Nasal wash with genyantritis

Rinsing of the nose with genyantritis. Treatment of genyantritis

Sinusitis, or sinus inflammation, is a common disease that often changes into a chronic form. It is difficult to get rid of this disease, it is necessary to carry out a whole complex of measures to eliminate it. One of the procedures of therapy is the washing of the nose with sinusitis. Thanks to this method of purification, pus is easily excreted from the maxillary sinuses. Today we learn what means can wash the nose, and also consider how to properly carry out the procedure so that the infection does not hit the middle ear.

Why perform such an event?

Nasal flushing with sinusitis is an important process, without which the treatment of such a disease will be impractical. When this procedure is performed, the mucosal edema is reduced, the capillary system is brought into tonus, the body starts to fight the disease on its own. The main function of washing the nose is to regenerate the natural process of excretion of mucus and pus.

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Than to clear?

Rinsing of the nose with sinusitis can be carried out with the help of such means:

Alternation of a solution of potassium permanganate with iodine.
Strong black or green tea.
Decoctions of herbs (chamomile, St. John's wort, plantain).
Cooking or sea salt.
Treatment with furatsilina.
Propolis.
Baking soda.
Mineral water with calendula.
Carrot or beetroot juice.
Ordinary boiled water.

How does the procedure work?

The process of excretion of mucus and pus is monotonous, no matter what solution or liquid you use. So, the lavage of the sinuses of sinus in sinusitis is as follows:

Before the procedure you need to get rid of the mucus as much as possible. You can even use vasoconstrictive drugs, for example, drops "Naphthyzin" or "Rinazolin." After 10-15 minutes you can start the procedures.
For washing, you will need a tool that will help you pour in the medicine. For this purpose, a syringe without a needle or a syringe is suitable.
The patient should bend over the bathroom or sink, head slightly inclined to the side, and pour with the desired fluid in the nostril, which is located higher than the second. The solution must be introduced slowly, smoothly.
A person should slowly tilt his head in the other direction, and the liquid will come out. Then the patient should repeat this procedure with another nostril. This event should be held until the liquid is over. One procedure takes approximately 100-200 ml of the prepared solution.

Sinusitis: treatment. Nasal flushing with furatsilina

For the procedure for getting rid of pus in the nose, the doctor often prescribes certain medications. Most often, doctors attribute and consider the following remedy effective: it is washing the nose with furcilin in case of genyantritis. Such a medicine is dispensed without a prescription, you can find it in any pharmacy, and it is sold at an affordable price. With the help of this tool a person can independently remove pus from the maxillary sinuses, formed mucus and crusts.

To wash the nose with furatsilina, you need to act in this sequence:

Boil water in the pan in a saucepan, l. Cool it to about 40 degrees.
Get out of the package one tablet of furatsilina and divide it in half. Dissolve one half in the prepared water.
Clean your nose of mucus.
Type the medicinal solution into the syringe or syringe (without the needle), bend and turn the head so that the liquid can not enter the middle ear when inserted into the nose.
To introduce this composition you need to turn one by one. If you do everything correctly, the solution poured through one hole will pour out through the other.
After the procedure, a person should lie on the bed, put a pillow under his head and rest for half an hour.

Furacilin must be administered 4 times a day for a week. Remains of the drug should be poured, since before each procedure it is necessary to make a fresh composition.

Cheap washing method

Now we learn about the inexpensive method of purifying the nose from a disease called sinusitis. Washing the nose with sea salt has such advantages:

Low cost solution.
Easy cooking.

Most of the medical solutions used for irrigation of the nose are made on the basis of salt, so you can make the necessary liquid yourself. To do this, take half a teaspoon of table salt or sea salt, dissolve it in 250 ml of warm boiled water and use this tool. For one reception (washing the nose), an average of 100-200 ml of liquid is taken. If you have a solution after the procedure, it is better to pour it and next time prepare a fresh portion. Washing the nose with salt in sinusitis is the most popular way to treat this disease.

Application of propolis

This bee product is very effective in the early stages of sinusitis. In order to properly conduct the procedure, it is necessary to add 5 g of salt and 15 drops of propolis tincture to the boiling water in an amount of 250 ml (purchased at the pharmacy). All thoroughly mix and rinse the nose in the usual way, as indicated above. This drug should be used about a week three times a day. Due to propolis, breathing with the first procedures is much easier, and the symptoms of sinusitis are quickly eliminated.

Tandem: iodine and manganese

An effective inexpensive means for nasal lavage is the alternation of iodine and manganese. For the procedure you will need boiled water in the amount of 200 ml, in it you need to add 5 g of salt. After this, you need to dissolve in the glass potassium permanganate, leaving only a couple of crystals, so that the liquid turns pink. With this solution you need to wash your nose. Next time another composition is made: 5 g of salt dissolve in a glass of water, and then 15 drops of iodine are added. This solution rinses the nose a second time. And so it can be alternated 2 times a day, that is, twice a liquid is made with the addition of iodine, and as much - a drug with potassium permanganate. Washing of the nose with sinusitis in this way dilutes the mucus, as well as suppresses the reproduction of microbes, and this leads to a speedy recovery of the patient.

Methodology used in hospitals

Very often such a method is used in clinics - this is the washing of the nose with genyantritis "cuckoo". Why this name, we will explain later, and first consider a sequential process of treatment of maxillary sinuses using this method:

The patient lies on the couch so that his head is at an angle of 45 degrees.
The doctor irrigates the nose with vasoconstrictive medications in order to minimize the pain associated with the cuckoo procedure.
The doctor carefully inserts into one nostril a special equipment called an aspirator, with Medicinal solutions are given (antiseptics, antibacterials preparations). Then the specialist turns on the device. As a result of the work of the device, a negative pressure is created in the nasal cavity of the patient, and the liquid leaves the maxillary passages.
During the receipt of the medicine, a person should pronounce the word "ku-ku". When this sound is pronounced, the palatine curtain of a person rises, thus blocking occurs so that the medicine does not go into the pharynx.
After the manipulation, the patient is offered to lie down a little with his head lowered so that the injected medications do not remain in the sinuses.

This procedure lasts about 15 minutes. The full course of treatment of sinusitis using the "cuckoo" method is 10 days.

Important recommendations

Genyantritis - a serious disease, with the wrong treatment of which the patient can develop meningitis. Therefore, before making any manipulations yourself, it is better to go to a qualified specialist, who will examine, determine at what stage the patient has sinusitis, and then write out the appropriate methods of washing the nose in this case ailment.
The amount of solution poured into the nose per application should be 100-200 ml.
In a day you can do up to 4 washes.
To prevent liquid from getting into the mouth, during the manipulation it is necessary to pronounce the sound "i-and-u" or say "ku-ku" - in this case the soft palate rises, which creates a barrier between the nasopharynx and the throat, as a result - the solution does not get to where it does not go necessary.
The temperature of the drug mixture should not be above 40 degrees, the optimum - 37-38 degrees.
The course of treatment of sinusitis with the help of washing should be from 7 to 12 days.
In order to prevent the occurrence of relapse for prevention, it is necessary to take homeopathic tablets in autumn and spring, for example, "Gaimorin "Sinupret "Tzinabsin".

Now you know that washing the nose with sinusitis is one of the most important procedures for getting rid of this disease. They found out that there are many ways with which you can remove the infection, pus, mucus from the body. However, before you try any of the above methods, you need to consult with doctor who will give his recommendations as to which medication to use washing.

syl.ru

Than and how to wash a nose at a genyantritis

Sinusitis (inflammation of the maxillary sinus) often complicates the course of colds, acute respiratory infections, influenza. It can accompany diseases of the roots of the teeth of the upper jaw. When untimely treatment, this disease becomes chronic, with difficulty giving in to therapy. Therefore, with genyantritis, the correct complex treatment is important, and not the use of only one method or remedy.

Treatment of sinusitis should appoint a doctor. It includes antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, decongestants and other means. An effective method in the treatment complex includes washing the nose and maxillary sinuses. The question of what to wash the nose with sinusitis, you need to discuss with your doctor. Nasal flushing can be performed in outpatient or home settings.

Than to wash a nose in house conditions

For such procedures, you can use saline solutions, antiseptics, as well as decoctions or infusions of medicinal plants.

Saline solutions for washing

Saline solutions do not dry the mucous membrane, they liquefy the slime accumulated in the sinuses and the nasopharynx and withdraw it from the nasopharynx. Such drugs have anti-edematous effect.

Rinse your nose with ordinary salt water. In a glass of warm boiled water, dissolve ½ teaspoon of table salt. In this solution, you can add ½ teaspoon baking soda.

Nasal flushing can be carried out using a physiological solution of sodium chloride. You can buy it in a pharmacy or cook yourself: in 1 liter of warm boiled water dilute 9 g of salt.

It is more effective to do lavage with sea salt. It can be purchased at a pharmacy. Prepare the solution as follows: in a glass of warm boiled water, dilute 1 teaspoon of sea salt, you can add ½ teaspoon of soda, 5 drops of iodine tincture. You can wash your nose with ready-made solutions of sea water, which are also sold in pharmacies.

The main difference between ready-made solutions is convenient packaging. In this case, due to good irrigation of the mucous membrane, the therapeutic effect is enhanced. Their contribution is made and additional substances contained in the finished dosage forms.

Solutions with antiseptic action

These are such drugs as furatsilin and dioxidin. They act on microorganisms that multiply on the surface of the mucous membrane. There is suppression of their reproduction and physical removal by washing. In this case, medicinal substances are not absorbed into the blood and do not have any significant side effects.

To wash the nose with furatsilinom need 1 tablet to crush into powder and dilute in 1 liter of warm boiled water. For better dissolution, the resulting solution can be brought to a boil and cooled. A ready-made solution of furacilin can be purchased at the pharmacy.

Dioxydin is a complex preparation containing dioxidine, hydrocortisone and epinephrine. Dioxydin has a good antiseptic effect, preventing the proliferation of pathogens. Hydrocortisone has a local anti-inflammatory, anti-edematous and anti-allergic effect. Adrenaline causes spasm of small vessels of the nasopharyngeal mucosa and helps to reduce its edema. The drug is sold in the pharmacy chain.

Vegetable nasal washing preparations

The use of herbal remedies for sinusitis is based on the anti-edematous, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial effect of many medicinal plants.

Infusion of St. John's wort: 1 tbsp. l. vegetable raw materials are insisted 1 - 2 hours in 200 ml of boiling water. Poet you can moisten a cotton swab and put it in the nasal passages. You can use the obtained infusion and to wash the nasal cavity.

Similarly, you can use the flowers of calendula, kidney and bark of young branches of aspen, poplar buds, chamomile flowers.

To wash the nose, you can add freshly squeezed onions or garlic juice, juice of leaves and roots of plantain to solutions and infusions.

With genyantritis a good effect gives propolis in the form of a tincture on alcohol.

To vegetable infusions it is possible to add honey, sea buckthorn oil.

Washing of the nose for children

In childhood, the nose is washed badly, the child is naughty, crying, and the effect of the procedure is significantly reduced. To avoid this, children are recommended to wash the nose with the help of special otorhinolaryngological devices, the most common of which is Dolphin. It can be used in children from 4 years and older. "Dolphin" can be used by adults.

The composition of the washing means in this device includes mineral salts and trace elements, sometimes vegetable extracts. Such a complex composition provides high physiological and effective use of "Dolphin" for sinusitis.

Washing of the nose in the dispensary

In the clinic, the nose is washed with sinusitis using a method called "cuckoo". In this case, a solution is introduced into the nasal cavity and sinus, which is immediately sucked off. To ensure that this solution does not enter the respiratory tract below the nasopharynx, the patient repeats the "ku-ku" sounds during the procedure.

The composition of solutions in this procedure includes antiseptic agents that inhibit reproduction microorganisms and relieve inflammation, as well as vasoconstrictive drugs that reduce mucosal edema shell. As a result, the outflow of contents from the inflamed sinus is normalized and the condition improves.

ingalin.ru

The procedure of washing the nose will cure sinusitis

Inflammation of the maxillary sinuses is called a sinusitis

At the initial stage of development of sinusitis, an effective method of controlling it is washing using various means. With this disease in the nasal cavity, many pathogenic bacteria rapidly multiply, as a result of which pus and sinus sinuses are formed, making breathing difficult for the patient. Timely washing of the nose with sinusitis often allows to remove inflammation and eliminate the need for puncture of the nasal sinus.

Why do you need to rinse with a disease?

Nasal mucus in a natural way in the healthy state of the nasopharynx is excreted by means of special cells calledciliated epithelium, equipped with movable hairs - cilia. In the case when viruses enter the nasopharynx, the mucus begins to be produced in such a quantity that the cells can not independently remove it from the nasal passages.

That is why, in the presence of an inflammatory process, washing the nose with sinusitis removes the secret formed together with the infection. Such regular procedures can reduce the swelling of the mucosa and increase the tone of the capillaries.

Washing of the nasopharynx with sinusitis acts on the ciliated epithelium in such a way that it accelerates the progression of the mucus. These therapeutic actions create unfavorable conditions for the reproduction of viruses and bacteria, as a result of which they die.

Features of the procedure

Washing of the nasopharynx with sinusitis is characterized by a number of its features, so do not start the procedure without getting acquainted with the rules and features of its conduct. Usually, in order to remove purulent formations from the nasal cavity, a whole series of therapeutic actions known as "Cuckoo" is used. Such a concept includes nasal lavage and subsequent laser treatment. This method of washing effectively removes mucus and liberates the nasal sinuses from the pus, improving the patient's breathing. The effect of the laser on the affected mucous membrane removes the inflammatory process, resulting in reduced puffiness.

Rinsing of the nose with genyantritis using the "Cuckoo" method should be performed in a hospital using a special device - an aspirator, with with which a negative pressure is created in the nasal cavity of the patient and the liquid begins to circulate in a fast mode along the inflamed nasal moves.

How to conduct the procedure yourself?

It is possible to clean the pus even at home, although other methods are used for this. It is very simple to use an ordinary small syringe or a syringe without a needle. Then follow these simple steps:

bend over the sink;
head turned to the side so that one nostril was higher than the other;
pour the prepared solution into one nostril, so that it pours through the second or exits through the mouth.

The procedure can give a positive result in the treatment of sinusitis if it is carried out 4 times a day for two weeks. After the therapy, it is necessary to drip anti-inflammatory drops in the nose, but it is important to know which ones will not cause irritation of the mucosa. It is also convenient to do the washing using a small teapot with a thin spout.

It is important to remember that it is allowed to rinse the nose with a flowing method, if both nasal passages are passable. If this rule is not taken into account, the liquid from the nose can get into the middle ear, worsening the hearing or causing more serious disorders.

What tools can I use?

Independently exercising treatment is also important to know what to wash your nose with sinusitis. All the agents used in the treatment of sinusitis are made on the basis of an isotonic solution - 0, 9% sodium chloride solution. Such a solution is easy to prepare at home, for this you need to dissolve a spoonful of table salt in a glass of warm water.Also, do not forget that each person has a threshold of sensitivity, so when the sensation of a burning sensation in the nose is experienced during flushing, it is necessary to reduce the concentration of the solution.

Favorable effect on the nasopharyngeal mucosa broths of these herbs:

chamomile;
Oak bark;
succession;
St. John's wort;
calendula.

To their number, you can add any medicinal plants that have anti-inflammatory, anti-edematous and antibacterial effects.

It works well on the mucosa in the genyantritis of furacilin to wash the nose. To prepare the solution, you need half the tablet of this drug, which must be ground and dissolved in two glasses of water.The procedure should be very carefully, except for the penetration of furacilin into the oral cavity and into the Eustachian tubes.

Of course, washing the nose with sinusitis is an effective method that allows you to wash not only pus, but pathogenic microorganisms formed on the mucous membrane. But still, it is unlikely that it will be possible to cure this serious disease with one rinse, for this you will need more radical measures - the use of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and vasoconstrictive drugs, the use of methods physiotherapy.

NasmorkuNet.ru

How to wash a nose at a genyantritis? Sinusitis - treatment

Sinusitis is a very common ailment, the treatment of which must be treated very seriously. Untimely taking measures may lead to the transition of the disease into a chronic form, with great difficulty giving in to therapy. One of the most effective methods of treating this disease is considered to be the washing of the nose. Consider how to rinse the nose with genyantritis correctly, what medications are best used.

Irrigation on an outpatient basis

Rinsing of the nose to patients suffering from sinusitis, in the clinic is carried out using a method called the "cuckoo". To do this, a specialist enters the nasal cavity and immediately sucks it. And in order to ensure that during such manipulation, the liquid could not get into the airways located below the nasopharynx, the patient should always repeat the "ku-ku". In the composition of therapeutic solutions, antiseptic agents are noted that contribute to the suppression of the process of reproduction microorganisms and the removal of inflammation, and vasoconstrictor drugs, under the influence of which there is a decrease in edema mucous membrane.

Independent irrigation

With the diagnosis of "sinusitis" treatment must necessarily include the washing of the nose. Often, patients are interested in their doctors about whether it can be carried out at home. Of course, yes, since such procedures are simply necessary for a speedy recovery. But it is very important to do it competently. So, how to wash your nose with sinusitis alone?

The simplest method is considered to be the following. The patient should dial the wash solution used in the palm of the hand, slightly tilt the head and try to draw the healing fluid inside one nostril. Further, with the same palm, it is necessary to clamp the nostril, while tilting the head in the opposite direction. As a result, the solution, led into one nostril, should flow from the other. You can also use a medical syringe. On it it is necessary to put on a flexible tubule. During the procedure, liquid can get into the mouth.

Washing of the nose with "Furacilin"

The drug "Furacilin" has high antiseptic properties. The form of its release can be different: tablets, powders or ready-made solution. To wash the nose with furatsilinom, you need to use a liquid that has a mild-yellow tint. When preparing a solution at home, it is important to achieve complete dissolution of all grains.

How to rinse the nose with sinusitis using this solution? It is necessary to be guided by the following proportion: dissolve ½ tablets in warm boiled water (1 L). Flushing should be done by douching. So, the patient should stand over the bathroom and at the same time tilt his head slightly to one side. In this position, insert the end of the syringe into one nostril and observe how the liquid flows out of the other. If the solution gets into the mouth, it must be spit immediately. After washing, it is necessary to stay in a vertical position for a while and not to sit down in any case. In order to rinse the nose with furatsilinom every time you need a fresh solution. The course of treatment with such procedures should be on average from 5 days to 1 week.

Saline solutions

From sinusitis, saline solutions that perfectly dilute the mucus that accumulates in the nasopharynx and sinuses, and also outwardly, also help well. In addition, these drugs have anti-edematous activity. You can wash the nose using normal salt water. To do this, dissolve in warm boiled water (200 ml) table salt (½ h. l.). For greater efficiency, it is recommended to add to this solution baking soda in an amount of ½ h. l.

You can wash your nose with sodium chloride saline solution, which you can buy ready-made in any pharmacy or make it yourself. To do this, dilute in warm boiled water (1 L) table salt (9 g).

At the diagnosis of "genyantritis" than to wash the nose? The answer to this question is sure to tell the doctor. According to experts, greater effectiveness can be achieved if you prepare a solution based on sea salt, which can be purchased without difficulty in each pharmacy. Preparation of the basis for rinsing the nose should proceed as follows: in warm boiled water (1 L) dilute sea salt (1 h. l.), add the same baking soda (½ h. l.) and iodine tincture (5 drops). You can wash your nose with ready-made solutions of sea water, also sold in a pharmacy. Their main difference is convenient packaging. Moreover, thanks to a good irrigation of the mucosa, the therapeutic effect is greatly enhanced. Undoubtedly, the importance of additional substances that are part of the finished dosage forms is also of great importance.

Rinsing of the nose with Dioxydin

In the treatment of a disease such as sinusitis, medicines should be used that suppress the reproduction of microorganisms accumulated on the mucous membrane and remove them. One of the effective drugs is Dioxydin. This drug, among other things, is also good because it is not absorbed into the blood, and its use is not capable of causing side reactions.

"Dioxydin" is a complex drug, which includes dioksidin itself, as well as hydrocortisone and adrenaline. The first substance is an excellent antiseptic, the second has anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and anti-edematous action, and the third provokes a spasm of small vessels of the nasopharyngeal mucosa. You can buy the medicine in the pharmacy network. Washing is performed by douching.

Irrigation means "Dolphin"

The drug "Dolphin" is a highly effective nasal shower, successfully used for washing the nasal cavity. To obtain the desired result, you should use the tool with the help of a special, supplied device, and follow the instructions exactly. The prepared solution must have a temperature of about 35 degrees. A low or high temperature can not only cause unpleasant sensations and negate the effectiveness of the procedure, but also cause complications. It should also be taken into account that the prepared solution is not to be stored, and the procedure is required to be carried out using only freshly prepared liquid.

Herbal products

Many patients, solving, than to wash a nose at a genyantritis, prefer solutions, prepared on the basis of medicinal herbal remedies. Most often, a decoction of chamomile is used for this purpose. To make it, you need to take a few flowers of this plant and brew them with boiling water (200 ml). The product must be cooled and filtered, after which it should be used as a washing solution. Flavonoids and essential oils, which are part of chamomile, have, among other things, analgesic and anti-allergic effect.

With the diagnosis of "antritis" treatment in the early stages of the disease, it is advisable to use a solution of propolis, washing the nose with which, undoubtedly, will help in a short time to overcome the ailment. So, it is necessary to brew in 250 ml of slightly warm water table salt in a volume of 1 h. l. and add propolis tincture (15 drops) to the resulting liquid. It is recommended to use the remedy for a week three times a day.

A powerful antiseptic is considered to be celandine. It is very important to comply with the dosage when preparing the solution, since in large quantities this remedy is poisonous. So, you need to take a glass of water (200 ml) and add a fresh juice of the plant (2 drops). It is best to use a pipette. The celandine perfectly dilutes the mucus and promotes the accumulation of pus from the maxillary sinuses, and also successfully fights polyps, if they caused the development of this disease.

In addition to these medicines, the bark of oak, string, calendula, eucalyptus, sage and other plants are used to prepare solutions for washing the nose.

Vegetable juices

People have long since wrung out vegetable and berry juice and used it in various medical procedures. The most common products that effectively help in the treatment of sinusitis are black currants, onions, carrots, beets, cranberries. To prepare a solution for washing the nose, freshly squeezed juice from these plants should be diluted with warm water in the proportion:. After the manipulation, after 10 minutes, it is necessary to blow your nose well, and after 3 hours to wash your nose again, but with the use of ordinary boiled water.

Iodine and manganese

The following composition for washing the nose has proved to be well: dissolve in warm water (1 cup) table salt (1 h. l.) and iodine (2 drops). The mechanism of the procedure is based on the antimicrobial effect of iodine and salt, which allows to inhibit the development of pathological flora in the nasal sinuses. An excellent alternative to iodine solution is a weak solution of manganese. And with the alternation of these components, recovery is simply guaranteed.

Knowing how to rinse the nose with sinusitis, and following the recommendations given, to cure the disease will not be difficult.

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Whether it is possible to wash out a nose a salt water at a genyantritis? And in general, washing the nose harms or vice versa?

Answers:

Alyona

can. just do not drink water with your nose, namely, wash it (half a liter of boiling water, a spoonful of salt, you can add a drop of fir oil or eucalyptus but no more, a teapot, or the tip of the nipple cut off and put on the kettle, head goriz sink, you put the nostril to the top, you breathe only with your mouth in no case with your nose, then your head on the side and in others nostril. the first time or the first few times will be unpleasant, even a little painful over the bridge of the nose. you need to do every day for the first 2-3 days, and then every other day until the acute symptoms go away, on average, where that week is necessary. Mom to me so 17 years ago has cured a genyantritis, and that already on operation laid, since then to me have cleaned the diagnosis hronich a genyantritis, and for all this time such genyantritis was not heavy, so only a hint when she caught a cold and then a couple time.

Tatyana

You can not, but you need! Very good drops help "Chlorophyllitis"

Nikolay Ivanov

Ha! You can not but it is boring and better under pressure.

Mak

I know 100%. To properly wash the nose, you need to use a special watering can (it's sold in the pharmacy), you can not insert it deeply into your nose, you can negatively affect the olfactory receptors. When washing the nose, do not draw in water, the water should flow when leaned down, otherwise you can earn sinusitis. Rinse with either the solution that is sold in the pharmacy, or the salt solution itself is prepared from sea salt.
P. FROM. It turns out that you can not wash your nose (t. To. There is a prevention as correctly to wash out not to receive a genyantritis)

MissBat

The genyantritis happens different, purulent it is better not to tighten and not be afraid of the word PROKOL. Purulent maxillary sinusitis can degenerate into meningitis, this is a complete... will be. I was pierced 12 years ago and then everything was ok and I still breathe and rejoice. A washing with salt water will be recommended to a doctor, along with a general treatment.