From this article you will learn about this method of diagnosis, like ECG of the heart - what it is and what it shows. How is the electrocardiogram recorded, and who can most accurately decipher it. And also you will learn to determine the signs of a normal ECG and the main heart diseases that are accessible by this method.
The content of the article:
- The principle of the
- method What does the electrocardiogram
- consist of How to decipher the cardiogram
- How does the ECG look normal and with the pathology
What is the ECG( electrocardiogram)?This is one of the simplest, accessible and informative methods for diagnosing heart diseases. It is based on the recording of electrical pulses generated in the heart, and their graphic recording in the form of teeth on a special paper film.
Based on these data, one can judge not only the electrical activity of the heart, but also the structure of the myocardium. This means that ECG can diagnose many different heart diseases. Therefore, an independent interpretation of the ECG by a person who does not have special medical knowledge is impossible.
All that a simple person can do is only to estimate the individual parameters of the electrocardiogram, whether they correspond to the norm and what pathology they can speak about. But the final conclusions on the conclusion of ECG can only be done by a qualified specialist - a cardiologist, as well as a therapist or a family doctor.
Principle of the method
The contracting activity and functioning of the heart is possible due to the fact that spontaneous electrical impulses( discharges) regularly occur in it. Normally, their source is located in the uppermost part of the organ( in the sinus node located near the right auricle).The purpose of each impulse is to pass along the conduction nerve pathways through all parts of the myocardium, prompting their contraction. When the impulse appears and passes through the myocardium of the atria, and then the ventricles, there is their alternate contraction - systole. At a time when there are no impulses, the heart relaxes - the diastole.
ECG diagnostics( electrocardiography) is based on recording electrical impulses that occur in the heart. For this purpose, a special apparatus is used - the electrocardiograph. The principle of its work is to catch on the surface of the body the difference of bioelectric potentials( discharges) that arise in different parts of the heart at the time of contraction( in systole) and relaxation( in diastole).All these processes are recorded on a special thermosensitive paper in the form of a graph consisting of pointed or hemispherical teeth and horizontal lines in the form of gaps between them.
What else is important to know about electrocardiography
Electric discharges of the heart pass not only through this organ. Since the body has good electrical conductivity, the forces of exciting heart impulses are enough to go through all the tissues of the body. They best spread to the chest in the area of the heart, as well as the upper and lower limbs. This feature is the basis of the ECG and explains what it is.
In order to register the electrical activity of the heart, it is necessary to fix one electrode of the electrocardiograph on the arms and legs, and also on the anterolateral surface of the left half of the thorax. This allows us to catch all the directions of the propagation of electrical impulses along the body. Routes of discharge between the sites of contraction and relaxation of the myocardium are called cardiac leads and are designated on the cardiogram as follows:
- Standard leads:
- I - first;
- II - the second;
- Ш - the third;
- AVL( analogue of the first);
- AVF( analog of the third);
- AVR( mirroring of all leads).
- V1;
- V2;
- V3;
- V4;
- V5;
- V6.
The meaning of the leads is that each of them records the passage of an electrical impulse through a certain area of the heart. Thanks to this you can get information about:
- As the heart is located in the chest( the electric axis of the heart, which coincides with the anatomical axis).
- What is the structure, thickness and character of the circulation of the myocardium of the atria and ventricles.
- How regularly in the sinus node there are impulses and there are no interruptions.
- Are all impulses conducted along the paths of the conducting system, and are there any obstacles in their way.
What the electrocardiogram
consists of If the heart had the same structure of all its departments, the nerve impulses would pass through them at the same time. As a result, on the ECG, only one tooth would correspond to each electric discharge, which reflects the contraction. The period between the contractions( impulses) on the EGC has the form of an even horizontal line, which is called an isoline.
The human heart consists of the right and left halves, in which the upper part is distinguished - the atrium, and the lower - the ventricles. Since they have different sizes, thickness and are separated by partitions, the exciting pulse passes through them at different speeds. Therefore, on the ECG are recorded different teeth, corresponding to a particular heart.
What is meant by the teeth of
The sequence of propagation of systolic cardiac excitation is as follows:
- The origin of electropulse discharges occurs in the sinus node. Since it is located close to the right atrium, this is the first section that shrinks. With a slight delay, almost simultaneously, the left atrium contracts. On the ECG, this moment is reflected by the P-wave, which is why it is called the atrial. It is facing upwards.
- Atrial discharge passes to the ventricles through the atrioventricular( atrioventricular) node( a cluster of altered nerve cells of the myocardium).They have good electrical conductivity, so there is no delay in the node. This is displayed on the ECG as an interval P-Q - a horizontal line between the corresponding denticles.
- Excitation of the ventricles. This department of the heart has the thickest myocardium, so the electric wave passes through them longer than through the atria. As a result, the highest tooth - R( ventricular), facing upwards, appears on the ECG.It may be preceded by a small tooth Q, whose vertex is facing in the opposite direction.
- After the completion of the systole of the ventricles, the myocardium begins to relax and restore energy potentials. On the ECG, it looks like a prong S( turned down) - complete absence of excitability. Afterwards, there is a small tooth T facing upwards, preceded by a short horizontal line - segment S-T.They say that the myocardium has fully recovered and is ready to make another reduction.
Since each electrode attached to the extremities and the chest( the lead) corresponds to a certain part of the heart, the same teeth are different in different leads-in some they are more pronounced and in others less.
How to decipher the cardiogram
Sequential ECG decoding in both adults and children involves measuring the size, length of the teeth and intervals, evaluating their shape and orientation. Your actions with decoding should be as follows:
- Expand the paper with the recorded ECG.It can be either narrow( about 10 cm) or wide( about 20 cm).You will see several serrated lines running horizontally, parallel to each other. After a short interval in which there are no teeth, after the interruption of the recording( 1-2 cm), the line with several sets of teeth again begins. Each such graph displays the lead, so it is preceded by the designation of which particular lead( for example, I, II, III, AVL, V1, etc.).
- In one of the standard leads( I, II or III), in which the highest tooth R( usually the second one), measure the distance between the three successive teeth R( R-R-R interval) and determine the average value of the exponentdivide the number of millimeters by 2).This is necessary to calculate the heart rate in one minute. Remember that such and other measurements can be performed with a ruler with a millimeter scale or calculate the distance along the ECG tape. Each large cell on paper corresponds to 5 mm, and each point or small cell inside it is 1 mm.
- Estimate the gaps between the teeth R: they are the same or different. This is necessary in order to determine the regularity of the heart rate.
- Consistently evaluate and measure each tooth and interval on the ECG.Determine their compliance with the normal indicators( table below).
It's important to remember! Always pay attention to the speed of the tape - 25 or 50 mm per second. This is fundamentally important for calculating heart rate( heart rate).Modern devices indicate heart rate on the tape, and counting is not necessary.
How to calculate the heart rate of the heart
There are several ways to calculate the number of heartbeats per minute:
- Usually, the ECG is recorded at a speed of 50 mm / s. In this case, the heart rate can be calculated by the following formulas:
HR = 60 /( (RR( in mm) * 0,02))
When recording a cardiogram at a speed of 25mm / sec:
HR = 60 /( (RR( in mm) * 0,04) - You can also calculate heart rate on a cardiogram using the following formulas:
- When recording 50 mm / s: HR = 600 / average number of large cells between teeth R.
- When recording 25 mm / s: Heart rate = 300 / average value of the number of large cells between the teeth R.
How does the ECG look normal and with the pathology
How should it look? Normal ECG and tooth complexes, which deviations are most common and what they indicate, is described in the table
It is important to remember!
- One small cell( 1 mm) on the ECG film corresponds to 0.02 seconds when recording 50 mm / sec and0,04 seconds when recording 25 mm / sec( for example 5 cells - 5 mm - one large cell corresponds to 1 second)
- The AVR lead for evaluation is not used. Normally, it is a mirror image of standard leads.
- The first lead( I) duplicates AVL, and the third( III) duplicates AVF, so they look almost identical on the ECG.
| Parameters of the ECG | Parameters of the | Norms of the | How to decipher abnormalities on the cardiogram, and what they indicate |
|---|---|---|---|
| Distance R-R-R | All gaps between the R teeth are the same | Different gaps can speak of atrial fibrillation, extrasystole, sinus node weakness, cardiacblockade | |
| Heart beat frequency | Within the range of 60 to 90 bpm | Tachycardia - when the heart rate is greater than 90 / min Bradycardia - less than 60 / min | |
| Patch P( atrial contraction) | Invertedby the type of arch, about 2 mm in height, precedes each tooth R. Can be absent in III, V1 and AVL | High( more than 3 mm), wide( more than 5 mm), in the form of two halves( biceps) - thickening of the myocardium atrial | |
| Generallyabsent in the leads I, II, FVF, V2 - V6 - the rhythm does not come from the sinus node | |||
| Several small teeth in the form of the "beads" between the teeth R - Atrial fibrillation | |||
| Interval P-Q | The horizontal line between the teeth P and Q 0.1-0, 2 seconds | If it is longer( more than 1 cm when recording 50 mm / s) - atrioventricular blockade of the heartand | |
| Shortening( less than 3 mm) - WPW syndrome | |||
| QRS | complex Duration about 0.1 s( 5 mm), after each complex there is a tine T and there is a horizontal line gap | Expansion of the ventricular complex speaks of myocardial hypertrophy of the ventricles, blockade of the legs of the bundleIf | |
| is between high complexes facing upwards, there are no gaps( go on continuously), this indicates paroxysmal tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. | |||
| Has the appearance of a "flag" - myocardial infarction | |||
| A tooth Q | Turned down, deepNo ¼ R, may be absent | Deep and wide Q in standard or thoracic leads indicate acute or delayed myocardial infarction | |
| Jaw R | Highest, facing upwards( about 10-15 mm), pointed, present in all leads | May havedifferent heights in different leads, but if it is more than 15-20 mm in leads I, AVL, V5, V6, this may speak of left ventricular hypertrophy. The serrated at the top of R in the form of the letter M indicates the blockade of the legs of the bundle of His. | |
| Jaw S | There is in all leads, facing downwards, pointed, can have different depths: 2-5 mm in standard leads | Normally in the thoracic leads, its depth can be as many millimeters as the height R, but it should not exceed 20 mm, and in the leads V2-V4 the depth S is the same as the height R. Deep or serrated S in III, AVF, V1, V2 - hypertrophy of the left ventricle. | |
| Segment S-T | Corresponds to the horizontal line between the teeth S and T | Deviation of the electrocardiographic line upwards or downwards from the horizontal plane by more than 2 mm indicates ischemic disease, angina pectoris or myocardial infarction | |
| Tine T | Turned upwards in the form of an arch of less than ½R in V1 can have the same height but should not be higher than | A high, pointed, double-humped T in standard and thoracic leads indicates ischemic disease and cardiac overload | |
| Prong T merging with S interval-T and the R-wave in the form of an arc-shaped "flag" speaks about the acute period of the infarction |
Still something important
The ECG characteristics described in the table are normal and pathological - only a simplified version of the decoding. A full evaluation of the results and a correct conclusion can be made only by a specialist( cardiologist), who knows the extended scheme and all the subtleties of the method. This is especially true when it is necessary to decipher ECG in children. The general principles and elements of the cardiogram are the same as in adults. But for children of different ages there are different norms. Therefore, only children's cardiologists can make a professional assessment in disputed and doubtful cases.
