From this article you will learn: when it is necessary to carry out cardiopulmonary resuscitation, which measures include helping a person who is in a state of clinical death. An algorithm of actions for stopping the heart and breathing is described.
Contents of the article:
- Indications
- Methods of cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- Algorithm of basic resuscitation in adults
- Features of resuscitation in children
- Using automatic external defibrillator
- Discontinuing resuscitation
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation( short for CPR) is a complex of urgent measures for cardiac arrestand respiration, with the help of which they try to artificially support the vital activity of the brain before the restoration of spontaneous bloodrashchenija and breathing. The composition of these activities directly depends on the skills of the person providing assistance, the conditions for their conduct and the availability of certain equipment.
Ideally, resuscitation conducted by a person who does not have medical education consists of a closed heart massage, artificial respiration, the use of an automatic external defibrillator. In reality, such a complex is almost never carried out, because people do not know how to properly carry out resuscitation measures, and external external defibrillators are simply not available.
Identification of signs of vital activity In 2012, the results of a huge Japanese study were published, in which more than 400,000 people with cardiac arrest outside the hospital were registered. Approximately 18% of those affected, who underwent resuscitation, managed to restore spontaneous circulation. But only 5% of patients remained alive in a month, and with the preserved functioning of the central nervous system - about 2%.
It should be noted that without CPR, these 2% of patients with a good neurological prognosis would not have any chance of living.2% of the 400,000 victims are 8,000 lives saved. But even in countries with frequent resuscitation courses, assistance with heart failure outside the hospital is less than half the time.
It is believed that resuscitation, properly conducted by a person who is close to the victim, increases his chances of recovery by 2-3 times.
Resuscitation should be able to carry out the doctors of any specialty, including nurses and doctors. It is desirable that people who do not have medical education can do it. Anesthesiologists-resuscitators are considered to be the greatest professionals in the recovery of spontaneous circulation.
Indications
Resuscitation should be started immediately after the detection of the injured person who is in a state of clinical death.
Clinical death is a time interval that lasts from cardiac and respiratory arrest to the occurrence of irreversible disorders in the body. The main signs of this condition include lack of pulse, respiration and consciousness.
It must be recognized that not all people without medical education( and with him too) can quickly and correctly determine the presence of these symptoms. This can lead to an unjustified delay in the start of resuscitation, which greatly worsens the prognosis. Therefore, modern European and American recommendations for CPR take into account only the lack of consciousness and breathing.
Reanimation Techniques
Before starting a resuscitation, check the following:
- Is the environment safe for you and the victim?
- Injured or unconscious?
- If you think that the patient is unconscious, touch it and ask loudly: "Are you all right?"
- If the victim did not answer, and there is someone else beside you, one of you should call an ambulance, and the second - to begin to carry out resuscitation. If you are alone and you have a mobile phone - before the resuscitation, call an ambulance.
To memorize the order and methods of conducting cardiopulmonary resuscitation, you need to learn the abbreviation "CAB", in which:
- C( compressions) - closed cardiac massage( ZMS).
- A( airway) -opening of the airways( MTO).
- B( breathing) - artificial respiration( ID).
1. Closed heart massage
Carrying out ZMS allows blood supply to the brain and heart at a minimal - but critically important - level that maintains the vital functions of their cells until spontaneous circulation is restored. With compression, the volume of the chest changes, which results in minimal gas exchange in the lungs even in the absence of artificial respiration.
The brain is the organ most sensitive to reduced blood supply. Irreversible damage in his tissues develops only 5 minutes after the cessation of blood supply. The second most sensitive organ is the myocardium. Therefore, successful resuscitation with a good neurological prognosis and recovery of spontaneous circulation directly depends on the quality of the ZMS.
The victim with cardiac arrest should be placed in the supine position on the back on a hard surface, the person providing assistance should be located on the side of it.
Place the palm of the dominant hand( depending on whether you are right-handed or left-handed) in the center of the chest, between the nipples. The base of the palm should be placed exactly on the sternum, its position should correspond to the longitudinal axis of the body. This focuses the strength of compression on the sternum and reduces the risk of fracture of the ribs.
Place the second palm over the first and twist their fingers. Make sure that no part of the palms touch the ribs to minimize pressure on them.
For maximum effective transfer of mechanical force, keep your hands straightened at the elbows. The position of your body should be such that the shoulders are located vertically above the breastbone of the victim.
The blood flow created by closed heart massage depends on the frequency of compression and the effectiveness of each of them. Scientific evidence has demonstrated the existence of a connection between the frequency of compression, the duration of pauses in performing ZMS and the restoration of spontaneous circulation. Therefore, any breaks in compression should be minimized. Terminate ZMS is possible only at the time of artificial respiration( if it is carried out), evaluation of cardiac recovery and for defibrillation. The necessary frequency of compression is 100-120 times per minute. To roughly imagine the pace at which ZMS is conducted, you can listen to the rhythm in the song of the British pop band BeeGees "Stayin 'Alive".It is noteworthy that the very name of the song corresponds to the purpose of emergency resuscitation - "Staying alive".
The chest deflection depth at ZMS should be 5-6 cm in adults. After each push, the chest should be allowed to fully straighten, as incomplete restoration of its shape worsens the blood flow. However, do not remove your palms from the sternum, as this can lead to a decrease in the frequency and depth of compression.
The quality of the spent ZMS decreases sharply over time, which is associated with the fatigue of the person providing the help. If resuscitation measures are carried out by two people, they should be changed every 2 minutes. More frequent shifts can lead to unnecessary interruptions in ZMS.
2. Opening of the respiratory tract
In the state of clinical death, all the muscles of a person are in a relaxed state, because of which, in the supine position, the respiratory ways of the victim can be blocked by the tongue shifting to the larynx.
To open the airway:
- Place the palm of your hand on the victim's forehead.
- Tilt his head back, unbending it in the cervical spine( this technique can not be done if there is a suspicion of spinal injury).
- Place the fingers of the other hand under the chin and push the lower jaw upward.
3. Artificial respiration
Modern recommendations for CPR allow people who have not undergone special training to not carry out ID, because they do not know how to do this and only spend valuable time, which is better fully dedicated to closed heart massage.
People who have received special training and are confident in their ability to perform high quality ID, recommend resuscitation measures in the ratio of "30 compressions - 2 breaths".
Rules for the conduct of the ID:
- Open the patient's respiratory tract.
- Pinch the patient's nostrils with the fingers of his hand on his forehead.
- Tightly press your mouth to the mouth of the victim and make your usual exhalation. Do 2 such artificial inspiration, following the rise of the chest.
- After 2 breaths, immediately start ZMS.
- Repeat the cycles "30 compressions - 2 breaths" until the end of resuscitation.
Algorithm for basic resuscitation in adults
Basic resuscitation measures( BRM) are a complex of actions that a person providing relief can do without using medicines and special medical equipment.
The algorithm of cardiopulmonary resuscitation depends on the skills and knowledge of the person who provides assistance. It consists of the following sequence of actions:
- Ensure there is no danger at the point of care.
- Determine the presence of consciousness in the victim. To do this, touch it and ask loudly if everything is OK with it.
- If the patient somehow reacts to treatment, call an ambulance.
- If the patient is unconscious, turn it on its back, open its airways and assess the presence of normal breathing.
- In the absence of normal breathing( do not confuse it with rare agonal sighs), start ZMS with a frequency of 100-120 compression per minute.
- If you know how to do ID, carry out resuscitation measures in combination "30 compressions - 2 breaths".
Features of resuscitation in children
The sequence of this resuscitation in children has small differences, which are explained by the peculiarities of the reasons for the development of cardiac arrest in this age group.
Unlike adults whose sudden cardiac arrest is most often associated with cardiac disease, in children the most common causes of clinical death are breathing problems.
The main differences between the children's resuscitation and the adult:
- After the detection of a child with signs of clinical death( unconscious, does not breathe, there is no pulse in the carotid arteries), resuscitation should begin with 5 artificial breaths.
- The ratio of compression to artificial inhalation during resuscitation in children is 15 to 2.
- If 1 person is providing relief, an ambulance should be called after resuscitation is performed within 1 minute.
Using the automatic external defibrillator
The automatic external defibrillator( AED) is a small, portable device that is capable of applying electrical discharge( defibrillation) to the heart through the thorax.
External Automated Defibrillator This discharge can potentially restore normal cardiac activity and resume spontaneous circulation. Since not all heart stops need to perform defibrillation, the AED has the ability to assess the heart rhythm of the victim and determine whether there is a need for an electrical discharge.
Most modern devices are able to reproduce voice commands that give guidance to people who provide assistance.
It is very simple to use AEDs, these devices have been specially designed to be used by people without medical education. In many countries, IDA is deployed in places with large concentrations of people - for example, in stadiums, train stations, airports, universities and schools.
Sequence of actions for using AED:
- Turn on the power of the device, which then begins to give voice instructions.
- Bare the chest. If the skin on it is damp, wipe the skin. The IDE has sticky electrodes that need to be attached to the chest as drawn on the instrument. Attach one electrode above the nipple, to the right of the sternum, the second - below and to the left of the second nipple.
- Make sure that the electrodes are firmly attached to the skin. Connect the wires from them to the device.
- Make sure that no one touches the victim, and click the "Analyze" button.
- After the AED analyzes the heart rhythm, he will give an indication of further action. If the device decides that you need defibrillation, it will warn you about it. At the time of discharge, no one should touch the victim. Some devices perform defibrillation on their own, on some you need to press the button "Shock"( "Shock").
- Immediately after the discharge, resume resuscitation.
Cessation of resuscitation
The termination of CPR is necessary in the following situations:
- An ambulance arrived and its staff continued to provide assistance.
- The victim showed signs of resumption of spontaneous circulation( he began to breathe, cough, move or regain consciousness).
- You are completely exhausted physically.
