaccines. It is a concentrated and purified influenza virus, grown on chick embryos and inactivated by UV radiation and formalin. Inactivated vaccines include flu-like liquid chromatographic, centrifugal and eluate-centrifugal.

Subunit and split vaccines have domestic and imported varieties. These include drugs such as Grippol, Agrippal, Begrivac, Vaxigrip, Inffluvac, Fluarix.

Refusal of vaccination

Increasingly, people refuse to vaccinate. This is explained by the fact that often after vaccination against influenza, unwanted reactions of the organism to the material occur. Illiterate introduction, poor quality of the vaccine or non-compliance with the rules after vaccination leads to complications. Another reason for not taking vaccinations is that parents think this is harmful to the health of their child.

Refuse can be from all vaccinations or from some specific. Refusal to vaccinate against influenza should be argued and notified about this decision of employees of the polyclinic.

There are a number of cases when medical workers confirm that it is undesirable to vaccinate against influenza. Contraindications relate primarily to the health of the child, when he suffered a trauma or is ill. But after the state of the baby is normalized, the vaccine still has to be done.

To refuse the vaccination, you must write a special application in two copies (one for yourself, and the second for a school, kindergarten or polyclinic). The application must be registered in the institution's documents journal, it must contain: a deciphered signature, a number, a document number, a seal. It is also worth remembering that the refusal of vaccinations is a decision to take responsibility for the diseases against which vaccination is carried out.

Consequences of refusal of vaccinations

Not always refusing to vaccinate the flu (sample - below) is the right decision by the parents. Preventive vaccinations are protected by law, and their absence makes life difficult for citizens. Thus, they are prohibited from traveling to countries that require specific vaccinations. Citizens may be temporarily denied admission to health or educational institutions, especially if there is a threat of epidemics or infectious diseases. In the absence of the necessary vaccinations, citizens have problems in hiring, where there is a risk of contracting infectious diseases. In other words, non-vaccinated children and adults are not allowed into the collective if there are suspicions of an epidemic.

Effects of flu vaccination

Vaccination against influenza, contraindications to which have already been thoroughly studied, may also negatively affect human health. It is about the occurrence of side effects. Before you do the vaccination, you need to go through the examination and consult with your doctor. The maximum caution should be exercised in the case of vaccination of children, pregnant women and elderly people. Vaccination does not save from all diseases (in this case from influenza) at all, but it at times reduces the possibility of infection. Untimely vaccination can lead to flu. But even then, the disease will be much easier to transfer than by giving up the vaccine.

After vaccination, allergic reactions and chronic illnesses can become aggravated. To avoid this, you need to warn the doctor about their availability. Children should be vaccinated only healthy, because even a slight runny nose during vaccination can turn into a child's insomnia, loss of concentration and reduced immunity. Also, you must follow the rules of care for the vaccination, in order to avoid local problems on the skin. If the organism somehow reacted to previous vaccinations, then the following should be abandoned.

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Do I need to get a flu shot?

The flu is so dangerous for people that it is on the third place among the most treacherous diseases of our time. Therefore, doctors recommend that you vaccinate to avoid the flu and its complications. Meanwhile, up to 80% of US residents prefer to vaccinate, about 10% of the population of Russia, and in Ukraine - up to 1%. There are a lot of rumors about vaccinations - truthful and not very good. Do I need to get a flu shot?

Who needs flu vaccination?

WHO argues that although everyone is sick with the flu, not everyone needs vaccinations. But there are groups of people who need flu shots. It:

• Children from six months who have not yet acquired immunity to colds and whose immune system is still very weak

• People with chronic diseases of the respiratory system (but not in an acute state and without temperature)
• Those who have immunodeficiency
• People who have crossed the threshold of 50 years

Why is it so difficult to get a flu shot?

In the composition of the influenza virus, there are special antigens, the formula and form of which forms varieties of the same viruses. These varieties, to our regret, change their composition every year, because of what it is quite difficult to find an effective vaccine against the flu.

In order for the vaccine to be developed correctly and, accordingly, it is necessary to rely on the doctors' forecasts regarding the likely changes in the structure of the virus. This is quite difficult, so if the vaccine is not properly selected, you can not guess and not protect the person from the flu completely. The fact is that if scientists have not guessed with the vaccine, then it will not have enough antimatter to withstand the flu. With an incorrectly selected vaccine, its effectiveness is reduced by a factor of three - this explains the inefficiency of vaccinations.

What is the composition of the flu vaccine?

As part of the vaccination against influenza viruses are contained, but not alive, but already killed. These viruses, getting into the human body, increase its immunity and cause it to fight with the infection. Having trained on weak viruses, the body instantly recognizes influenza viruses that get to it from the external environment. And easily copes with them. In this - the essence of the vaccine against the flu.

The vaccine differs from the present influenza virus in that it contains too weak viruses or inactivated viruses (generally without virus content). These are inactivated viruses and can give most complications after the flu. After the vaccination, two weeks pass from the flu, and this is the time when the body fully adapts to this type of flu. Therefore, it is better to vaccinate against influenza not during epidemics, but before their onset - beginning in October.

Pros of vaccination against influenza

Vaccination against influenza helps reduce the incidence of influenza in a rather impressive scale - this is a fact. For example, among the elderly people who were vaccinated against the flu, up to 60% later they are not sick with acute respiratory diseases in general. Vaccination from the flu makes it possible not to ache more than 80% of people of all ages who have been vaccinated. Children who were vaccinated against influenza cease to be ill in more than 92% of cases. Vaccination against influenza also reduces the likelihood of complications by more than a third - one of them is a painful otitis for children.

Cons of vaccination against influenza

There are also side effects of flu vaccination. They are related to:

• Incorrect use of the vaccine (not corresponding to the influenza strain)
• Vaccination in those conditions that are prohibited for vaccinations - pregnancy in the first trimester, high fever, acute disease during vaccination
• A negative reaction to vaccine substances that were not taken into account

Consequences of the negative reaction of the body to the vaccine - weakness of the body, redness at the injection site, fever and flu symptoms in mild form - headache, lethargy and so on. With a normal reaction of the body to the vaccine, these symptoms disappear within two days after the vaccination, and when complications - a person's condition deteriorates sharply after 6-12 hours from the time of vaccination.

It is worth knowing that, in addition to vaccination against influenza, there are other methods of prevention: more abundant drinking with vitamins (decoction of rose hips, sea buckthorn, tea with lemon and honey), wearing an antiviral mask, taking multivitamin preparations to maintain immunity, frequent washing hands. They should be used, because in the cold season, a person loses a lot of vitamins - up to 70% of what is needed!

Therefore, using a vaccine against influenza as the only means is wrong. But you do not need to give it up. Especially if you find yourself on the list of people who need flu shots.

Who does not have a flu vaccine?

There are people who do not get a flu shot, because it can cause a number of complications.

• These are people with chronic diseases of the nervous system
• Those who have problems with the genitourinary system (ureter, bladder, kidneys and so on)
• People suffering from diseases of the endocrine organs (thyroid, adrenal, pituitary)
• Those who have heart failure, and clearly expressed
• People with bronchial asthma
• Patients with blood diseases of any age
• Pregnant women before the third trimester of pregnancy
• Those who have an allergy to chicken protein

Vaccination against influenza, introducing viruses into the body, can cause an adverse reaction even in healthy people who do not suffer from the above contraindications.

Influenza in Figures

Today the flu is a real plague of the century. In terms of complications and mortality, influenza is in third place after cardiovascular diseases and cancer. And the flu together with ARVI occupy 95% of infectious diseases. These viruses each year strike up to 500 million people on the planet. Of these people, up to 2 million people die. To reduce these deaths, scientists recommend vaccination.

Vaccination, according to WHO, should protect people from the flu and prevent complications after the flu, not to mention the mortality, which is significantly reduced. The vaccine works, strengthening primarily the immune system.

But, unfortunately, this protection does not always work. As a minus, it is not always right for physicians to select a vaccine, but as a plus, even if the vaccine does not fully protect against infection with the virus, but it makes it possible to weaken its influence on the body.

More on the influenza virus

The flu virus is far from alone. There are at least three of them - the influenza virus A, B, C - as the first letters in the English alphabet. The most dangerous is considered to be influenza type A, epidemics and pandemics are associated with it. Influenza type B is also not a gift - it causes damage to the body in many people, but affects people more locally. The most mild in its impact is the influenza C virus, although it is undesirable to suffer from none of the three types of influenza.

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Do I need a flu vaccine?

Vaccination against influenza, prevention of the disease - this is a very important point. Warnings are always more important than healing later. To date, there is no panacea for influenza, there is not a single miracle drug that guarantees a quick and complete cure, so vaccinations against influenza act as prevention of the disease. It is very important to prevent the disease by vaccinating on time. Every year more and more people are grafted from this dangerous disease.

However, there are both opponents and supporters of this procedure. There is no clear, concrete answer about the benefits or harm of vaccination against influenza. Vaccination should be carried out after studies and individually.

This vaccination is not included in the vaccination calendar and is paid for the adult, but for children it is still free of charge.

Vaccination against influenza in Russia takes place voluntarily, every person has the right to make a choice - either for or against, but for kids the choice of parents do.

The word "flu" came from the French "grab", "catch". The definition speaks of the suddenness and rapidity of the virus's entry into the body. Influenza is a dangerous infectious disease that is acute and usually affects the respiratory system and is expressed by the following symptoms:

• heat;
• severe weakness;
• general deterioration of the condition;
• pain in the head;
• pain in the muscles;
• nausea, vomiting.

Dangerous influenza viruses, what is the danger, the testimony

The flu can get sick at any time of the year. But usually people get sick all the same in the autumn and in the winter, because at this time the body lacks vitamins, the premises are not ventilated and temperature drops occur. In the autumn-winter period, the epidemic of the disease usually occurs. Small children, whose age is more than half a year, can get sick, as the antibodies transmitted by the mother cease to have a protective function. The disease is caused by influenza viruses A, B, C. The flu virus mutates easily, so the flu vaccine for children and adults should be given annually. Once the virus enters the upper respiratory tract, it immediately captures the mucosa and destroys its cells.

Cells are rejected and during coughing, sneezing, breathing enter the external environment, infecting others. Such infection is called in medicine "air-drop path". You can get into and through personal hygiene items, underwear. Once the virus has entered the body, the symptoms of the disease begin to manifest, there is a sharp weakness, up to 40 degrees the body temperature rises, the head turns, even convulsions may develop, the mucus, the throat pershit, are released from the nose. When a person has been ill with the flu, it acquires a kind of immunity to the disease, but the problem is that the virus mutates and the antibodies that are produced will not have any protection in the fight against the mutated virus.

Influenza is very dangerous, because it completely suppresses the human immune system. In addition, the flu provokes an aggravation of other diseases.

Complications after infection can be as follows:

• acute inflammation of the lungs;
• otitis media;
• changes in the work of the central nervous system;
• altered processes in the work of the heart and blood vessels.

The Ministry of Health recommends vaccination as the only way to avoid infection and create immunity to a terrible disease. WHO (World Health Organization) identified the at-risk groups to whom the flu vaccine is indicated, these are people:

• including children who are often ill with different infections;
• with the diagnosis "bronchial asthma";
• suffering from CNS diseases;
• with heart disease or vascular problems;
• with kidney disease;
• with blood diseases;
• who have diabetes mellitus;
• with deficiency of the body's defense system;
• who go to kindergartens and schools.

An effective influenza vaccine is improved every year, as the virus is constantly mutating. The experience of scientists allows creating an effective and safe vaccine. The vaccination with the drug that was made this year will be ineffective next year, and therefore the vaccination against the flu with the improved drug is carried out annually. As the statistics showed, the vaccine works, but can not guarantee 100% that the person will not get sick, however even in the case of infection, the disease will proceed in a lighter manner and severe consequences will not occur.

Best vaccine against influenza, vaccination scheme, when should be vaccinated against influenza

For vaccination, live and inactivated vaccines are used today. Live vaccines are now used very rarely, as the development of live vaccines of the newest generation is underway. But the inactivated vaccine practically does not give serious consequences. This vaccine can be:

• whole cell;
• split-vaccine;
• subunit.

The difference between drugs is that they differently split the virus into component particles. The whole cell vaccine causes complications, has contraindications, but at the same time creates a stable immunity to influenza. The most dangerous to date are the second and third type of vaccine. They practically do not give complications. These drugs do not harm even a child, actively stimulate the immune system and do not cause adverse reactions. Today, 11 influenza vaccines are used and allowed in Russia. Most often do vaccination with drugs:

• "Flight-arix";
• "Vaxigripp";
• "Begrivac";
• "Influvac";
• "Grippol".

How does the vaccine work?

After the drug is administered to a person, the process of producing antibodies occurs. This creates a layered protection. 14 days after vaccination, the body accumulates a sufficient number of antibodies, and the body does not perceive the disease. Protective protein immediately recognizes the virus and eliminates it.

Immunity persists up to six months or throughout the year. The effectiveness of immunization reaches 90%. This means that the probability of catching the flu is, but it is negligible compared to if the vaccination was not done in time. Today there is a standard vaccination scheme. Vaccination begins in September or October, due to which by the winter the body develops immunity to influenza. It is very important to get vaccinated before the epidemic. Babies can be vaccinated after the age of six months. Babies who have not yet been vaccinated against influenza, it is recommended to vaccinate twice in half the dosage for an adult with an interval of 30 days. The inoculation is done intramuscularly or very deep under the skin.

Modern vaccines against influenza practically do not give a negative reaction after administration, occasionally vaccinated people may have a fever or a puffiness around the site of the injection. You can not vaccinate people who are allergic to a particular component of the drug, such as a protein or preservative. Do not administer the vaccine during the period of illness. You can only be vaccinated a month after the illness has passed. You can not get a flu shot if there were complications during the previous vaccination.

The vaccine must be taken in a licensed medical facility. Vaccination should be carried out by an experienced doctor. After the drug has been introduced, the doctor must issue a certificate, which will include all the data on the drug. You can not buy the vaccine alone. Science today has proven the high efficacy of anti-influenza drugs, especially for toddlers at risk. One should or should not be vaccinated - this should be discussed with the pediatrician and individually.

Implications after vaccination, vaccination rules

After vaccination, the following complications can not often occur:

1. Inflammation of lungs bacterial type. If the temperature does not drop more than five days - this is a sign of pneumonia.
2. Reduced immunity.
3. Sinusitis.
4. Otitis of acute form.
5. False groats.
6. Myositis.
7. Meningitis.
8. Exacerbation of chronic respiratory diseases.

Vaccination can be free, paid and passive immunization. Schools, kindergartens and a polyclinic purchase the vaccine at the expense of money allocated by the municipality. This vaccine is issued in Russia. Some employers also provide free vaccination. Fee paid for vaccination in private clinics, and the price depends on the drug and on the cost of the service itself.

Attention! Acquired vaccines against influenza should be stored according to the rules prescribed in the instructions, otherwise the drug will lose its valuable properties. It is strictly forbidden to vaccinate independently.

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