From the article you will learn: what is internal bleeding, what is it dangerous and by what signs is recognized. Types of internal bleeding and the algorithm of first aid.
Contents of the article:
- Types of internal bleeding
- Causes of internal bleeding
- Symptoms of
- First aid
Internal bleeding is an acute life-threatening condition in which blood ruptures from the bloodstream or into the lumen of the hollow organ( uterus, stomach, lungs) or in the lumen of the vesselartificially created by the volume of the leaking cavity( for example, intermuscular space).This bleeding is never an isolated independent disease - but only a sign, or a consequence of the underlying pathological condition.
This pathology often develops as a result of trauma or chronic illness. Severe types of such bleeding with large blood loss( more than 1.5 liters) are very dangerous, can lead to death. Bleeding with less blood loss( less than 1.5 liters) - still very serious. Spilled blood can squeeze nearby vessels, disrupt internal organs, go out through the mouth, for example, with gastric bleeding, and be accompanied by other serious manifestations.
Internal bleeding is called because the spilled blood does not flow out of the body. Therefore, uterine, gastric or intestinal bleeding is not always interpreted as internal;although given that the blood sometimes does not immediately go through the physiological holes - the mouth, anus, vagina - it is advisable to refer them to the internal ones.
Common causes, symptoms and treatment of internal bleeding in men and women are the same.
Elimination of uterine bleeding deals with a gynecologist, intestinal - proctologist, pulmonary - a thoracic surgeon, post traumatic - traumatologist, intracranial - neurosurgeon.
Untimely medical care with late treatment of a person to doctors or difficulties with differential diagnosis increases the risk to his health, and even life.
Types of internal bleeding
Internal bleeding is classified into a variety of species, based on localization, cause, timing, amount of blood loss, etc.
| Categories of bleeding | Species, description |
|---|---|
| At the location of | Intestinal - the blood comes from the vessels of the intestine Gastric - into the lumen of the stomach Gastrointestinal - blood loss to the cavity of the esophagus or other hollow organ Hemopericard - blood filling of the pericardial bag Hemotorax - between the pleura, i.e., a slot-like space between the special envelopes surrounding each lung Intracranial Hemarthrosis - in the joint |
| Across the blood cluster | Intrauterineness - in the tissue close to the vessel Cavity - in the cavity of the peritoneum, pleura |
| On the basis of signs and features of the detection | Hidden - hemorrhage into the cavity organs and cavities that have communication with the external environment, for example, the bladder or lungs. But obvious symptoms of bleeding are absent, it can be detected only with the help of special diagnostics Explicit - it is easily determined by visual inspection |
| By origin | Mechanical - with traumatic damage of tissues and vessels of internal organs Arrosive - with damage to the vascular wall due to germination or disintegration of the tumor, destructiveor necrotic process( with the death of tissues) Diapedeznoe - with leakage of blood through the vascular wall with scurvy, scarlet fever,malaria |
| By volume of leaked blood | Easy - blood loss no more than 500 ml Average - 0,5-1 l Severe - blood loss no more than one and a half liters of blood Massive - up to 2.5 liters Deadly - 2.5 to 3 liters Absolutely deadly - over 3-3,5 l |
| Taking into account the type of the damaged vessel | Capillary - from the capillaries Venous - when the vein wall is broken Arterial - from the artery Mixed - from different vessels Parenchymal - the blood is poured from the vessels of the parenchymatous organthis islisenka, liver, lungs, pancreas, kidneys and others are internal organs constructed from solid tissue) |
| By development date | Primary - immediately after trauma Secondary - after the injury. The first 1-5 days are considered early, after 10-15 days - late |
Hemotorax Causes of internal bleeding
Each type of bleeding has its own causes, the most common of them are trauma and illness in acute or chronic form.
Hemorrhage provoked:
- Open and closed abdominal and lumbar injuries with damage or rupture of internal organs, more often of the spleen or liver, less frequently of the intestine and pancreas. Massive bleeding into the abdominal cavity causes a blow during a fight or during a car accident, compression compression - when pressing with a heavy object, etc.
- Fracture of the ribs leads to a discharge of blood into the pleural cavity.
- Craniocerebral trauma. Bleeding inside the skull is dangerous for life, since the volume of the cranium is limited. Any hematoma leads to compression of the brain structures and serious consequences. It can develop not only directly after an injury, but also after a few hours or days after it.
- Chronic diseases of the digestive tract. Bleeding into the cavity of the corresponding organ occurs with varicose veins of the esophagus, erosive gastritis, cirrhosis, peptic ulcer, malignant tumor process, the formation of a through hole with an ulcer of the duodenum or stomach.
- Gynecological diseases and pathological conditions - ovary apoplexy( rupture), ectopic pregnancy, malignant neoplasm, rupture of the ovarian cyst. In obstetrics and gynecology, uterine bleeding can provoke abortion, previa, or premature detachment of the placenta. It can begin after childbirth due to a rupture of the birth canal or uterus, late exit of the placenta.
- A ruptured aortic aneurysm.
- Hemophilia is a hereditary disease of men with a malfunctioning process of blood clotting.
Symptoms of
Symptoms depend on the amount of blood loss and its location. There are common signs and characteristic for a particular species.
Common symptoms of blood loss
Common signs of internal bleeding - the appearance of weakness, darkening or clouding in the eyes, drowsiness, dizziness, cold sweat, thirst. Do not rule out the loss of consciousness. Intensity of blood loss is determined by the pulse rate, blood pressure indicators and characteristic complaints of the patient.
- Small hemorrhage often does not manifest itself in any way, but for some, the pulse rate increases slightly, blood pressure decreases slightly.
- The manifestations of moderate bleeding: heart rate to 100 beats per minute, a decrease in the systolic pressure to 80 mm Hg.moderate dyspnoea, dry mouth, coldness of hands and feet, cold sweating, dizziness, severe weakness, slowing of reactions, fainting.
- With severe blood loss, symptoms are more pronounced. Mark a drop in blood pressure of more than 80 mm Hg.tachycardia more often than 110 beats per minute, shortness of breath, trembling of hands, excruciating thirst on the background of a decrease in the volume of excreted urine, apathy. It can also be a sharp blanching of the mucous membranes and skin, cyanosis of the limbs and areas around the lips, clouding or loss of consciousness.
- Among the clinical manifestations of massive hemorrhage observed cyanosis of the skin and mucous membranes, confusion, delirium. The eyeballs fall inside, the facial features are sharpened, the pulse reaches 160 beats per minute, the blood pressure drops to 60 mm Hg. Art.
- With deadly and absolutely deadly blood loss, this is a threat to life. The pupils widen, convulsions appear, the number of heart beats( bradycardia) drops sharply to 2-10 beats per minute, breathing becomes agonizing, urine and feces are spontaneously excreted. The patient falls into a coma, his skin is dry, pale with a marble pattern. The result is agony, death.
Symptoms of hemothorax
Hemotorax - ingestion of blood into the pleural cavity. In addition to general symptoms, it manifests itself by sharp pain in the problem area, difficulty in inhaling, coughing with frothy bloody sputum. On the x-ray, the mediastinum( space in the middle of the thoracic cavity) is biased towards the healthy lung.
Signs of uterine bleeding
Symptoms of internal bleeding in women can be pulling, spasming or sharp pains in the lower abdomen with irradiation in the lower back and anus, the urge to defecate, the feeling of swelling of mucous membranes. Signs of hemorrhage in the urinary and digestive organs
- A tar-colored chair with a smelly smell - melena - speaks of bleeding from the upper part of the intestine or other digestive organs.
- In case of a hemorrhage in the stomach, a vomiting begins in a person with bloody clots, into the lumen of the duodenum - it acquires the color of the coffee grounds.
- Bleeding from the hemorrhoids manifests itself in bright bloody discharge from the anus.
- Blood that enters the renal area, the urinary tract, leaves with urine - hematuria.
First aid for internal bleeding
For any form of internal blood loss, one must immediately call an ambulance. Although with easy blood loss, a person can go to a medical facility and receive help, but it is better not to take risks, because it is not known whether the bleeding has stopped, whether the general condition will worsen further or not.
The life of a person depends on the correctness of the provision of pre-hospital care. Before the arrival of physicians, the patient should be put, further actions should be taken only after he takes a horizontal position, and with hemothorax, a semi-sitting position. On the area of the alleged source of the problem, focusing on complaints, put the ice. Then, as soon as possible, transport the victim in this position to the nearest honey.institution or wait for an ambulance to arrive.
Strictly forbidden: warm the area of bleeding, apply a pressure bandage, insert candles, apply a laxative, do an enema( with intestinal bleeding), offer painkillers and medications that stimulate the work of the heart.
Ignoring the above actions can lead to increased blood loss and death.
Inpatient medical care
Based on the symptoms and primary medical examination, they are supposedly finding out which organ has been injured and the patient is hospitalized in the appropriate ward. If there are objective symptoms of a large loss of blood - in intensive care.
The main goals of the treatment:
- Cessation of bleeding.
- Recovery of lost blood volume, constantly circulating in the body( BCC).
- Normalization of microcirculation.
Often, massive blood loss can be stopped by performing an emergency operation:
- with a stomach ulcer carry out its resection - remove its part along with the ulcer;
- with pneumothorax make a thoracotomy - open the thorax, find and eliminate the cause of bleeding;
- with hematoma in the cranial cavity makes trepanation: through the holes in the bones of the skull, the neurosurgeon gets access to the structures of the brain and the formed hematoma, the blood from which sucks;
- in some cases to stop internal bleeding can be done by tamponade: for example, for a bronchial tamponade, a sterile gauze swab or a foam sponge is injected into it through the bronchoscope.
For replenishment of BCC in / in-drip infusion solutions, blood substitutes, blood products. The remaining funds are used for their intended purpose.
The prognosis depends on the competent provision of pre-medical and timely medical assistance.
