Pathology of vision - refractive amblyopia

This is a visual pathology, in which no visible changes in the structure of the eye are observed. This disease breaks refraction, which is expressed in the appearance of a fuzzy, defocused image. Refractive amblyopia, as a rule, develops against the background of myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism, which were not treated in time. This pathology can appear both on one eye and on two.

The manifestation of refractive amblyopia

Any light that enters the retina is transformed into nerve impulses that enter the brain.Based on these signals, a color and a three-dimensional image are formed. The main role in this process is played by the retina center, which determines the so-called central vision, in addition to which there is also peripheral vision.If the central vision decreases, and the defect is not amenable to correction with the help of glasses, ophthalmologists define pathology as refractive amblyopia.

In this case, the diagnosis does not show any changes in the fundus.

In this disease, the distorted information enters the brain region responsible for vision, in addition, the nervous system begins to develop incorrectly.This disease often affects children and it is dangerous, because the optic nervous system can stop in development.But, on the other hand, in childhood, while the organs of vision are not completely formed, it is easier to perform all corrective and curative procedures.Eliminating refractive amblyopia in an adult is very difficult and the percentage of negative results is high.

Causes of the disease

Amblyopia, as a reduction in vision, can occur for a number of reasons.Refractive amblyopia is a consequence of refraction failure, that is, refraction of light rays, with a focus violation and objects perceived as vague and fuzzy.

In the process of development of this pathology, the image, except for the loss of clarity, begins to bifurcate, and the person is unable to perform even simple types of work. In ophthalmology, two types of refractive amblyopia are considered:

• Primary amblyopia.
• Secondary amblyopia.

The emergence of primary amblyopia can be associated with hereditary factors.It occurs in the fetus located in the mother's womb.Secondary amblyopia is formed under the influence of various causes, negatively affecting the organs of vision.These factors include:

• Cataract.
• Strabismus.
• Difference in diopters between the eyes.
• Color blindness.
• Myopia.
• Farsightedness.
• Astigmatism.

Vision with amblyopia

All these reasons can be eliminated by various methods adopted in ophthalmology and only an untimely visit to the doctor can lead to refractive amblyopia. Most often amblyopia develops completely asymptomatic.Pathology can arise in the event that the difference in the level of vision between the eyes turns out to be higher, diopters.If the visual indices for both eyes are the same, then refractive amblyopia can develop at the following levels:

• Myopia over, diopter.
• Hyperopia over, diopter.
• Astigmatism from above, diopters.

Symptoms and Diagnosis of Pathology

The danger of refractive amblyopia is that it does not have severe symptoms. Usually this disease can be diagnosed in preschool or junior school age, when the child undergoes a routine examination with an ophthalmologist.

The development of this disease can be observed with a strong deviation of vision from the norm.

Doctors define four degrees of amblyopia:

• Weak.
• Average.
• High.
• Very high.

At a high and very high degree, such a visual impairment as a lack of fixation can be observed.With a normal fixation of the eye, it can remain immobile for a long time when viewing an object.The absence of fixation is characterized by the vagueness of the contours of the object.

To diagnose this pathology, a full cycle of eye studies is used. First check the overall status in the following ways:

• Control visual acuity with the help of tables.
• Checking the color perception.
• Test for refraction of light.
• Perimetry of the eye.

Further, procedures are performed to thoroughly examine the elements of the eye:

• Biomicroscopy.
• Checking the fundus.
• Control the transparency of the lens.
• Ultrasound examination.

If during the examination the patient has a high or very high degree of refractive amblyopia, then additional studies are carried out:

• Measurement of the angle of strabismus.
• Sciascopia.

With a skiascopy, the ability of the pupil to refract the light flux is determined.Diagnosis of refractive amblyopia is usually carried out in a complex way, because, in some cases, an ophthalmologist may need to consult a neurologist and other specialists.

Complication of this pathology can only be progressive deterioration of vision.

Treatment of refractive amblyopia

Since this pathology is a consequence of other visual defects, treatment begins with the elimination of the causes of reflux amblyopia.

Many parents believe that this defect will pass independently in the process of development and growth of the child. This is absolutely wrong. Treatment should be started as soon as possible.

After complete diagnosis, the doctor, in some cases, recommends surgery.This can be a correction of the position of the eyeball, removal of cataracts or transplantation of the cornea. First, simple but effective methods of vision correction are used.Choose glasses or contact lenses. Then pleoptric procedures can be shown. This process is a decrease in the activity of a healthy eye, so that the affected eye works with maximum activity. This is a kind of defective eye training. Next, you need to eliminate the doubling of the image and merge the images into one. For this purpose, reflexotherapy, vibration massage and physiotherapy procedures are used.Electrophoresis with certain drugs helps.

Preventive actions

Correct correction, performed at an early age, allows you to completely get rid of this defect and restore the child's normal vision. To prevent the disease, you must do the following:

• Visiting an ophthalmologist from an early age
• If pathologies occur, proceed immediately to eliminate them

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conclusions

Vision is considered the most important of all sense organs, therefore it should be treated with particular care. It is necessary to comply with all the prescriptions of the doctor and not to refuse the operation. Often only surgical intervention allows you to maintain your vision. An important role in the appearance and development of eye pathologies is played by bad habits, malnutrition and stressful situations. If possible, try to avoid all negative factors. In this case, good eyesight is guaranteed for years to come.

Also read about what is presbyopia and atrophy of the optic nerve.