Elbow joint: anatomy, structure and function

Structure, features and functions of the elbow joint

An important role in the human musculoskeletal system is occupied by the elbow joints.

Every day, hands are subject to heavy loads, whose performance may be higher than the maximum allowable.

They are in constant movement, participate in lifting the gravity, participate in the bending and extension of the elbow - with all this hard work have to cope with the joints of the hands.

Elbow joint

The cause of pain in the elbow can be damage to articular cartilage, rupture of tendons, stretching of muscles and ligaments, cardiovascular diseases and even pathologies of the nervous system. All problems should be taken seriously, because any complications can cause irreversible violations in the limb.

Anatomy of the elbow joint

In view of the atypical structure, the elbow joint belongs to complex joints, since its formation involves 3 bones: shoulder, elbow, ray. They form a joint of several joints, which are located in one capsule:

• adnate;
• the humerus;
• proximal radiophage.

Anatomy of the elbow joint

All components that make up the elbow joint are covered with hyaline cartilage, due to which the joint does not lose its mobility and is protected from damage.

The ulna and its structure

The ulna and its structure

The ulna plays an important role in the structure of the entire joint. It has a triangular shape with an extension at the ends.

On the outer and inner surfaces of it there are special cuttings for connection to the radial and humeral bones.

These scraps are limited on both sides by processes: anterior, or coronal, and posterior - elbow.

In injuries and injuries of this part, the motor ability of the hand is lost: the process of flexion and extension becomes impossible. On the back surface of this head there is a styloid process. A person can easily feel this bone under the skin.

Shoulder bone and its structure

Shoulder bone and its structure

The humerus is tubular and long in structure. It performs important functions, despite the simple structure. It starts from the shoulder joint and continues to the very bend of the elbow. The lower part of it has a triangular shape.

The place where the ulna and humerus meet together is called the block. Above the block, the humerus has a coronary fossa, above the condyle is a radial fossa, and behind it is the elbow, to which the elbow process adjoins.

The shape of the hemisphere, which has the upper end of the shoulder bone, is turned towards the scapula. This device is the head of the humerus. It has protrusions, which are necessary for fixing muscles and ligaments.

They can easily be touched by hand.

Structure of the radius

Structure of the radius

One of the bones of the forearm is the radial. It has a simple anatomy. Its lower end is wide, gradually tapering towards the middle.

The narrowest point is the neck, it has a hilly surface, to which tendons are attached.

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To connect with the projections of the humerus, there are special notches in the upper part, the lower end of the radius bone is articulated with the bones of the wrist.

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At the junction with the wrist is a styloid process, which can be touched by hand through the skin. Another important point is the restriction of the interosseous space of the forearm, it is provided by the ulnar and radial bones, which are pointed at each other with sharp edges.

The structure of the elbow joint as a joint articulation

The ulnar joint is formed from 3 small joints: humerus, ray and proximal. They are united by a common capsule. The elbow joint is responsible for the rotational movements of the arm.

They are carried out by special muscle groups, which are called pronators and insteps. The difference between these muscles is that they control the movements of the arm each in its own direction with an amplitude of 140 degrees.

If the muscle tone of a person is weak, then it is possible to bend the elbow in the other direction. In a person with developed musculature, the extension does not take place completely, since muscle tone is elevated.

An elbow joint ligament

An elbow joint ligament

The main function of the ligaments is to hold the elbow joint. There are two main collateral ligaments:

1. The ulnar - located between the inner projection on the surface of the condyle of the shoulder and the bone cavity on the ulna, does not allow twisting the elbow. The trauma of such a ligament manifests itself as a stretching or rupture. When stretching, pain occurs, and when the rupture does not function.
2. Radial - originates from the external epicondyle of the humerus, then diverges into two parts: one bundle fibers covers the base of the radius, forming a ring bunch, and the other - fixed on the ulnar bones.

Collateral ligaments block lateral displacement in the human elbow joint.

Muscles that are responsible for movement in the elbow joint

Thanks to the muscles in the joint of the elbow, movements such as:

• extension and flexion of the forearm;
• supination and pronation of the forearm (or rotation).

Proceeding from this, the muscles participating in the product of movements in the elbow joint are divided into 4 functional groups. Some muscles perform several functions, so they can simultaneously enter different functional groups.

Muscles of the shoulder and shoulder girdle

Flexors of the forearm

These muscles perform flexion of the forearm, located anterior to the transverse axis of the elbow joint. To the flexors of the forearm belong such muscles:

1. brachicidal;
2. shoulder;
3. biceps.

Extensors of the forearm

This group of muscles is responsible for extension of the forearm. Extensors of the forearm are located posterior to the transverse axis of the elbow joint and include such muscles:

1. ulnar;
2. triceps (humerus).

Forearm Promoters

To this group belong the muscles that are responsible for the rotation of the forearm from the outside inwards. This group of muscles unites:

1. the humerus;
2. square pronator;
3. rounded pronator.

Muscle work

Supinators forearm

These muscles ensure the rotation of the forearm from the inside outwards. To the insteps of the forearm carry:

1. supinator-muscle;
2. brachicidal;
3. biceps.

An elbow joint on an x-ray

In a number of cases, to determine the pathology of the osteoarticular apparatus, doctors prescribe an x-ray examination of the area of ​​injury. The elbow joint is no exception. A snapshot of this area of ​​the human skeleton is performed in two projections: from the side and back.

On a normal radiographic picture, the contours of all three articulations forming the elbow joint are equal, and the joint slits have approximately the same thickness. Distinguish between the humerus, brachial and radicular articular fissures. Children can be identified in all three bones of the nucleus of ossification.

A source: http://sustavam.ru/sustavy-ruk/stroenie-osobennosti-i-funktsii-loktevogo-sustava/

Anatomy. Elbow joint: structure, ligaments, muscles and functions

The structure and functions of different parts of the body, including the connections of bones, is studied by anatomy. The elbow joint refers to the bony joints of the free upper limb and is formed as a result of the articulation of individual parts of the three bones: humerus, ulna and ray.

Joint components

The elbow joint is an unusual bony joint that unites the shoulder and forearm.

The special structure allows to refer a joint to a complex and combined articulation.

A complex joint is called one, in the formation of which more than two articular surfaces take part. There are three of them in the ulnar:

• articular surface of the distal epiphysis of the humerus (block and head condyle);
• articular surface of the ulna (block-shaped and radial notch);
• head and articular radius of the radius.

The combined joint refers to those joints in which several independent joints are united by one joint capsule. In the ulnar in one capsule are combined three independent.

Anatomy of the elbow joint of a person is very unusual, unites in one connection 3 different types of articulations:

• brachialtic - uniaxial, block-shaped;
• the pelvic arm is globose, but the motion is carried out around two axes (frontal and vertical);
• ray-fiber - cylindrical (rotation around the vertical axis).

Possible movements in the elbow

The structure of the joint allows you to perform a certain set of movements. This is flexion, extension, rotation (pronation and supination).

Joint capsule

The joint capsule surrounds 3 joints. It is fixed in front and at the sides.

The front and back are rather thin, slightly stretched, but on the sides it is protected by ligaments of the elbow joint. Anatomy of the synovial membrane includes bones that are not covered with cartilage, but are in the joint.

Elbow joint ligaments

Each bone joint is a complex and thoughtful anatomy. The elbow joint is strengthened with ligaments, which ensure its protection and movements in different planes.

The ulnar collateral ligament begins from the base of the humerus (medial condyle), ends on the ulna (block-shaped notch).

The radial collateral ligament begins from the humerus (lateral epicondyle), divided by 2 bundles that diverge and envelop the head of the radius, are attached to the ulna (radial cutting).

Ring and square ligaments fix the radial and ulnar bones.

The tendons of the elbow joint are attached to the humpy protrusions. The anatomy of this compound is called the "head of the ulna". It is she who suffers most from injuries and injuries.

In addition to the main ligaments of the joint, the intercostal membrane of the forearm also participates in the bone fixation function. It is formed by strong bundles that connect the radial and ulnar bones.

One of these beams goes in the opposite direction from the other, called the oblique chord. It has holes through which the vessels and nerve pass.

The oblique chord is the beginning for a number of muscles of the forearm.

Muscles of the elbow joint, anatomy and their functions

There are several unusual bone joints in the human body. They all study the anatomy. The elbow joint is unusual in its own way. It is protected by a good muscular skeleton. The harmonious work of all muscles ensures the uninterrupted operation of this bone joint.

All muscles affecting the elbow joint can be divided into 3 groups: extensors, flexors, rotators (perform pronation and supination).

Extensors of the joint - the triceps arm muscle (triceps), forearm fascia forearm and elbow muscle.

Flexors of the joint - biceps arm (biceps), brachial and brachial muscles.

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The pronators - the brachial muscle, the round pronator, the square pronator - make rotational movements inside and out.

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Supinators - the biceps arm muscle, the arch support, the brachial muscle rotate the forearm from the inside.

Performing physical exercises that strengthen the listed muscles, it is important to remember the safety precautions. The elbow joint is often traumatized by athletes.

Blood supply of the elbow joint, anatomy

It is very important for the joint to receive in a timely manner the nutrients that come to it along with the blood. It comes to all articulations and muscles from a group of arteries. They consist of 8 branches that are located on top of the joint capsule.

The network of arteries supplying blood to the joint consists of vessels called "anastomosis."

Topographic anatomy of the elbow joint is a very complicated scheme of vascular junction. Thanks to this scheme, blood flow to the joint is uninterrupted. Outflow is carried out through the veins.

Innervation of muscles

What is the process of movement in the joint? There are special neural formations that provide innervation of muscles. It is the radial and middle nerves. They pass along the front of the elbow.

Features of the elbow joint, research methods

The elbow joint is very vulnerable, as it is constantly exposed to physical stress.

Very often, in order to understand the cause of painful sensations, the doctor prescribes additional studies. It can be radiography, MRI, ultrasound, tomography, arthroscopy, puncture of the elbow.

These examinations will reflect the current state of bones and ligaments, joint space. The picture of this or that research will reflect his entire anatomy. The elbow joint is a complex joint that requires caution and detailed study with additional equipment.

https://www.youtube.com/watc? = 7YIkEx13Tkk

The main method for diagnosing elbow diseases is radiography. The images are taken in two projections. They allow you to see all the changes in bones.

To determine diseases of soft elbow components, doctors use other methods of investigation.

Injuries and diseases

Regular pain in the elbow area may indicate that there are some violations. After the examination, the most frequent diagnosis is arthrosis. It happens and arthritis, and much more.

Osteoarthritis

It occurs much less frequently than in the knee or hip joints. The risk group includes people whose work is associated with increased stress on the elbow joint, suffered a trauma or an operation on the elbow, with endocrine or metabolic disorders, with arthritis.

The main symptoms: constant aching pain that occurs after physical activity. Passes after rest. A click or a crunch in the elbow. Limitation of the amplitude of motion.

Arthritis

Inflammation of the joint. There are many possible causes. They can be infections, allergic reactions, high stresses on the joint, eating disorders.

The form of arthritis can be acute or chronic.

The main symptoms: persistent pain, skin hyperemia, edema, joint mobility restriction.

Rheumatoid arthritis

Most often the elbow joint affects rheumatoid arthritis. His symptoms: stiffness of movements in the morning, symmetrical arthritis (both joints are inflamed), chronic pain, involvement in the painful process of smaller joints (hands, ankle, wrist, knees).

Epicondylitis

A frequent disease in people, whose activities are associated with high loads on the elbow joint (tennis, golf, wrestling).

There are 2 types: lateral, medial.

The main symptoms: pain in the area of ​​a damaged epicondyle, which extends to the muscles of the forearm (front or back). In the beginning of the disease, pain occurs after exercise. In the future, pain is felt even from minimal movements.

Bursitis

Inflammation of the joint bag. Most often occurs in people whose activities are associated with permanent injuries to the back surface of the elbow.

The main symptoms: swelling, throbbing pain, swelling in the back of the elbow, limiting the amplitude of motion. Often with the main symptoms the temperature rises, there is a state of general weakness, malaise, headaches begin.

Injuries

Unwanted physical effects on the elbow can lead to injuries. This is a dislocation, fractures of bones, sprain, hemorrhage in the joint (hemarthrosis), muscle damage, rupture of the joint capsule.

These injuries and diseases are most common in everyday life.

In order to protect themselves from them, preventive measures should be taken: avoid excessive loads, give oneself timely rest, prevention of traumatic situations at work is important, adherence to diet, moderate physical training and joint gymnastics.

A source: http://.ru/article/265263/anatomiya-loktevoy-sustav-stroenie-svyazki-myishtsyi-i-funktsii

Anatomy of the elbow joint, structure, functions

The human body is a coherent system. Due to the correct arrangement of its parts, all the functions necessary for life activity are realized. The main support of the body is the skeleton.

The next most important component is the joints and ligaments. Thanks to this education, people are able to make any movement. The joints of the upper limbs are numerous. Most of them are observed in the area of ​​hands and fingers.

Nevertheless, in order to bring the entire upper limb into motion, the work of the three main joints is expended: the shoulder, elbow and wrist.

The anatomy of these lesions is complex, because they have a lot of parts (bones, ligaments, muscles, nerves and blood vessels).

What is the elbow joint?

Anatomy of the elbow joint, the shoulder joint, as well as the wrist joint, is a coherent mechanism that has several components. Each of these formations is important.

Only thanks to the correct structure of the entire joint, it can perform its functions. Anomalies or diseases of the bone tissue or ligamentous apparatus lead to disturbances in the movements of the upper limb.

The same applies to the pathology of blood vessels and nerves. Anatomy of the elbow joint includes 3 bones, several ligaments, a capsule and muscles. The functioning of each of these formations requires blood supply and innervation.

In general, the concept of "elbow" includes not only the joint, but also the forearm. Thanks to the well-coordinated work of these entities, it can perform the following functions:

Flexion of the upper limb.

Pronation and supination.

Extension of the hand.

and reduction of the forearm.

Bones and elbows

Anatomy of the elbow joint is heavy, since it refers to complex joints. First of all, this is due to the fact that it consists of 3 bones. In addition, each of them is connected by means of small joints. All of them are under a special bag with a capsule.

This education can be visualized in a special atlas. There you can see all the joints that make up the elbow joint.

Anatomy (photos that are in the atlas, help to better understand it), this education is presented in different angles and sections, so that it is clear all of his device.
Bone, enters the described joint and is located from above (proximally), called the humerus.

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It starts from the hollow of the scapula and ends at the level of the elbow. Refers to the tubular bones of the skeleton. If you look at it in a cross-section, you can see that the lower part has the shape of a triangle. In this zone there is an articular surface.

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Its middle part is connected to the ulna and forms a small joint. It bears the name of a humerus articulation. On the side (laterally) is the connection with the radius. There, too, there is a joint, called the brachial articulation.

Two bones that form part of the elbow joint on the distal side are also connected to each other. They form the third joint - proximal radiolucleus. And all of the above listed entities are covered with a bag.

What are the connections formed by the elbow?

In addition to bones, the anatomy of the elbow joint includes a ligamentous apparatus. They are fibers of connective tissue, which are also necessary for making movements. Here are the following links:

Radial collateral. It starts from the protruding part (condyles) of the ulna, which is located on the side. Next, the ligament descends below and bends the head of the radius. After that, it is attached to the tenderloin on it.

Elbow collateral. Like the first, originates from the condyle of the humerus (internal). After that, it goes down. This formation ends in a block-shaped notch.

Ring-shaped ligament of radius. It is between the front and back of the tenderloin. The fibers of this ligament embrace the radial bone, thereby attaching it to the ulna.

Square. Promotes the connection of the neck of the radius, with the elbow cutting.

The interosseous membrane of the forearm. It is a dense connective tissue that is necessary for fixation. It occupies the entire space between the elbow and the radius.

Muscles that make up the elbow joint

Muscles are organs through which a person can perform flexion and extension of limbs.

Anatomy of the elbow joint includes striated muscle, although the muscles are not part of the joint itself.

Nevertheless, they are its integral part, since without them the joint can not perform its function. The muscles are located in the proximal and distal areas, that is, above and below the articulation. Among them:

Shoulder. It is located just above the joint. Thanks to it, the forearm is flexed.

The biceps (biceps). It begins in the upper part of the humerus, it is well palpated with the strain of the arm. Refers to the flexor group.

Three-headed. Responsible for the movement of the forearm.

The ulnar muscle. Necessary for extension of the joint.

The ulnar flexor of the wrist.

Round pronator. Participates in flexion of the forearm.

A long palm muscle. Some people do not have it. This muscle is necessary for extension of the forearm and palm.

Superficial flexor of fingers.

Bronchial muscle. Responsible for bends and bends.

Muscle-supinator. It is located in the bony region of the forearm.

Long and short radius extensor.

Thanks to all of them, the upper limb makes movements. Therefore, they should also be attributed to anatomical elbow formations. After all, the muscles involved in the movement of the forearm.

What are elbow bags: anatomy

All the anatomical formations of the elbow joint are enclosed in a so-called bag. It consists of a synovial membrane with a liquid inside it. In the cavity of the bag includes all 3 joints of bones.

As a result, a single joint is formed - the elbow joint. In turn, each of the three small junctions is also enclosed in bags. By the way, this shell is present in all the joints of our body.

Thanks to the synovial fluid, the bones and joints are not damaged in a collision (during movement).

Which arteries supply the elbow

In order for all the formations of the elbow to function, blood flow is necessary. It is carried out by means of three large vessels. Among them: the humerus, ulnar and radial arteries. Each of them, in turn, has branches.

In general, the elbow joint is supplied with blood from 8 arteries that drain from the three main arteries. Some of them provide the muscles with oxygen. Other blood supply to the bones and joints. All these vessels form a network - an anastomosis.

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As a result, with the defeat of one of them, the blood still comes to the organ. Nevertheless, anastomoses between the arteries do not always help with injuries. This is due to the fact that severe bleeding from the vascular network is difficult to stop.

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All arteries are located on the surface of the bag of the joint. Thanks to them, all the articulation feeds on oxygen.

Ulcers of the elbow joint

The venous system is spread throughout the body. The anatomy of the elbow joint is not an exception.

The venous outflow from the formations constituting this joint is carried out by vessels of the same name (with arteries).

That is, blood, rich in carbon dioxide, from the region of the joint returns to the heart system. Allocate such vessels that carry out the outflow:

lower and upper ulnar collateral - they are branches from the brachial vein;

return ulnar - it has 2 branches (front and back). Both are part of the ulnar vein;

returnable interosseous;

inverse radial - in the blood supply of the elbow, its 1 branch participates;

medial and radial collateral.

These vessels carry out the outflow of blood to the basins of the three main veins. They are called the same as the arteries: radial, ulnar and humeral. All of them fall into a large armpit vein.

Anatomy of the elbow joint: lymph drainage (vessels and nodes)

The lymphatic system consists of vessels and ducts. Also in the body there are several groups of large peripheral nodes. Among them: axillary, ulnar, inguinal and other clusters of lymphoid tissue.

In addition, there are small nodes. Outflow of lymph is carried out through deep vessels. They pass near the arteries and veins of the upper limb.

After this, an outflow to the subclavian trunk occurs. Further - in the right and left lymphatic ducts.

Innervation of the shoulder and elbow joints

To understand exactly how the movements of the forearm are carried out, it is necessary to study such a section as the anatomy of the elbow joint. The innervation of this junction is represented by three basic formations. They, in turn, are divided into small branches.

Radial and median nerve pass along the anterior side of the elbow. The first - performs 2 functions. He sets in motion the extensor muscles of the elbow and wrist joint, and also is responsible for the sensitivity of the back of the forearm and half of the hand.

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The median nerve passes almost through the entire upper limb. Basically, it activates the flexor muscles of the palm and fingers, and also - the round pronator. The third major nerve is the ulnar one.

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In the distal part, it passes into the palmar branch, which moves the 4 and 5 fingers. The proximal part innervates the muscles of the forearm.

Anatomical features of the elbow structure in children

Anatomy of the elbow joint in children does not differ from adults. However, this joint in the child is more prone to injury. And most often there are dislocations of the elbow joint.

This is due to the fact that synovial tissue in children is not sufficiently formed, in contrast to adults. As a result of stretching the arms of the children, the radial head is moved.

Basically, this phenomenon is observed at the age of 1 to 3 years. And it is more common in girls.

How is the elbow joint in dogs

Anatomy of the elbow joint of a dog is similar to the human. This articulation is problematic for animals and veterans. A feature of the elbow in dogs is the tendency of articular tissue to dysplasia.

This disease is common among many breeds. It refers to the congenital anomalies of development.

With dysplasia, a gradual destruction of the tissues occurs, resulting in pathology leading the animal to limp.

A source: http://stomatlife.ru/medicina/anatomiya-loktevogo-sustava-stroenie-funkcii.html

Elbow joint and its functions

A well-known joint in the human body is the elbow joint, which connects the shoulder and forearm to each other. The joint consists of 3 bones: the ulna, the humerus and the ray.

Anatomy of the elbow joint

The elbow joint is a complex and combined joint. In a complex joint, more than two articular planes participate in the formation of the joint of the bones. In the combined joint - separate joints form a joint, connected by the 1st capsule of the joint.

Three separate joints form the elbow joint: the pelvic joint, the proximal radiolucent and the pleural membrane.

It has already been mentioned that the elbow joint consists of three different joints, enclosed in a single capsule. The plane of the articulations is covered with a cartilaginous tissue.

The pleural joint is block-shaped, it creates conditions for movements along a single axis in a dimension range of 140 degrees. The pleural joint is formed by a block of the shoulder bone and a block-shaped cutting of the ulna.

The proximal radiophilic joint is cylindrical, it creates conditions for movement around the vertical axis. Forms the connection of the radial cutting of the ulna and the circumference of the head of the ray.

Due to the complicated structure of the elbow device, the following modes of activity are available: flexion and extension, supination and pronation of the forearm.

With the help of the joint capsule, a firm environment of all three joints occurs. It is fixed along the circumference of the humerus.

It descends to the forearm and is attached around the radial and ulnar bones.

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The posterior and anterior parts of the capsule are rather thin and slightly strained, which is why the joint is vulnerable to trauma. The lateral parts of the capsule are fixed with ligament cords.

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The synovial membrane forms folds and individual pockets. These components participate in movements, contribute to their smoothness, protect the structure of the articulation. Sometimes there is damage and inflammation of synovial bags, as a result, a serious ailment develops-bursitis of the elbow.

Muscles of the elbow joint

At the elbow joint reliable protection due to the muscular framework, consisting of a large amount of muscle extensors and flexors. Due to their well-coordinated activities, correct and unmistakable movements of the elbow are performed.

Elbow joint ligaments

Strengthening of the elbow joint is performed due to the following links:

- Elbow collateral. Bundle lies from the inner epicondyle of the humerus, descends to the bottom and attaches to the block-shaped elbow cutting.

- Radial collateral. The ligament begins from the lateral epicondyle of the shoulder, descends downwards, bypasses the head of the radius in 2 bundles and attaches itself to the radial incision of the ulna.

- Circular ligament of radius. The ligament is attached to the anterior and posterior sections of the radial incision of the ulna, the fibers of which encircle the radial bone. Due to this, the radius bone is held in the necessary position near the ulna.

- Square bundle. Takes part in the connection of the elbow and neck beams.

The interosseous membrane of the forearm can not be called a ligament joint, despite the fact that it also helps to fix the bones of the forearm. The membrane is formed by reliable connective fibers. It connects the hidden ends of the radial and ulnar bone along their entire length.

Features of the structure of the elbow joint

The elbow joint is a unique articulation of bones in the human body. Large vessels and neural formations pass through it, which are responsible for the blood supply and innervation of the forearm and hand. It is formed by three bones: a humerus from above, radial and ulnar from below.

It is the only compound in the anatomy that includes 3 simple joints:

• adnate;
• the humerus;
• proximal radiophilic.

A feature is also that the listed elements are combined using a common capsule. It is attached along the edge of the cartilaginous surfaces of the bones being joined. The capsule of the joint is fixed by a ligamentous device.

Weak spots

Where the capsule is attached to the radius, its inner surface forms a recess - a sac bag that points downward. Here the articular membrane is thinner.

It is the weak point of the elbow joint. When it becomes inflamed, a purulent discharge is accumulated in the bag.

In addition to the ligamentous apparatus, the joint is also strengthened by musculature. But behind and above the capsule, on each side of the elbow bone, it is not strengthened by any muscles. This area is the second weak point.

Anatomy of the joint

The jaw joint, as the name implies, connects the humerus and ulna. The joint is shaped like a block-shaped and is combined in movements with the brachial.

The connection is made with the help of a process on the humerus bone in the form of a block and a suitable cutout for the radial bone.

He, thanks to his structure, performs work only on the front axle, allowing the joint to bend and unbend.

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The connection of the humerus and radius in the brachium connection takes place through the head of the condyle and the fossa of the head, respectively. Although the joint has the shape of a ball, it can move around the front axis (bend and unbend) and vertical (rotate).

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The proximal radiophilic articulation is formed by the articulation of the radius and cut of the ulna bones, resembling a cylinder in shape. Its structure is determined by the fact that only movements such as rotations inside and out are realized in it.

The interrelation of the three elements of the elbow joint provides the necessary volume of movements.

Bundles and volume of movements

The fixing apparatus is common to the entire elbow joint, as is the capsule.

Bundles strengthen the connection and do not allow excessive movements, for example, side movements. This property gives stability to this joint.

In anatomy, two collateral (to the right and left of the joint) and a ring ligament are distinguished.

In addition, as a result of the combined action of the proximal (upper) and distal (lower) ray-elbow joints, the forearm is rotated inward and outward relative to the humerus.

It can be concluded that the connection is quite mobile. This makes it possible for a person to perform clear and purposeful actions. That is why restoration of the elbow joint after a traumatic effect or inflammatory process is important.

Muscular apparatus

Making movements is impossible without such an important constituent element of anatomy, like muscles. Most of the musculature of the elbow is on the humerus and forearm, and therefore start far from the joint itself. We list the groups of muscles acting on the elbow joint:

1. In the flexion involved shoulder biceps, shoulder muscles, brachial, round pronator.
2. The triceps shoulder and elbow muscles perform the extension.
3. When you rotate inward, such muscles as the round and square pronators, the brachial muscle.
4. Rotation to the outside is carried out by the supinator, the shoulder bicep and the brachial muscle.

They are represented by groups that move the limb in one direction. In anatomy they are called muscle agonists. The muscles that perform work in opposite directions are muscle-antagonists. These groups provide coordination of movements of the upper limb.

It is the balanced arrangement and structure of the muscles that makes it possible for a person to perform purposeful actions and regulate the force of contraction.

Blood supply and venous outflow

Blood flows to the constituent elements of the articulation and muscles with the help of the ulnar arterial network, which is formed by 8 branches and lies on the surface of the joint capsule.

They depart from the large brachial, ulnar and radial arteries. This compound of different vessels is called an anastomosis.

This anatomy of the elbow blood supply provides a sufficient influx of the blood of the elbow area, if any of the large arteries feeding the joint ceases to function.

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But one of the negative aspects of the arterial network is a high probability of bleeding when wounding the vessels, which is difficult to stop.

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Venous outflow is carried out through veins, with the same name with arteries that feed.

Nervous structures

The innervation of the muscular apparatus making movements in the ulnar junction occurs due to 3 nervous formations: the radial nerve, passing along the anterior surface of the ulnar region, the median nerve, which also goes from the front, and the ulnar nerve that follows the posterior surface region.

Clinical role of compound

The elbow joint, along with the shoulder joint, is very important in human life. Thanks to him, it is possible to perform both domestic and professional activities.

If the disease or injury is not treated properly, then the violation of the functions so significant anatomical education leads to great difficulties that worsen the quality of life rights.

Elbow diseases can occur as a result of traumatic and infectious-inflammatory changes. These include:

• arthritis - acute or chronic inflammation;
• bursitis - inflammation of mucous bags;
• epicondylitis ("tennis elbow "elbow of the golfer") - inflammation of the epicondyle of the humerus;
• bruises, sprains, sprains, ligaments, fractures.

The main symptom of diseases of the elbow joint is pain. Most often, people who lead an active lifestyle, go in for sports and travel regularly.

It is also a frequent phenomenon among people who, due to their professional activities, are forced to experience heavy physical activities. The special structure and blood supply increases the susceptibility of the joint to injuries.

Therefore it is very important, especially to the mentioned risk groups, to prevent the development of the disease and to consult a doctor in time.

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To assess the condition of the joint, arthroscopy is the most informative study. It is a safe operation with minimal damage, in which punctures are made and with the help of video equipment inspect the joint from the inside.

How to forget about pain in the joints?

• Joint pain limits your movements and full life ...
• You are worried about discomfort, crunch and systematic pain ...
• Perhaps you have tried a bunch of medicines, creams and ointments ...
• But judging by the fact that you read these lines - not much they helped you ...

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The structure of the elbow joint and its disease

The elbow joint is a rather interesting joint in the human body, which connects the shoulder and forearm to each other. Three bones participate in its formation: humerus, ulna and ray.

Given the features of the structure of the elbow joint, it is referred to as complex and combined joints. These features allow you to perform 4 types of movements: flexion and extension, pronation and supination.

A complex joint is an articulation of bones, in the construction of which more than 2 articular surfaces take part.

The joint joint is an articulation that consists of several separate joints united by one joint capsule. The ulnar joint includes 3 separate:

• adrenaline,
• brachial,
• proximal radiophilic.

Let us consider in detail the structure of the elbow joint.

Anatomy of the elbow joint

As already mentioned, the elbow joint consists of three separate joints, which are enclosed in one capsule. All articular surfaces are covered with cartilage.

Bones that take part in the formation of the elbow joint

Shoulder-joint

It consists of a block of bones of the shoulder and block-shaped cutting of the ulna. The shape is block-shaped, which provides movement on one axis in the range of 140º.

Bronchial articulation

It consists of the articular surfaces of the head of the condyle of the humerus and the joint fossa of the head of the radius. In its shape refers to spherical, but the movement in it is carried out not on three, but only on two axes - vertical and frontal.

The proximal fibroblast joint

Connects the radial incision of the ulna and the ray head circumference. The shape refers to cylindrical, which provides movement around the vertical axis.

The complex structure of the elbow provides him with such kinds of movements as flexion and extension, supination and pronation of the forearm.

Elbow joint ligaments

Joint capsule

Capsule joints securely surrounds all three joints. It is attached around the humerus.

It is lowered on the forearm and fixed securely around the ulnar and radial bones.

In the front and back of the capsule is thin and poorly stretched, which makes the joint vulnerable to damage. On each side it is well strengthened by ligament cords.

The synovial membrane forms several folds and individual pockets (bursa).

They take part in movements, make them smoother, provide protection for the structures of the joint.

But, unfortunately, these synovial bags can be damaged and inflamed, which is accompanied by the development of bursitis elbow.

Bursitis of the elbow joint

Ligament apparatus

The joint is strengthened by the following joints:

• Elbow collateral. It extends from the inner epicondyle of the humerus, descends downwards and is attached to the block-shaped elbow cutting.
• Radial collateral. It originates from the lateral epicondyle of the shoulder, descends, bends the head of the radius bone with two bundles and is attached to the radial incision of the ulna.
• Ring radius. It is attached to the anterior and posterior parts of the radial notch of the ulna, and its fibers encircle the radius of the radial bone. Thus, the latter is held in place near the ulna.
• Square. It connects the elbow cutting and the neck of the beam.
• The interosseous membrane of the forearm, although not related to the elbow joints, but it takes part in the process of fixing the bones of the forearm. It consists of very strong connective tissue fibers and is stretched between the inner edges of the radial and ulna throughout their entire length.

Muscular skeleton

The elbow joint is protected by a good muscular skeleton, which consists of a large number of flexor muscles and extensors. It is their well-coordinated work that allows you to perform fine and precise movements in the elbow.

Muscles of forearm

Methods for assessing the condition of the elbow joint

Assess the condition of the elbow joint will help several diagnostic methods.

Examination and palpation

The skin above the joint is normally smooth and elastic. In the position of the unbent elbow, it is easily assembled into a crease and is slightly retracted.

In case of presence of those or other diseases it is possible to see a change in the color of the skin (cyanosis, redness), the skin can become hot to the touch, stretched and shiny.

You can also notice swelling, nodular formation, deformity.

Palpation is performed by flexing the arm in the shoulder joint and completely relaxing the muscles. During palpation, you need to assess the skin condition, the presence of edema, the integrity of the bone elements, their shape, tenderness and amplitude of movements, the presence of a crunch in the joint.

The elbow joint is superficially and perfectly accessible for examination

Radiography

Conducting an x-ray of the elbow joint is the main method of diagnosing its diseases. As a rule, they take pictures in two projections.

This makes it possible to see almost all pathological changes in the bones that form the articulation.

It is important to remember that the pathology of the soft tissue components of the elbow (ligaments, cartilage, burs, muscles, capsule) can not be detected on the radiographic image.

Tomography

Computer or magnetic resonance tomography allows you to more accurately study the structure of the joint and its individual components, to reveal even the most minimal pathological changes. And what's more important - tomography allows you to perfectly visualize not only bone structures, but all soft tissues.

MRI allows not only to put the correct diagnosis (in this picture - arthrosis), but also to make 3D-reconstruction of the joint

Ultrasound

The elbow joint is superficial, so it is perfectly accessible for ultrasound examination. The simplicity of performing ultrasound, its safety, the lack of special preparation for examination and high information content make this method indispensable in diagnosing the majority of abnormalities of the elbow.

Arthroscopy

This is a modern highly informative but invasive method for studying the condition of the elbow joint. The essence of the method is as follows.

Under local anesthesia, a surgeon or traumatologist performs a small incision in the projection of the elbow, through which a special conductor mini-camera is inserted into his cavity. The image is transferred to a large medical monitor and increases several times.

Thus, the doctor can see with his own eyes how the joint is made from within and whether there are any injuries to its individual structures.

Elbow Puncture

Puncture (puncture) of the elbow joint is carried out in order to determine the nature of the causes of accumulation in its cavity of exudate (pus, blood, serous fluid, fibrinous secretions) followed by identification of the pathogen of inflammation, and this procedure, except for diagnostic, has therapeutic effect. With its help from the joint evacuate excess fluid, which positively affects the course of the disease and the patient's well-being. Also in this way various medications are introduced into the joint cavity, for example, antibacterial drugs.

Puncture of the elbow joint is not only a diagnostic method, but also a therapeutic

Possible diseases

Many people feel pain in the elbow joint from time to time, but in some it is chronic and pronounced, accompanied by other pathological signs and a violation of the function of the joint. In such cases it is necessary to think about one of the possible ailments of the elbow. Consider the diseases that occur most often.

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthrosis of the elbow affects the articulation relatively rarely, when compared with the amount of pathology with localization in the knee and hip joints.

In the risk group are people whose work is associated with increased stress on the joint, with the transferred trauma or surgery on the elbow, patients with primary endocrine and metabolic disorders, with arthritis in anamnesis.

Among the main symptoms of pathology are:

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• aching pain of medium intensity, which appears after the articulation is overloaded, at the end of the working day and passes after rest;
• the appearance of clicks or a crunch when moving in the elbow;
• gradual limitation of the amplitude of movements, which in severe cases can reach the level of ankylosis and is accompanied by a loss of function of the hand.

Diagnosis includes laboratory research methods to exclude inflammatory etiology present symptoms, X-ray examinations, in some cases resort to MRI or arthroscopy.

Treatment is long and complex with the use of medicines (anti-inflammatory, analgesic, chondroprotective) and non-medicinal techniques (physiotherapy, physiotherapy exercises). In severe cases resort to reconstructive surgery or even to the endoprosthesis of the elbow joint.

Chronic pain in the elbow is the main sign of arthrosis

Arthritis

Arthritis is a lesion of the articulation of the inflammatory nature. It is important to note that there are several reasons for arthritis.

These are infections (bacterial, viral, fungal), and allergic reactions in the body, and autoimmune processes (rheumatoid arthritis).

Arthritis can be acute and chronic.

Despite the different etiology, the symptoms of arthritis are quite similar:

• intense persistent pain;
• hyperemia of the skin;
• edema;
• limitation of mobility due to pain syndrome and edema.

Most often the elbow joint affects rheumatoid arthritis. About the illness should be thought in such cases:

• presence of stiffness in the joint in the morning;
• symmetric arthritis, that is, both elbows are inflamed simultaneously;
• the disease is characterized by a chronic undulating course with periods of exacerbations and remissions;
• In the pathological process, other joints (small joints of the hands, ankle, wrist, knee) are often involved.

If the pain in the elbow is accompanied by stiffness in the joint, then one should suspect rheumatoid arthritis

Epicondylitis

The most common cause of pain in the elbow joint is epicondylitis. At risk are people who, according to their duty, are heavy, often perform rotational movements by their hands, sportsmen (especially tennis, golf, wrestling).

There are two types of epicondylitis:

1. Lateral is an inflammation of the bone tissue where tendons of the muscle fibers of the forearm are attached to the lateral epicondyle of the shoulder.
2. Medial - develops in case of inflammation of the medial epicondyle of the humerus in the elbow zone.

With medial and lateral epicondylitis, the pain extends to certain muscle groups

The main symptom of epicondylitis is pain that occurs in the area of ​​the injured epicondyle and extends to the anterior or posterior muscle group of the forearm.

First, the pain occurs after physical overload, for example, after training with athletes, and then the pain develops even due to minimal movements, for example, raising the cup with tea.

Bursitis

This is an inflammation of the joint bag, which is located on the back of the elbow. Most often this disease develops in people with chronic traumatization of the back surface of the elbow joint.

Symptoms of bursitis:

• pain pulsating or jerking in the elbow area;
• redness and development of edema;
• formation of a tumor along the posterior surface of the joint, which can reach the size of a chicken egg;
• limitation of the amplitude of movements in the elbow due to pain and swelling;
• often there are general symptoms - fever, general weakness, malaise, headache, etc.

Bursitis elbow requires urgent treatment, since if you do not evacuate the pus from the bursa in time, it can spread to neighboring tissues with the development of an abscess or phlegmon.

This is the bursitis of the elbow joint

Injuries

Traumatic injuries of the elbow joint occur quite often both in adults and in children. In case of injury of the joint, the following pathological conditions or their combination can be observed:

• dislocation of the bones of the forearm;
• intra-articular fractures of the humerus, ulna, or radius;
• stretching, partial or complete rupture of ligaments;
• hemorrhage in the articulation (hemarthrosis);
• damage to the muscles that are attached to the elbow;
• rupture of the joint capsule.

Only the specialist after the examination and the additional examination methods described above can make a correct diagnosis.

In case of elbow injury, it is easy to damage the ulnar nerve, especially often such a complication is observed when falling on the posterior surface of the articulation

Rareer diseases

There are also more rare diseases of the elbow joint. These include:

• chondrocalcinosis;
• hygromous, or synovial cyst;
• damage to nerve fibers in the elbow area;
• specific infections (tuberculosis, syphilitic, brucellosis arthritis);
• diffuse fasciitis;
• dissecting osteochondritis.

Thus, the elbow joint is a complex joint of bones, which is particularly strong, but due to some anatomical and functional features, this joint is subject to overloads and, as a consequence, to a large number diseases. Therefore, when there is frequent pain in the elbow area, you must definitely seek specialized medical help.

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