Pneumonia in adults and children: symptoms, treatment, antibiotics

Pneumonia - pneumonia in adults and children. Pneumonia in children is especially dangerous and extremely difficult, therefore it is practically meaningless to talk about the symptoms and treatment of pneumonia in a child, as well as the treatment of pneumonia in adults at home with folk remedies.

Remember: to stay alive and cure pneumonia of the lungs is possible only in the conditions of inpatient treatment of a hospital under the guidance of a therapist, pediatrician or pulmonologist.

Here are the national recipes, drugs, antibiotics and other medicines for the treatment of pneumonia for informational purposes. The publication details the theme of the nature of the course, signs, symptoms and treatment of pneumonia in an adult. How to identify and treat pneumonia in a child, you can learn from watching videos with the participation of experienced pediatricians( EO Komarovsky, NA Il'ina).

What is pneumonia?

Pneumonia can be acute and chronic .Acute pneumonia in turn can be divided into two large groups - focal and croupy .In addition, inflammatory lung damage can be in the form of the right-side , , the left-sided or two-way form.

Earlier pneumonia belonged to a number of diseases characterized by high mortality. But with the development of medicine, the appearance of antibiotics, the situation has improved significantly. However, the incidence of pneumonia remains quite high.

The frequency of pneumonia is heavily influenced by the season: most cases are observed in January - March and decrease in August - October. The disease occurs at any age. Especially hard it occurs in old age and in infants.

Pneumonia croupy, focal, chronic: symptoms

Croupous pneumonia: symptoms

The disease begins acutely with a tremendous chill that lasts 2-3 hours. The temperature thus rises to 39-40 ° C, there is a headache, pain in the side on the affected side. There is a dry cough, in which pain intensifies. After two or three days, cough begins to separate sputum with a small amount of blood( rusty sputum).If treatment is not started, then the temperature lasts for 10-14 days, then falls sharply( crisis).Often the onset of the disease is preceded by such common symptoms as headache, malaise, general discomfort.

Focal pneumonia: symptoms of

Most often it is associated with a flu, bronchitis or other cold disease and it rarely develops on its own.

Patients with focal pneumonia are concerned about weakness, chills, chest pain, and lack of appetite. Often patients complain of a dry cough or cough with a small amount of mucous purulent sputum. Usually, cough is not accompanied by pain in the side, as it happens in croupous pneumonia. There is a slight reddening of the cheeks and cyanosis( blanching) of the tips of the nose, lips, sweating.

The course of focal pneumonia is different. Usually the fever lasts for 4-7 days;rarer - longer. With timely treatment, the temperature quickly decreases to normal numbers and the patient's condition improves.

Chronic pneumonia: symptoms

is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by periodic exacerbations. The causes of chronic pneumonia are many. These are not treated pneumonia, bronchitis, pneumosclerosis, and frequent colds and smoking. Other contributing factors include overcooling, sudden temperature changes, occupational hazards.

Chronic pneumonia develops most often after acute pneumonia. In this case, for a long time there are such symptoms as cough, malaise, periodic temperature rises. As the progression of chronic pneumonia, it goes to either bronchiectasis or lung emphysema. Sometimes asthmatic stratifications are added. The final stage of chronic pneumonia is chronic pulmonary heart failure, which will be discussed below.

Antibiotic treatment of any type of pneumonia

Antibiotics are used in the treatment of all types of pneumonia, regardless of their cause. Unfortunately, at present, it is not possible to cure infectious pneumonia with a single penicillin, the bacteria have become resistant to this drug.

Very often, second and third generation antibiotics are used in therapy:

1. Cephalosporin ,
2. Amoxicillin ,
3. Klavulanat ,
4. Levofloxacin ,
5. Sulfamethoxazole .

With slow-developing pneumonia, it is recommended to use sulfur-containing antibiotics. In the treatment of pneumonia caused by adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, influenza and parainfluenza viruses, antibiotics often do not give the proper therapeutic effect. In such cases, antiviral drugs must necessarily be added to them.

For fungal forms of inflammation of the respiratory system( histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, aspergillosis and cryptococcosis) it is mandatory to use antifungal medications , acting locally for each type of fungus.

Excellent effect gives Bicillin-5 .It should be stabbed once in 8-10 days. You can use Bicillin-3 , but the effect of its use will be less pronounced.

We consider the antibiotics used in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and nosocomial.

Antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia: name, dose, how to drink or stab

Penicillins :

1. Benzylpenicillin for 1-2 million units intramuscularly in equal doses every 4-6 hours with mild pneumonia and 2-4 million units intravenously, intramuscularly 6once a day in severe conditions;
2. Ampicillin at a dosage of 0.5 g every 4-6 hours, daily dose of 2-3 g;
3. Amoxicillin 0,25 -0,5 g 3 times a day for oral or 0.25-1 g every 8 hours intravenously for severe pneumonia;
4. inhibitor-protected penicillins - Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid( Augmentin, Amoxiclav ) 0.375-0.625 g 3 times a day inwards, with severe course of 1.2 g after 6-8 hours intravenously;

Macrolides:

1. Erythromycin 0.25-0.5 g orally every 4-6 hours or 0.2 g 2-3 times a day intravenously in severe cases for several days, followed by a transition to oral intake;
2. Roxithromycin 150-300 mg 1-2 times a day inside;
3. Azithromycin 500 mg / day once a day for 3-5 days;

Cephalosporins I-IV generations:

1. Cephaloridine ( Ceporin) 1-4 g / day intravenously, intramuscularly;
2. Cefazolin ( Cefamizin, Kefzol) 2-4 g / day intravenously, intramuscularly;
3. Cefuroxime ( Ketocef) 3-6 g / day intravenously, intramuscularly;
4. Cefotaxime ( Claforan) up to 6 g / day intramuscularly, intravenously;
5. Ceftriaxone ( Rocefin), Cefepime ( Maxipim) for 1-2 g every 8 hours intravenously;
6. Cefaclor ( Zeclor) and Cefuroxime aksetil ( Zinnat) 0.5-1 g 3-4 times a day inwards, the maximum daily dose to 4 g;

Early fluoroquinolones :

1. Ofloxacin at 0.4-0.8 g after 12-24 h inside, intravenously, intramuscularly;
2. Ciprofloxacin in the same dose;

Respiratory fluoroquinolones:

1. Levofloxacin ( Tavanik) 500 mg once a day inside, intravenously;
2. Moxifloxacin ( Avelox) 400 mg once a day inside, intravenously;
3. Pefloxacin ( Abaktal) 400 mg 2 times a day inside, intravenously.

Note : Cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, protected aminopenicillins, respiratory fluoroquinolones are the drugs of choice for empirical treatment of severe pneumonia, either as monotherapy or in combination: Augmentin + Macrolide, Cefotaxime or Ceftriaxone + Macrolide intravenously.

Antibiotics for nosocomial pneumonia

1. Inhibitor-protected penicillins - Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid( Augmentin, Amoxiclav) for 1.2 g after 6-8 h intravenously;
2. cephalosporins II, III and IV generations - Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime( Fortum), Ceftriaxone( Rocefin), Cefepime( Maxipim) 1-2 g every 8 hours intravenously, intramuscularly;
3. aminoglycosides - Gentamicin 240-320 mg / day intramuscularly, intravenously in equal doses every 8 hours;Tobramycin or Sisomycin in the same dose, Amikacin( Amikin) at 10-15 mg / kg body weight per day in equal doses every 8-12 hours intravenously, intramuscularly;
4. respiratory fluoroquinolones - levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, pefloxacin intravenously;
5. carbapenems - Tienam( Imipenem / Celastine) 1-2 g intravenously, intramuscularly after 6-8 h.

Other drugs, medicines, procedures

Simultaneously with antibiotic therapy for pneumonia, various anti-inflammatory drugs ( Ibuprofen, Diclofenac, Indomethacin), cardiovascular drugs, vitamins, agents for improving bronchial drainage - mucolytics, bronchodilators.

In the development of shock, hypotension, allergic reactions, bronchoobstructive syndrome, agranulocytosis appoint glucocorticoids .

The complex treatment of severe pneumonia includes detoxification therapy - Hemodez 400 ml / day, saline solutions( saline solution, Ringer's solution), glucose 5% - 400-800 ml / day;immunosuperative therapy - fresh-frozen plasma, immunoglobulin;correction of microcirculatory disorders - Heparin up to 20000 units / day, Reopoliglyukin 400 ml / day;oxygen therapy.

Physiotherapeutic treatment is usually prescribed in the resolution phase, includes: UHF, inductothermy, amplipulse therapy, with a resolving purpose - electrophoresis of drugs( heparin, calcium chloride, lidase), laser therapy.

Symptomatic treatment of pneumonia is aimed at eliminating or alleviating the underlying symptoms of the disease. As a symptomatic treatment prescribed antipyretics and mucolytic drugs.

A decrease in temperature of in patients with pneumonia should be performed only if there is a visible need for this: a temperature above 39 ° C in adults, a severe condition of the patient.

Mucolytic drugs are used to facilitate the excretion of sputum from the bronchi. Also, some modern mucolytics increase the activity of antibiotics used in the treatment of pneumonia. It is recommended to use such mucolytics as Ambroxol( Lazolvan, Ambrobene), ACTS( Acetylcysteine, Mucobene), Carbocysteine ​​(Mukodin, Mukopron).Dosage, as well as the duration of treatment with mucolytics are established by the attending physician.

Treatment and care for a patient with pneumonia: nutrition, drinking, gymnastics

More than 80% of patients with pneumonia can be treated at home. To improve the effectiveness of treatment and the speedy recovery of the patient, it is important to provide the patient with the necessary care and assistance.

Eating a patient with pneumonia should be high in calories, however, it is recommended to exclude difficult-digesting products from the patient's diet( for example, excess fat).It is advisable to enrich the diet of a patient with pneumonia with vegetables and fruits.

Throughout the illness, the patient needs to provide a copious drink - this increases the sputum production and prevents the development of dehydration against the background of temperature. During a period of high fever the patient should drink up to 3 liters of fluid per day. It is recommended to drink milk, fruit juices, mineral water( alkaline).

The patient needs peace and comfort. Compliance with bed rest is strictly recommended.

Therapeutic gymnastics greatly accelerates the recovery of the patient and prevents the development of certain complications, and is therefore indicated to all patients with pneumonia.

Medical gymnastics should be started already from the first days of illness.

In the first days the patient needs to change position frequently in bed. In the presence of pain in the chest, patients with pneumonia prefer to lie on the patient's side, but this may increase the risk of pleural adhesions formation. Therefore, patients are advised to lie down periodically on a healthy side, as well as on the back.

On the 2-3-4 day of the disease it is recommended to carry out respiratory gymnastics: for this purpose the patient in the prone position puts his hands on his stomach and breathes deeply. Exhaling is slow, gradually drawing in the abdominal muscles. Such breaths are repeated 10-15 times 4-5 times a day. Respiratory gymnastics can be held in a standing or sitting position, while it is possible to do auxiliary movements by hands( the hands, when inhaled, go up, and when exhaled, they go down).

Respiratory gymnastics can be supplemented by movements of hands and feet. During pneumonia, exercises in the chest( rotation of the trunk, inclinations forward and sideways) are especially useful. It is recommended that therapeutic exercises be held for some time after recovery.

Treatment of pneumonia in adults and children at home with folk remedies

Collection from pneumonia .Take 2 parts of the leaves of coltsfoot, 1 part of the string, 1 part of oregano and 1 part of plantain. Pour four tablespoons of the collection into a thermos and pour half a liter of boiling water. After the collection is consumed for a half or two hours, take it 100 grams four times a day.

For better sputum clearance, you can use the following collection: 1 tbsp.spoon of oregano, 1 tbsp.spoon mother-and-stepmother, 1 tbsp.a spoon of white acacia and a spoon of Veronica officinalis. Blend the mixture in a thermos with one liter of boiling water and insist for one hour. Take 50 grams every 30-40 minutes.

As an aid, can be used as an infusion of St. John's wort .

Instead of mustard plasters, you can use grated horseradish .

Root of the aura .Rinse thoroughly, cut off small roots, dry in the sun. Grind into a powder, which take 0.6-1 g( at the tip of the knife) three times a day before meals.

Pine buds of the .1 teaspoon of pine buds, pour 100 ml of water and put on fire. From the Whatman paper, make a funnel and make 80-100 breaths. Exhale should be tried out.

Take three hundred grams of honey , 100 grams of water and one sheet of finely chopped aloe .All this mix and cook on the slowest heat for two hours. Then cool and mix. When cold children is prescribed one teaspoon three times a day, adults - also three times a day, but already a tablespoon. Keep the medicine in a dark and cool place.

Eucalyptus leaves are used for inhalations in the same way as birch buds ( take 2 teaspoons per 100 ml of water).

honey ( preferably linden) - 1300 g, finely chopped aloe leaves - 1 cup, olive oil - 200 g, lime-colored - 50 g, birch buds 150 g. Before cooking, wash the boiled water with aloe vera leaves on 10days in a cold and dark place. Melt honey, add crushed aloe leaves into it, steamed well. Separately from this in two glasses of water, brew birch buds and linden color. Boil for 1-2 minutes. Pour the filtered and squeezed broth into the cooled honey. Stir and pour into two bottles, adding an equal amount of olive oil. Keep in a cool place. Take 1 tablespoon three times a day. Shake before use.

Note. Preparations of aloe are not recommended for uterine bleeding and pregnancy.

In equal proportions, take motherwort and chicory root .Brew with steep boiling water and insist under the blanket for one and a half to two hours. In villages, infusion is produced on a Russian stove, which provides a constant heating temperature. With bronchitis and pneumonia, use half a cup three times a day. MEANS SUFFICIENTLY STRONG AT THE PROCEEDINGS, BUT FOR TREATING PNEUMONIA, ONE OF IT WILL BE SMALL.

Mixture of herbs

1. Mother-and-Stepmother ( leaves) - 5 g;
2. black elderberry ( flowers) - 5 g;
3. asparagus ( grass) - 5 g.

This mixture is brewed with a glass of boiling water. Insist, wrapped, one hour, strain. Drink like tea three times a day. It is used for inflammation of the lungs, strong bronchitis and pleurisy.

Prepare the composition :

1. Ledum( grass) - 4 parts,
2. birch buds - 1 part,
3. oregano( grass) - 2 parts,
4. nettle( leaves) - 1 part.

All chop, mix well. Two tablespoons of the mixture, pour 500 ml of steep boiling water. Boil for 10 minutes. Insist 1 hour, strain. Take one third of a glass three times a day after meals with chronic bronchitis, chronic pneumonia.

"Calceumite" medicine

Earlier in the central regions of Russia for the treatment of pneumonia and bronchitis calceumite was used. There are two options for its preparation.

The first variant of preparation of the medicine "Calceumite"

Take 6 eggs, 10 lemons, 150 grams of cognac and 300 grams of honey. Eggs and honey should be fresh, honey not candied. It is recommended to use cognac with an exposure of five years.

Whole eggs( always with a white shell) should be folded in a jar, filled with freshly squeezed juice from lemons. Then cover the jar with a gauze dressing, wrap it in dark opaque paper and put it in a dark place, the recommended temperature is 15-17 degrees. The bank is in a dark place until the eggshell is completely dissolved, usually one week.

After dissolving the shell, it is necessary to heat the honey so that it becomes fluid and pour it into the jar, add cognac to it. The mixture is poured into an opaque glass container and stored in a dry cool cabinet. Take an incomplete tablespoon( 1 dessert spoon) 3 times a day, after eating. The finished mixture can be stored for no more than 20 days.

The second version of the preparation of the folk remedy "Calceumite"

Ten eggs are taken( again only with a white shell) and a dozen lemons. All this folds into a glass opaque container and is taken away to a dark cool room. In ten days the eggs will become a single homogeneous liquid mass.

ONCE TWO DAYS ARE REQUIRED TO REMOVE THE MOLD, THE BEST THIS TO DO WITH A WOODEN SPONGE OR A SHOOT.

After 10-12 days, when the mass becomes completely homogeneous, after removing the mold, fill in half a liter of cognac( again aged for at least five years).Leave on fermentation for 21 days, also regularly removing the mold. After the mold stops appearing( usually three weeks later), the mixture should be mixed well and poured into a glass opaque bottle, which you need to store in a dark cool place( not in the refrigerator!).

It is used three times a day after a meal, one dessert spoon.

I emphasize that I myself have never used calceumite to treat patients, so I can not answer the questions about which version of the preparation of the folk remedy is most optimal and effective.

I can only note that, in addition to tuberculosis and pneumonia, this remedy is successfully used to treat bronchitis.

Highlander bird ( sporish).For respiratory diseases:

a) one tablespoon of chopped herbs pour a glass of boiling water, boil for 10 minutes in a water bath, insist for two hours, strain. Take a tablespoon 3-4 times a day with a strong cough( whooping cough, tuberculosis, bronchitis, pneumonia);

b) herb sprouts, anise fruits, dill fruits, pine buds, herb thyme, finely ground licorice root ( all equally).4 teaspoons of the mixture pour 300 ml of cold boiled water, insist for two hours, put on a stove, bring to a boil, boil for 2-3 minutes, cool, strain. Drink half the glass three times a day for 30 minutes before eating. The use of this composition gives a good effect in bronchiectasis, purulent bronchitis, whooping cough, bronchial asthma, chronic pneumonia;

c) herb grass, mother-stepmother leaf, elderberry black flowers - just take 1 teaspoonful. Brew a glass of boiling water, leave for 1 hour. Strain. Drink one quarter of a glass 4 times a day for 30 minutes before meals with pulmonary diseases.

Boil in 500 ml of cahors 2 tablespoons of fresh, crushed root elecampane. Take 50 ml twice a day.

Preparations from lilac in Russian folk medicine have long been used as a weak expectorant, diaphoretic and diuretic. They are used in the treatment of bronchitis, pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, rheumatism.

Infusion : one tablespoon of inflorescences fill with a glass of boiling water, insist 1 hour, strain. Drink 1 tablespoon 3-4 times a day.

Tincture : on vodka prepare as follows: 1 part of lilac pour five parts of vodka and insist 7 days. Strain. Take 30 drops three times a day.

Tea from roots of angelica ( takes 20 g of roots per 1 liter of boiling water) is used for chronic bronchitis and pneumonia. Removes viscous mucus from the respiratory tract.

Fresh birch juice is an excellent restorative and tonic for inflammation of the lungs, bronchitis, bronchiectasis and tuberculosis.

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. Source: NGOligov. Official and traditional medicine. The most detailed encyclopedia.- Moscow: Izd-vo Eksmo, 2012.