Dysbacteriosis of the intestine in adults: symptoms and treatment

Dysbacteriosis - a violation of useful intestinal microflora, in which the number of beneficial lacto- and bifidobacteria decreases, and the number of harmful microorganisms increases. This disease occurs quite often in adults, but with a greater frequency in newborn infants.

Also, as a result of a sociological survey, it was found that intestinal dysbacteriosis, symptoms which may be different, at least 90% of the adult population of Russia was diagnosed at least once. Some doctors believe that this disease can be both independent and accompanying, for example, to accompany duodenal ulcer or chronic gastritis.

In this article, we will tell you everything about the dysbacteriosis of the intestine in adults: consider its causes, the first symptoms, as well as modern methods of treating dysbacteriosis with drugs.

Causes

What it is? The causes of dysbacteriosis of the intestine in adults there are many. In some, he appears due to some pathologies in the intestine (congenital or acquired), in others, the dysbacteriosis is caused by complications after a previous illness. In such situations, the number of bacteria living in the body increases. The overall balance is changing, and microorganisms find themselves all the conditions for survival and further prosperity.

Among the most common causes of intestinal dysbiosisthe following:

• unbalanced nutrition;
• intestinal infections;
• long-term treatment with hormonal or non-steroidal drugs;
• taking antibiotics;
• immunodeficiency status;
• radiation and chemotherapy;
• alcohol abuse;
• presence of intestinal parasites;
• abnormal liver function;
• frequent stress or depression;
• chronic gastrointestinal diseases.

However, most often develop a dysbacteriosis after antibiotics. When taking drugs, the epithelium of the intestine is affected and the composition of the microflora is changed. The consequence of uncontrolled consumption of antibiotics can be the emergence of strains of bacteria resistant to treatment.

Symptoms of intestinal dysbiosis in adults

The clinical picture depends on the degree of severity of pathological processes in the intestine. The main symptoms of intestinal dysbiosis in adults include:

• bloating;
• unpleasant feeling of a crowded intestine;
• constant feeling of nausea and headache;
• The altered composition of the stool consistency, which becomes semi-liquid with a greenish color.

All these symptoms can also be accompanied by fever, it does not always happen, but, nevertheless, occurs quite often. At a dysbacteriosis digestion most of all suffers. Since food in the intestine is first broken down by bacteria, and then absorbed into the bloodstream. Without the help of microorganisms, the body simply can not absorb many nutrients, it perceives them as alien, rejects. Therefore, there is nausea, vomiting, loose stools.

With dysbacteriosis of the intestine, we can distinguish four stages of violations of the bacterial composition of the intestine:

1. Slightly increased concentrations of pathogenic floraand a decrease in the number of obligate bacteria. Symptom, as a rule, is absent.
2. A critical decrease in the concentration of beneficial microflora, rapid growth of pathogenic flora. This stage is often manifested by symptoms such as diarrhea, constipation and flatulence.
3. Active propagation of pathogens, inflammation of the intestinal mucosa.
4. General depletion of the body, avitaminosis, obligate microflora is almost completely replaced by pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic fungi / bacteria.

Also downstream, the following forms of dysbiosis:

1. Latent (compensated)- a latent flow that does not lead to changes in the human condition.
2. Subcompensated- the appearance of the first signs of impaired intestinal function due to local inflammatory phenomena.
3. Decompensated- a decrease in the resistance of the organism, embracing the pathological processes of the thick and small intestine.

Division at the stage is very conditional, the disease is judged by its actual manifestations. The most characteristic symptoms of dysbiosis today are metabolic disorders, body heat supply, low energy supply of epithelium large intestine, reduced synthesis of B12 vitamins, pantothenic acid, as well as reduced antiviral, antitumor protection and local immunity.

Diagnostics

To understand how to treat the intestinal dysbacteriosis, it is necessary not only to diagnose the symptom, but also to determine the cause of its development in adults. Therefore, after collecting the anamnesis and finding out the possible causes of dysfunction of the intestinal microflora, the gastroenterologist appoints a complete examination of the digestive tract, and in the case of a chronic course of dysbacteriosis - and the immune system.

Oflaboratory diagnostic methods:

• bacteriological culture of stool, seeding on dysbiosis;
• microscopic examination of feces;
• coprogramme;
• study of scraping from the intestinal wall.

Determination of the ratio of microorganisms is made by sowing feces on a special nutrient medium, favorable for the reproduction of bacteria. A few days later, the microflora is examined in detail under a microscope, after which the count of bacteria in one gram of material is counted.

Unlike bacteriological research, biochemical analysis for dysbacteriosis is made more quickly and simplistically. The method is based on the detection of the spectrum of fatty acids, which serve as a product of the vital activity of microorganisms. Biochemical research allows us to determine not only the imbalance of the intestinal microflora, but also the specific department of the digestive tract, where violations were manifested, as well as the stage of the disease.

Treatment of intestinal dysbiosis in adults

From the cause of the development of intestinal dysbiosis, the treatment scheme also largely depends. However, adult therapy should always be comprehensive and include all the specific activities:

• control of excess bacterial colonization of the small intestine;
• improvement of intestinal absorption and digestion;
• stimulation of the general reactivity of the organism (increase of immunity);
• restoration of normal intestinal motility;
• elimination of imbalance of microorganisms in the large intestine.

It is also recommended to adhere to a strict diet, excluding products that increase gas formation and contain coarse fiber. At least 4 times a week, and preferably daily, you should eat sour-milk products. Preference should be given to those of them that are additionally enriched with useful lactic acid bacteria.

Drug therapy

Drug treatment of dysbacteriosis in adults is aimed at eliminating its symptoms, restoring normal intestinal microflora and correcting the immune status. Drugs for the treatment of dysbacteriosis in each case should appoint a doctor.

Symptomatic therapy includes the use of antispasmodics (papaverine, drotaverin), antidiarrheal and laxatives (loperamide, lactulose, forlax). According to the indications, it is possible to take cholagogue (legalon, cholagogue) and enzyme preparations (pancreatin, festal, mezim) preparations.

When using complex therapy to suppress pathogenic microflora, the following groups of drugs are used:

1. Antibacterial drugs. With intestinal dysbacteriosis, they are prescribed exclusively with the established form of the disease. In this case, it is very important to take into account the sensitivity spectrum of the microorganism to antibiotics.
2. Preparations from the group of bacteriophagesare viruses that can penetrate into a bacterial cell and gradually dissolve it.
3. Preparations from the group of intestinal antiseptics. Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin), nitrofurans (furazolidone, nifuroxazide) can be used.
4. The use of probiotics, which include living bacteria.
5. Prebiotics- substances that stimulate the development of normal microflora and suppress the reproduction of pathogenic (lactulose, galactose);
6. Plant antiseptics are active against staphylococci. Use an alcohol solution of Chlorophyllipt, which is previously diluted in water.
7. Immunomodulators- to raise local and general immunity and accelerate the recovery of normal intestinal microflora (dibazol, tincture of echinacea).
8. Multivitamin Complexesto fill the deficiency of vitamins A, D, E (decamewith, multitabs).

Undoubtedly, the main medical measures for intestinal dysbiosis should be directed to the underlying disease, which is the cause of changes in the microbial landscape. Otherwise, all efforts will be ineffective, and short-term improvement will be replaced by the resumption of symptoms.

Probiotics

Probiotics are drugs for effective treatment of intestinal dysbacteriosis, they contain microorganisms that have a positive effect on the intestinal microflora. In order for the microorganism to pass through the upper parts of the digestive tract with minimal losses, it is placed in an acid-sensitive capsule.

All probiotics can be conditionally divided into several groups:

1. Monocomponent. They consist of one type of bacteria - bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, colibacillus - Bifidumbacterin, Lactobacterin, Colibacterin.
2. Polycomponent. They contain several types of bacteria, colibacillus, bifidumbacterium, lactobacilli - Linex, Bifiform, Bifikol.
3. Combined. They contain symbiotic communities of major bacteria and strains that are immune to most antibiotics in combination with the nutrient medium and immunoglobulin complexes. Linex, Rioflora immuno, Bifikol.
4. Synbiotics. These medicines are produced with a competent combination of pre- and probiotics, forming ready-made complex medicines, for example, Bifidobac, Maltodophylus, Laminolact.
5. Antagonists. Probiotics can conventionally include antagonists, these are microorganisms that can also suppress the development of opportunistic pathogens flora, they include such antidiarrheal drugs as Enterol, Bactisporin, Bactisubtil.

It should be understood that with severe forms of dysbacteriosis, the use of probiotics and prebiotics alone is not enough, also need additional use of antibacterial agents, intestinal antiseptics.

Prebiotics

Prebiotics are indigestible food constituents that contribute to better health by stimulating the activity or growth of certain groups of bacteria that live in the large intestine. Prebiotics are treated with digestive enzymes and are not absorbed in the upper parts of the digestive tract. Prebiotics not only contribute to improving the metabolic activity of natural microflora, but also inhibit the multiplication of pathogenic bacteria, the body does not reject them.

To effective prebiotics include:

• Indigestible disaccharides- it's Lactulose (Normase, Dufalac, Goodluck, Prelax, Lactusan), Lactitol (Export), Gastrointestinal transit prebiotic (in the composition includes fructo-oligosaccharides, extracts of artichoke, lemon and green tea), lactic acids - Hilak forte.

Prebiotics are also found in dairy products, corn flakes, cereals, bread, onion, chicory field, garlic, beans, peas, artichoke, asparagus, bananas and many other products. Their properties are most pronounced in fructose-oligosaccharides (FOS), inulin, galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), lactulose, lactitol.

Antibacterial drugs

Antibiotics of a wide spectrum of action are appointed or nominated in those cases when the excess of pathogenic microflora in an intestine became the reason of infringement of an absorption and led to digestive disorders, as well as the development of infectious inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

In the most severe cases, preference is given to antibiotics from the tetracycline series, penicillins, cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. In more light situations, a specialist can prescribe antimicrobial agents that have a bactericidal effect in the luminal gut (Furazolidone).

The standard course of such therapy does not exceed 7-10 days. After the completion of taking antibiotics or antimicrobials, adults are advised to take sorbents (Enterosgel, Polyphepan) for the purification of the intestines from dead bacteria and products of their vital activity.

In the treatment of dysbacteriosis caused by the intake of antibiotics, the main principle is the prevention of dysbiosis - rational use of antibiotics: in no case should you drink them unreasonably.

Diet

At home, there are several effective ways how to treat intestinal dysbiosis in adults with the help of diets. Food should be balanced, with the maximum amount of essential trace elements. More useful and nutritious foods, less "forbidden" food, semi-finished products, confectionery and fast food products.

From the menu you willexclude:

• alcohol;
• smoking;
• pickled and canned foods;
• meat of fatty varieties;
• fried food;
• fatty and concentrated broths and soups based on them;
• products from short dough;
• potatoes;
• pasta;
• refined sugar;
• mushrooms.

In addition, it is necessary to eliminate beverages and foods,promoting gassing:

• white porridge (from mango, rice);
• baking;
• White bread;
• whole milk;
• sweets;
• grapes;
• turnips;
• bananas;
• sweet apples;
• gas-containing drinks (including mineral waters, sparkling wines), etc.

With the help of a well-chosen diet, the intestinal motility is normalized. And, of course, we must remember that the therapeutic diet will require many restrictions, and be prepared for the fact that it is much more "impossible" than "possible."

Prevention

Preventive measures, as a rule, are aimed at eliminating the causes of dysbiosis. Therefore, they are:

• rational antibiotic therapy (many doctors advise, together with antibiotics, to take prebiotics);
• healthy eating;
• normalization of the rest regime, psychoemotional loads and labor;
• timely detection and therapy of digestive ailments;
• epidemiological measures in infectious foci.

Also remember that the treatment of dysbacteriosis was effective and did not last for long months, it should start when the first symptoms occur. Do not ignore the warning signs: if you have unpleasant gastrointestinal manifestations, and change the nature of nutrition in the direction of a healthier one does not really help, it is better to visit a gastroenterologist.

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