Suspected pneumonia symptoms

Pneumonia in adults

Pneumonia is an acute inflammation of the lungs caused by infection. The initial diagnosis is usually based on the chest x-ray.

Causes, symptoms, treatment, prevention and prognosis depend on whether the infection is bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic; hospital, or hospitalized in a nursing home; develops in an immunocompetent patient or against a background of weakened immunity.

Code for the ICD-10 J18 Pneumonia without specifying the pathogen

Epidemiology

Pneumonia is one of the most common infectious diseases. In Europe, the annual number of patients with this diagnosis is between 2 and 15 per 1000 population. In Russia, the incidence of community-acquired pneumonia reaches 10-15 per 1000 population, and in older age groups (over 60 years) - 25-44 cases per 1000 people per year. Approximately 2-3 million people in the US are ill with pneumonia every year, about 4, 00 of them die. This is the most common hospital-acquired infection that has a lethal outcome, and is the most common of the common causes of death in developing countries.

Despite significant progress in diagnosis and treatment, mortality in this disease is increasing. Community-acquired pneumonia is the most common cause of death among all infectious diseases. In the general structure of the causes of death, this disease ranks fifth after cardiovascular, oncological, cerebrovascular diseases and COPD, and in the older age group, lethality reaches 10-33%, and among children under 5 years - 25%. Even more high mortality (up to 50%) is characterized by the so-called hospital (hospital or nosocomial) and some "atypical" and aspiration pneumonia, which is explained highly virulent flora, causing the listed forms of the disease, as well as rapidly developing resistance to traditional antibacterial drugs.

The presence of a large number of patients with severe concomitant diseases and certain risk factors, including primary and secondary immunodeficiency, has a significant effect on the course and prognosis of pneumonia.

Causes of pneumonia

In adults over 30 years, the most frequent pathogens of pneumonia are bacteria, and in all age groups, In all socio-economic conditions and in all geographic areas, Streptococcus pneumoniae dominates. However, pneumonia can cause any pathogens, from viruses to parasites.

The respiratory tract and lungs are constantly exposed to the pathogenic organisms of the environment; upper respiratory tract and The oropharynx is especially colonized by the so-called normal flora, which is safe due to the immune defenses of the body. If pathogens overcome numerous protective barriers, an infection develops.

See also: Inflammation of the lungs

The protective factors of the upper respiratory tract include IgA saliva, proteolytic enzymes and lysozyme, as well as inhibitors growth, produced by normal flora and fibronectin, which covers the mucosa and inhibits adhesion. Nonspecific protection of the lower respiratory tract includes cough, clearance of the ciliated epithelium and angular structure of the respiratory tract, which prevents infection of air spaces. Specific protection of the lower respiratory tract is provided by pathogen-specific immune mechanisms, including opsonization IgA and IgG, anti-inflammatory effects of surfactant, phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages and T-cell immune responses. These mechanisms protect most people from infection. But in many conditions (for example, in systemic diseases, malnutrition, hospitalization or stay in a nursing home, antibiotic therapy), the normal flora changes, its virulence increases (for example, when exposed to antibiotics) or protective mechanisms are broken (for example, cigarette smoking, nasogastric or endotracheal intubation). Disease-causing organisms, which in these cases reach the alveolar spaces by inhalation, due to the contact or hematogenous spreading or aspiration, can multiply and cause inflammation of the lung tissue.

Specific pathogens that cause inflammation of the lung tissue are not excreted in more than half the patients, even with a comprehensive diagnostic study. But, since under similar conditions and risk factors there are certain trends in the nature of the pathogen and the outcome of the disease, pneumonia are classified into out-of-hospital (acquired outside the medical institution), hospital (including post-operative and associated with artificial ventilation of the lungs), acquired in nursing homes, and in persons with weakened immunity; this allows us to prescribe empirical treatment.

The term "interstitial pneumonia" refers to a variety of unrelated states with unknown etiology, characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of pulmonary interstitium.

Community-acquired pneumonia develops in people with limited contact or without contact at all with medical institutions. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and atypical microorganisms are commonly identified (i.e. e. Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae Legionella sp). Symptoms - fever, cough, shortness of breath, tachypnea and tachycardia. The diagnosis is based on clinical manifestations and chest X-ray. Treatment is carried out empirically selected antibiotics. The prognosis is favorable for relatively young and / or healthy patients, but many pneumonia, especially those caused by S. pneumoniae and the influenza virus, are fatal in the elderly and weakened patients.

Many microorganisms cause out-of-hospital pneumonia, including bacteria, viruses and fungi. In the etiologic structure different pathogens prevail depending on the age of the patient and other factors, but the relative importance of each as a cause of community-acquired inflammation lungs is questionable, since most patients do not undergo a complete examination, but even with a survey, specific agents are detected in less than 50% of cases.

S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae - the most frequent bacterial pathogens. Chlamydia and mycoplasma are clinically indistinguishable from other causes. Frequent viral pathogens are the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, influenza virus, metapneumovirus and parainfluenza virus in children and influenza in the elderly. Bacterial superinfection may make it difficult to differentiate the viral from bacterial infection.

FROM. pneumoniae causes 5-10% of community-acquired pneumonia and is the second most frequent cause of lung infections in healthy people aged 5-35 years. FROM. pneumoniae is usually responsible for outbreaks of respiratory tract infections in families, educational institutions and military training camps. It causes a relatively benign form, rarely requiring hospitalization. Pneumonia caused by Chlamydia psittaci (ornithosis) occurs in patients with birds.

Reproduction of other organisms causes lung infection in immunocompetent patients, although the term community-acquired pneumonia is commonly used for more frequent bacterial and viral etiologies.

Fever Ku, tularemia, anthrax and plague - rare bacterial infections, in which there can be a pronounced pneumonia; the last three infectious diseases should cause suspicion of bioterrorism.

Adenovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and Coxsackie virus are widespread viruses that rarely cause pneumonia. Chicken pox and gantavirus cause infection of the lung with chickenpox in adults and gantavirus pulmonary syndrome; A new coronavirus causes severe acute respiratory syndrome.

The most frequent fungal pathogens are Histoplasma (histoplasmosis) and Coccidioides immitis (coccidioidomycosis). Less common are Blastomyces dermatitidis (blastomycosis) and Paracoccidioides braziliensis (paracoccidioidomycosis).

Parasites that cause lung damage in patients in developed countries include Plasmodium sp. (malaria) Toxocara canis or catis (migration of larvae to internal organs), Dirofilaria immitis (dirofipyariosis) and Paragonimus westermani (paragonimiasis).

Symptoms of pneumonia

Symptoms of pneumonia include malaise, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest pain.

Cough is usually productive in older children and adults and dry in infants, young children and the elderly. Dyspnoea is usually mild and occurs with physical activity and is rarely present at rest. Pain in the chest is pleural and localized next to the affected area. Inflammation of the lung tissue can be manifested by pain in the upper abdomen, when the infection of the lower lobe irritates the diaphragm. Symptoms vary in extreme age groups; Infection in infants can manifest as vague irritability and restlessness; in the elderly - as a violation of orientation and consciousness.

Manifestations include fever, tachypnea, tachycardia, wheezing, bronchial breathing, euphony and dullness with percussion. Symptoms of pleural effusion may also be present. Inflammation of the nostrils, the use of extra muscles and cyanosis are frequent in infants.

Signs of pneumonia, as previously thought, differ depending on the type of pathogen, but there are a lot of common manifestations. In addition, none of the symptoms or symptoms are sufficiently sensitive or specific to be able to determine the etiology on its basis. Symptoms may even resemble non-infectious lung diseases, such as pulmonary embolism, neoplasms and other inflammatory processes in the lungs.

Where does it hurt?

Chest pain Chest pain after pneumonia Chest pain with inspiration Chest pain when coughing

What's bothering you?

Shortness of breath Body temperature Chrypses in lungs Cough

Diagnosis of pneumonia

The diagnosis is suspected on the basis of the symptoms of the disease and is confirmed by chest radiography. The most serious condition, mistakenly diagnosed as an inflammation of the pulmonary tissue, is a pulmonary embolism, which is more likely in patients with minimal sputum production, absence of concomitant ARVI or systemic symptoms and risk factors for thromboembolism.

When chest radiography is almost always found infiltration of a certain degree of severity; rarely infiltration is absent in the first 24-48 hours of the disease. In general, no definite results of the study distinguish one type of infection from another, although multi-dose infiltrates suggest infection of S. pneumoniae or Legionella pneumophila, and interstitial pneumonia involves viral etiology or mycoplasma.

A generalized blood and electrolyte test, urea and creatinine should be performed by a hospitalized person to determine the degree of hydration and risk. Two blood cultures are done to detect pneumococcal bacteremia and sepsis, as approximately 12% of all patients hospitalized with pneumonia have bacteremia; S. pneumoniae accounts for two thirds of these cases.

Studies are continuing to help determine whether the results of blood cultures are so important for treatment to justify the costs of these analyzes. Pulse oximetry or analysis of arterial blood gases should also be performed.

Usually, there is no evidence to conduct research, including the analysis of sputum, identifying a pathogenic microorganism; Exceptions can be made for critically ill patients who suspected drug-resistant or unusual microorganism (eg, tuberculosis), and patients whose condition worsens or who do not respond to treatment within 72 hours. The feasibility of Gram staining and bacteriological examination remains questionable, since samples are often contaminated and their overall diagnostic effectiveness is low. In patients who do not produce sputum, samples can be obtained non-invasively by simple coughing or after inhalation of hypertonic saline, or the patient can undergo bronchoscopy or endotracheal suction, which can easily be performed through the endotracheal tube in patients with mechanical ventilation. In patients with a worsening condition and not responding to broad-spectrum antibiotics, the study should include staining for mycobacteria and for fungi and crops.

Additional studies are appointed under certain circumstances. People at risk of legionellosis inflammation of the lung tissue (for example, patients who smoke have chronic lung diseases, age over 40 years, receive chemotherapy or take immunosuppressants for organ transplant) should carry out a urine test for legionella antigens, which remains positive for a long time after the start of treatment, but allows to identify only L pneumophila serogroup 1 (70% of cases).

A fourfold increase in antibody titers up to> 1: 128 (or in a single serum upon recovery> 1: 256) is also considered diagnostic. These tests are specific (95-100%), but not very sensitive (40-60%); Thus, a positive test indicates an infection, but a negative test does not exclude it.

Babies and small children with a possible RSV infection should be promptly examined for antigens in swabs from the nose or throat. There are no other tests for viral pneumonia; Viral culture and serological tests are rarely available at the clinic.

The PCR test (for mycoplasma and chlamydia) is not yet available, but it has good prospects due to its high sensitivity and specificity, as well as speed of execution.

The SARS-associated coronavirus test exists, but its role in clinical practice is unknown, and its use is limited beyond known outbreaks. In rare situations it is necessary to consider the possibility of anthrax.

What it is necessary to survey?

Lungs

How to inspect?

X-ray of the lungs Examination of the respiratory (lung) organs Computed tomography of the chest Study of bronchi and trachea

What tests are needed?

Sputum analysis General blood test Antibodies to pneumococcus in blood serum Antistreptolysin O in serum Antibodies to streptococcus A, B, C, D, F, G in the blood Staphylococcal infections: antibodies to staphylococci in the blood serum Respiratory mycoplasmosis: detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae antigen by direct immunofluorescence method Mycoplasma infection: detection of mycoplasmas Chlamydia: detection of Chlamydia trachomatis Influenza A: antibodies to the influenza virus A and B in the blood Antibodies to the cytomegalovirus class IgM and IgG in blood Cytomegalovirus infection: detection of cytomegalovirus HIV / AIDS test HIV infection: detection of human immunodeficiency virus (PCR vich)

Who to contact?

Pulmonologist

Treatment of pneumonia

Risk assessment is carried out to identify those patients who can safely be treated on an outpatient basis and those who require hospitalization because of a high risk of complications. Prognosis should reinforce, rather than replace, clinical data, as the choice of location of treatment is affected by the set invaluable factors - compliance, ability to self-service and the desire to avoid hospitalization. Hospitalization in OITR is required for patients who need artificial ventilation, and patients with arterial hypotension (systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg. st.). Other hospitalization criteria in PIT include a respiratory rate of more than 30 / min, RaO2 / on the inhaled O2 (PO2) less than 250, multi-lobe inflammation of the lung tissue, diastolic blood pressure less than 60 mm Hg. st, confusion and urea blood more than 19.6 mg / dl. Adequate treatment includes the fastest possible initiation of antibiotic therapy, preferably no later than 8 hours after the onset of the disease. Supportive treatment of pneumonia includes fluids, antipyretic and analgesic drugs and O2 for patients with hypoxemia.

Because microorganisms are difficult to identify, antibiotics are selected taking into account the likely pathogens and severity of the disease. Agreed recommendations have been developed by many professional organizations. Recommendations should be adapted to the local characteristics of the sensitivity of pathogens, the available drugs and the individual characteristics of the patient. It is important that none of the guidelines have recommendations for the treatment of viral pneumonia.

In bronchiolitis in children caused by RSV, ribavirin and specific immunoglobulin are used in monotherapy and in combination, but data on their effectiveness are inconsistent. Ribavirin is not used in adults with RSV infection. Amantadine or rimantadine orally at a dose of 200 mg once a day, taken within 48 hours of the onset of the disease, reduce the duration and severity of the symptoms in patients with suspected influenza during the epidemic, but the effectiveness in terms of preventing unwanted outcomes of influenza pneumonia is unknown. Zanamivir (10 mg in the form of inhalation twice a day) and oseltamivir (orally 2 times a day for 75 mg, with an extremely severe flow of 2 times 150 mg) are equally effective in reducing the duration Symptoms caused by influenza A or B if the intake is started within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms, although zanamivir may be contraindicated in patients with bronchial asthma. Acyclovir 5-10 mg / kg intravenously every 8 hours for adults or 250-500 mg / m2 body surface intravenously every 8 hours for children protects against infection of the lung caused by the varicella virus. If the patient does not begin treatment with antiviral drugs in the first 48 hours from the onset of the disease, then they should be used and to patients with the flu 48 hours after the onset of the disease. Some patients with viral inflammation of the lung tissue, especially those with influenza, develop additional bacterial infections and require antibiotics directed against S. pneumoniae, N. influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus. With empirical therapy, the condition of 90% of patients with bacterial pneumonia improves, which is manifested by a decrease in cough and shortness of breath, normalizing the temperature, reducing pain in the chest and reducing the number of white blood cells. The lack of improvement should cause suspicion of an atypical microorganism, resistance to an antibiotic with an inadequate spectrum of action, co-infection or superinfection with a second pathogen, obstructive endobronchial lesion, immunosuppression, distant foci of infection with repeated infection (in the case of pneumococcal infection) or insufficient adherence to treatment (in the case of outpatients). If none of these causes is confirmed, failure of treatment is likely to result from inadequate immune protection.

Treatment for pneumonia of the viral origin is not carried out, since most viral pneumonia is resolved without it.

Patients older than 35 years after 6 weeks after treatment should undergo a second X-ray study; preservation infiltrate causes suspicion of a possible malignant endobronchial formation or tuberculosis.

In addition to treatment

Physiotherapy for pneumonia What to do with pneumonia? Antibiotics for pneumonia Than to treat? Zaxter Paxeladine R-Cynex Saironem Tavanik Fagotsef Fazizhin Hailefloqs Cebopim Zedex Thyme Herb Galavit

Prevention

Some forms of community-acquired inflammation of the pulmonary tissue can be prevented by the use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (for patients <2 years), N. influenzae B (HIB) vaccine (for patients <2 years) and influenza vaccine (for patients> 65 years of age). Pneumococcal, HIB and influenza vaccine are also recommended for high-risk patients. High risk patients not vaccinated against influenza can be prescribed amantadine, rimantadine or oseltamivir during flu epidemics.

Forecast

The status of candidates for outpatient treatment usually improves within 24-72 hours. The state of hospitalized patients may improve or worsen, depending on the concomitant pathology. Aspiration is the main risk factor for death, as well as the elderly age, the amount and nature of concomitant pathology and certain pathogens. Death can be caused by pneumonia itself, by progression to a septic syndrome that damages other organs, or by aggravation of underlying co-morbidities.

Pneumococcal infection still causes approximately 66% of all fatal cases of community-acquired pneumonia with a known pathogen. The total mortality in hospitalized patients is approximately 12%. Adverse prognostic factors include age less than 1 year or older than 60 years; involving more than one share; the content of leukocytes in peripheral blood is less than 5000 / μl; concomitant pathology (heart failure, chronic alcoholism, hepatic and renal insufficiency), immunosuppression (agammaglobulinemia, anatomical or functional asplenism), infection with serotypes 3 and 8, and hematogenous spread with positive blood cultures or with extrapulmonary complications (arthritis, meningitis or endocarditis). Infants and children are in a group of special risk for pneumococcal otitis media, bacteremia and meningitis.

Lethality in legionella infection is 10-20% among patients with community-acquired pneumonia and is higher among immunosuppressive or hospitalized patients. Patients who respond to treatment recover very slowly, radiologic changes usually persist for more than 1 month. Most patients require hospitalization, many require respiratory ventilation support and 10-20% die, despite adequate antibiotic therapy.

Mycoplasma pneumonia has a favorable prognosis; almost all patients recover. Chlamydia pneumoniae responds slower to treatment than mycoplasma, and tends to recur after premature discontinuation of treatment. People of young age usually recover, but mortality among the elderly reaches 5-10%.

ilive.com.ua

Symptoms of pneumonia in adults

Pneumonia is an infectious disease. It remains one of the most common in the world. It is the leader among nosocomial infections leading to death. It is important to know the symptoms of pneumonia in adults in order to take timely action. Treatment of pneumonia and the prognosis of the development of the disease depends on the nature of the infection, age and general condition of the patient.

What is pneumonia and how dangerous it is

Inflammation of the lungs in an acute form is called pneumonia. It is caused by infections that can be transmitted in various ways, affecting the lung tissue. In the list of diseases that caused death, she is in fifth place, and medicine does not always help. Lethal outcome among adults from pneumonia is 10-33%. Intrahospital and atypical form of the disease takes even more lives - the risk of dying increases to 50%. In elderly people, people with weakened immunity, the prognosis of pneumonia is often disappointing.

From usual pneumonia, 1-3% of young patients who do not have diseases that die, can die. Among elderly patients, the mortality rate is up to 40-50%. Causes of death from pneumonia:

• Concomitant diseases, such as cardiac pathologies, existing respiratory diseases (such as bronchitis), diabetes mellitus, problems in the genitourinary system;
• bad habits (smoking, especially lengthy experience, drug addiction, alcoholism);
• dysfunctional living conditions;
• weakened immunity.

A special risk of inflammation of the lungs is for pregnant women. The disease itself is heavy due to dangerous pathologies. For a woman who carries a child, she is doubly dangerous - for the future mother and fetus. In early terms, pneumonia is threatened by an embryo, the tissues and organs of which are not yet formed. In the last trimester for a child, pneumonia is less dangerous than for a mother. Prevention is simple: strengthening the immune system of the mother.

The first signs of pneumonia

Symptoms of pneumonia in adults depend on the type of infection that caused the disease. There are several types of pneumonia, and each has its own clinical picture. The provoking factor for the onset of pneumonia is hypothermia affecting the upper respiratory tract. In the elderly, it often goes into a pathological form. Symptoms of pneumonia in adults are several: they are divided into varieties of insidious disease. The common form of pneumonia is viral, occurs in half the cases. Other reasons:

• bacteria;
• mycoplasma;
• fungus;
• parasites;
• chlamydia;
• streptococcus.

Atypical

A disease that occurs without symptoms characteristic of pneumonia is called atypical. The latent inflammation of the lungs is dangerous because it is delayed for its treatment, when many complications appear. Pulmonary manifestations fade into the background, the patient is more concerned about general intoxication. The X-ray does not show changes in the airway. Signs of atypical inflammation:

• dry cough;
• sore throat;
• muscle pain;
• headache;
• weakness.

Aseptic atypical pneumonia is caused by Legionella, viruses, chlamydia, mycoplasmas, therefore, it is treated with antimicrobials. After infection, the symptoms of the disease manifest themselves in a period of 2 to 10 days. Changes in the lungs begin later than with a typical pneumonia. The temperature rises, the patient starts to suffocate, he does not have enough air. A large percentage of patients can be cured at home, but sometimes the ailment is difficult. The mortality from this type of disease is 3-5%, the cause is cardiopulmonary insufficiency.

Viral

This type of disease is caused by several viruses. In the first place - the flu. At the onset of pneumonia, triggered by the influenza virus, malaise is noticeable during 3-5 days. Then the condition worsens, shortness of breath starts, chest pains appear. Pneumonia is treated with rimantadine, zanamivir, oseltamivir. Viral pneumonia is caused by cytomegalovirus.

Serious complication of viral pneumonia is SARS, respiratory syndrome. It is caused by the viruses of Paramyxoviridae (they are also the cause of measles and mumps). The syndrome poses a great danger. Symptoms of pneumonia in adults with viral pneumonia are:

• very high temperature accompanied by chills;
• dry cough (unproductive);
• headache and muscle pain;
• fatigue without reason.

Bacterial

The cause of pneumonia in this case are bacteria: pneumococcus, staphylococcus, streptococcus. Bacterial pneumonia begins with a sharp temperature jump to a mark of 41 degrees. It lasts up to 3 days, and this symptom is considered a clear sign of bacterial infection. If the temperature then falls, then rises - this is a viral picture. Pneumococcal pneumonia is accompanied by the escape of "rusty" sputum, cardiac contractions become more frequent (tachycardia), breathing becomes more difficult. Treat the disease with antibiotics.

Grybkovoy

The most dangerous variant of pulmonary inflammation is fungal infection. It is due to the fact that fungal pneumonia is not manifested at first, and people do not know that they are sick. The disease is diagnosed late. The onset of the process of inflammation of the lung tissue is like atypical pneumonia, but with the exacerbation of symptoms, the nature of lung damage changes, cavities are formed. A frequent causative agent of such pneumonia is Candida albicans, a fungus. Initially, the patient has catarrhal symptoms: fever, cough, fatigue and shortness of breath. Then, when pussy is pus, then the correct diagnosis is made.

The main symptoms of pneumonia in an adult

The cold, the flu, should not last more than 7 days, if in 4-7 days after the onset of an acute respiratory infection the condition of the patient worsened, this signal starts in the lower respiratory tract of a dangerous inflammation. Symptoms of pneumonia in adults include pallor and dyspnea. If they have a cold, they are accompanied by weakness, sweating, decreased appetite - this is typical for intoxication in the beginning of pneumonia.

Temperature with pneumonia

Attypical pneumonia, body temperature is not always greater than 37.5. In the usual cases, a sharp increase to 40 degrees is typical. With pneumonia, antipyretic drugs do not work. If you can not bring down the temperature - it's a sign of pneumonia. The temperature begins to drop when antibiotics work. It is dangerous if the disease runs without temperature: the patients sometimes do not take measures until the condition worsens. How much the temperature lasts depends on the pathogen: a fungus, a bacterium or a virus.

What a cough with pneumonia

At the beginning of the disease, a cough is dry, this is called unproductive. He becomes obtrusive, constant, exhausting. Inflammation develops - this symptom also changes. The sputum departs, the color of which depends on the nature of the infection: yellow-green, purulent, "rusty." Nasal cough, which does not pass for 7-10 days, is a clear sign of the inflammatory process in the lungs.

Voice tremor

The doctor can recognize the symptoms of the disease, assessing the patient's jittery response. The patient says words where there are several "p" sounds, and the doctor puts his hands on his chest, and determines the voice trembling. With pneumonia, part of the lung, or it is whole, becomes denser. This will be noticed by the medical doctor who conducts the diagnostics, by the fact that the voice tremor is amplified.

Diagnosis of the disease

If there is a suspicion of an inflammatory process in the lungs, a comprehensive diagnosis is performed. Sometimes already at the primary admission the doctor can determine the disease by conducting an auscultation, that is, having listened to the chest with a phonendoscope. But the main method of diagnosis in an adult is an X-ray. Necessarily the patient will take blood for general and biochemical analysis. If the patient is in the hospital, examine the culture of sputum, urine, check blood for antibodies to viruses.

Types of pneumonia

The mild forms of pneumonia, found in the initial stage, are treated at home. Remember that even mild pneumonia will complicate with improper care. It is necessary to adhere to the doctor's recommendations how to treat pneumonia in the home:

• antipyretic drugs, anti-inflammatory;
• an abundant drink is prescribed;
• an important component of the treatment is a diet: the body is poisoned by toxins, light foods, more fluids are required.

How to treat pneumonia, how long the process will last depends on the severity and variety of the disease. Infection is sometimes found in the lung tissue for years, leading to a chronic illness. Fibers and connective tissues are damaged, they press on the pulmonary vesicles, which leads to hardening of the lungs, pneumosclerosis. The patient feels discomfort, constantly coughs. It is a slow, prolonged illness, which gradually leads to complications.

Conventional pneumonia is divided into mild, moderate, severe and extremely severe in severity, it depends on how the disease proceeds. Severe acute forms include pleuropneumonia, when one or more of the lungs are inflamed. There is pneumonia in the localization:

• Focal (concentrated in the focus of inflammation);
• segmental or polysegmentary, depending on whether one or more segments are located;
• share - does not exceed one share;
• total - covers all the lungs.

One-sided and two-sided

The inflammatory process is concentrated either on one side or it is bilateral. Unilateral pneumonia is divided into two types:

1. Right-sided - occurs more often, the right bronchus is wider than the left and shorter than it, the infection penetrates there freer.
2. Left-sided - develops less often, with it there are stagnant processes in the lung.

Two-sided covers both lungs: all lung tissue becomes inflamed, and the disease is provoked by bacteria (pneumococcus, hemophilic rod). Against the background of one infection, other harmful microorganisms are multiplied, mixed-infection develops. In the fight against a person enter several pathogens, to select antibacterial drugs for treatment is difficult.

Basal

The focus of inflammation, located along the root of the lung, is difficult to diagnose. Such cases are called basal pneumonia. In the diagnosis of computed tomography. The doctor should exclude tuberculosis and lung cancer, the focus of inflammation is similar to a picture on a tumor. Tuberculin tests are carried out. If you mistakenly prescribe drugs against tuberculosis, but they do not give an effect - this is considered a diagnostic sign.

Bronchopneumonia

Bronchial pneumonia characterizes the lesion of small branches of the bronchial tree of the patient. Bronchopneumonia refers to focal. The process of recovery will take a long time. Sometimes the disease is secondary, develops against the background of bronchitis. A person tries to cure bronchitis, that is prolonged, the condition worsens, weakness appears, temperature jumps. The cough that accompanies bronchitis intensifies, unpleasant purulent sputum is separated, at times - with veins of blood.

Important symptoms of this disease: shortness of breath, increased heart rate to 110 strokes for a minute, chest pain. To the development of bronchopneumonia leads not only bronchitis, but also ARVI. Often this type of pneumonia and viruses cause this kind of pneumonia, in order to treat the disease correctly, establish a pathogen, prescribe antiviral drugs or antibacterial. How much the disease is treated depends on the type of pathogen.

Hospital

In addition to community-acquired pneumonia, which develops under normal conditions, there is a serious form of illness - hospital, it is also hospital-acquired. The diagnosis is made when the inflammation appears after two days and more after placing a person in a hospital clinic with a completely different diagnosis. This is the most ruthless species, killing 50% of patients. The disease is caused by microorganisms. Types of nosocomial pneumonia:

• associated with artificial ventilation;
• postoperative;
• Hospital-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized in serious condition.

Immunity of patients is weakened, the body struggled with another disease, was not ready to invade new microbes. To save the situation, patients are placed with droppers, use intravenous nutrition to maintain the vital forces of the body, use drugs of a new generation, potent drugs. Cure nosocomial pneumonia can not always. Treatment of pneumonia in this case is excluded.

The equity

Fracture pneumonia affects the lobe of the lung and the pleura. With this type of pneumonia, it is important to schedule injections of antibiotics, the duration of which is determined by the doctor. Applied physiotherapy, detoxification. Partial pneumonia begins suddenly and sharply. There are three forms of the disease:

• Upper-lobar - it is difficult, with neurological disorders;
• lower-lobed - gives a pseudo-picture of the "acute abdomen", which confuses during diagnosis, chills and "rusty" sputum are characteristic;
• central - inflammation develops deep in the lung, symptomatology is poorly defined, difficult to define.

Croupous

Croupous pneumonia proceeds acutely. The nature of the defeat of the lungs is bilateral. If the pathology is not recognized and the treatment is not started quickly, the patient will die from cerebral hypoxia and cardiovascular insufficiency. The first day the patient has a dry cough. The next day, sputum is rusty, vomiting occurs. On the third day, it becomes worse, dyspnea appears, tachycardia develops. The patient is not able to climb to one floor. Treat croupous pneumonia in pulmonology, in a hospital or resuscitation. Pulmonary lobes of the patient are totally affected on both sides.

Video: types and symptoms of pneumonia

Pneumonia is a dangerous disease, it is important to determine it in the early stages, when the treatment is effective even with folk remedies at home. In the video offered below, experts will tell in detail about the symptoms of pneumonia, teach what to look for if pneumonia occurs without the typical symptoms. Timely detection will avoid irreversible consequences.

sovets.net

Suspected pneumonia (pneumonia)

Answers:

Sergey D

but a complete examination?

anzhelina

I would still have insisted on X-rays.... just so eat antibiotics.... not warm))

Tatiana Cherkasova

I was also sick all-April-cough, throat a little, tempera-ra a little. I could not get to the doctors-well, they're on the stump by appointment. Antibiotics did not drink, on the advice of others with the same cough, sawed the mucaltin. helped. many I noticed this year such problems

Alexander Vishnyakov

And still, at least FLG!! !
Ear tool is relative ...

dream

Fluorography is necessary. Prevmonia is a disease that you can not hear with your ear right now, and after 2 hours you have already heard a lot of wheezing. In any case, antibiotics have been prescribed to you, it will help if there is still pneumonia. Yes, and a blood test, even a general, does not hurt.

Natashenka

The pneumonia can be put only radiologically after seeing the effusion in the picture. even listening to bronchitis can not be delivered without pictures

Features of the course and treatment of interstitial pneumonia

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia refers to a particular type of pneumonia with affecting morphological changes in the lungs without apparent etiology. Pneumonia, called in the people by pneumonia, can occur in various forms and manifest mixed symptoms. To reveal precisely interstitial pneumonia, it will be necessary to perform qualitative multilateral diagnostics of the organism.

Characteristics of the disease

A specific type of lung disease, interstitial pneumonia is a group of diffuse diseases of the pulmonary system, which is characterized by a lack of visible causes.

The sphere of manifestation is the connecting anatomical tissue of the interstitium, which, under the influence of pathogens, begins to thicken, the process of breathing becomes rapid and difficult for a person, there is shortness of breath, dry cough, sometimes high fever. Symptoms of the disease may vary. The concept of interstitial pneumonia, which is also called interstitial pneumonia, includes such types of lung disease as:

1. ILF is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Characterized by the formation of the so-called "honeycombs" in the lungs, the process of scarring interstitium begins. Often observed in people after 50 years. The disease can develop for several years, which makes it difficult to detect and treat.
2. NIPP - nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. Can be observed in older people. It is accompanied by a decrease in weight, lethargy, shortness of breath, a slight coughing up.
3. Acute interstitial pneumonia develops very quickly and can lead to a sharp deterioration in the patient's condition. It requires immediate connection of devices that ensure the viability of the lungs. The body temperature rises, the quality of life deteriorates, there is very severe shortness of breath and chills.
4. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, or bronchiolitis. It is characterized by an inflammatory process in the lungs in the absence of infection. Bronchioles are involved together with interstitium, in the diagnosis of the lungs, polypoid granules are formed.
5. Desquamative interstitial pneumonia is characteristic of the male sex, especially for smokers. The first thing to do in this case is to give up smoking and take the appropriate medications. This disease is amenable to complete cure.
6. Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia is more common in 40-year-old women. It can grow from one to several years. Symptoms: shortness of breath, persistent cough, joint, chest and back pain.

And this is not the whole list of possible diseases of the group of interstitial pneumonia.

Pediatric pneumonia

Interstitial pneumonia in children manifests itself frequently, especially in newborns. The cause may be early illness of ARVI, bronchitis in the mother or the penetration of viruses, mycoplasma infections. Children are very hard to tolerate such a disease due to severe shortness of breath, high fever and weakness.

Parents may not know that a normal cough can be not just bronchitis, but also interstitial pneumonia, so conventional drugs to treat a child from bronchitis do not work. If there is the slightest suspicion of pneumonia of any type, you should immediately call an ambulance and make hospitalization. In hospital conditions, compulsory oxygen therapy is prescribed to maintain lung function. It is necessary to use antibiotics and symptomatic treatment.

Symptoms and Causes

Symptoms of interstitial lung disease:

• shortness of breath (deep and heavy);
• dry cough, sometimes with a little sputum, often with pus;
• weight reduction;
• possibly an increase in body temperature.

For various types of the disease, the manifestation of symptoms is characterized by a periodicity: symptoms may manifest for one day, develop rapidly and dramatically worsen the condition, or they can stretch for years. Causes of lung disease:

• mycoplasma infections;
• viral or fungal pathogens;
• pneumocystosis (parasites);
• sepsis.

There are cases when the cause of the disease simply can not be identified. Also important causes of the disease can be a constant inhalation of chemicals: dust, talc, asbestos. Also, the disease can occur under the influence of antibiotics, like allergic pneumonia or in the process of taking drugs.

Diagnosis of the disease

A pulmonologist can diagnose lung disease. Usually people come only when the cough and shortness of breath becomes unbearably boring. To identify the type of pneumonia, the doctor assigns the following diagnostics:

1. Computer tomography for detailing the structure of the lungs. Immediately you will see the degree of lung damage, the number of changes in the lower sections, the presence of a shadow or "frosted glass," the transformation of the structure into cells. The doctor in the direction should indicate that CT should be done in high resolution so that you can see the position of the interstitium.
2. Chest X-ray. The general condition of the respiratory system is assessed.
3. Tests of the lungs (bodipletizmografiya, spirometry) to reveal the quality of breathing.
4. Lung biopsy. A sample of the material from the lungs is taken in several ways: bronchoscopy, with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery or an open biopsy (thoracotomy).

Treatment of the disease

The pulmonologist individually selects the scheme of treatment of the disease.

This affects the type of pneumonia, the causes and condition of the patient. The doctor can hospitalize or prescribe the treatment at home. Almost all types of lung disease are treated with antibiotics. Only viral pneumonia means taking antiviral drugs. Thermal procedures, electrophoresis, inhalations, and exercise therapy can also be used. Obligatory taking of drugs to maintain immunity. Some pneumonia may not be cured completely.

If there is no improvement, but only a fixation of a stable condition, a person must be constantly monitored by a specialist.

respiratoria.ru

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