Myopia and hyperopia - the main problems of vision

Vision is one of the most important signaling systems in the body, often giving the person the most complete information about the world around him.Unfortunately, it is also susceptible to certain diseases, among which the most common are myopia and hyperopia.About,what it isshort-sightedness and farsightedness, in what cases they develop and how they are diagnosed, this material will be discussed.

Physiological features of vision

The human eye has a rather complex working principle.The flow of light in it must pass through several kinds of heterogeneous medium, among which are chambers with liquid, vitreous body and lens, working on the principle of a lens.

Through it an inverted and reduced image of the surrounding world is transmitted to the retina. There it is recognized by means of rods and cones entering into its structure, and is transmitted to analyzers.

The image obtained by the eye is, in almost all cases, incomplete, since the structure of the eye provides for the presence of blind spots. That part of the picture of the surrounding world, which falls on them, is supplemented by the cells of the brain.

The adaptation of the eye to closely and far-located objects occurs due to a change in its curvature by the muscles.However, not all cases it passes correctly.With a peculiar shape of the eyeball, lens diseases, as well as loss of tissue elasticity in humans can develop one of the most common diseases of this system: myopia or farsightedness.

Myopia

Under myopia is usually understood pathology, developing with an elongated form of the eyeball at which the focus of the eye is shifted from the retina to the vitreous.The main discomfort that the given disease gives is the inability to distinguish distant objects, including the numbers of buses, minibuses, inscriptions and advertisements in shop windows and so on.

It is myopia (or myopia) that is a genetically determined disease. Because it is often diagnosed in adolescence. It is less common in older people, who had no problems with vision before.

Currently, there are several methods of treating this ailment, including laser correction, but none of them gives 100% guarantee.Lenses for glasses with such a disease biconcave.

Myopia is a disease that can progress very quickly. That is why when diagnosing it, it is necessary to carefully monitor the hygiene of vision and periodically come to the ophthalmologist for a checkup to track the dynamics of pathological processes.

Hyperopia

Hyperopia is a type of eye deflection, in which the focus is formed behind the retina.Very often it develops with a shortened eyeball, it is noted in all infants (by the school years, children develop this pathology).

The cause of hyperopia is most often the age-related changes, namely, dystrophic-atrophic processes in the muscles of the eyeball.These changes, however, with modern diagnostics and a correctly selected method of treatment are mostly amenable to correction.With this deviation, the patient is assigned a double-lobe lens for daily wear.

In contrast to myopia, hyperopia usually has an age-related character. This disease often causes other ailments, including glaucoma.

Methods for determining hyperopia and nearsightedness

The main method of diagnosing both nearsightedness and farsightedness is research using ophthalmic tables.They are based on the following principle: if the person's vision is 100%, then he will be able to distinguish two points at a distance of 5 meters.

Deviations in the greater or lesser side can already be considered myopia or hyperopia (depending on the indices).Each letter in the table gives information about a particular visual acuity parameter. They are taken into account in those cases, if a person does not distinguish all the symbols of a certain series.

In general, the principle of diagnosis is this: the closer the patient is to the plate, the larger characters he sees, the worse the acuity of his vision. If he sees clearly enough only small marks at a great distance, then it is a question of farsightedness.

Also these days, in addition to this study, computer diagnostic methods are often used to maximize the result, to identify concomitant diseases of the eye, as well as to select as precisely as possible not only the method of treatment, but also optics for raising the standard of living patient.They are appointed depending on the suspicion of a certain type of ailment.

Generalizing factors (stages of the disease)

Hyperopia and nearsightedness during the diagnosis can be detected at one of such stages:

• Weak;
• Heavy;
• Average.

When making any diagnosis, a person is taken to a dispensary account and assigned him the necessary number of visits per year (usually two). This is necessary so that the doctor can monitor the dynamics of the disease and in time to select a new optician for the patient, or to diagnose such dangerous ailments as cataracts or glaucoma, developing in parallel with the above-described diseases.

Hyperopia

If the patient is suspected of hyperopia, the patient should consult a doctor and take the following examinations:

1. Testing using the table;
2. Investigation of eye accommodation;
3. Tests to reduce vision;
4. Investigation of bipolarity of the eye.

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Myopia

To determine myopia, the following series of techniques are used:

• Verification of vision without lenses according to the table;
• Measurement of eye length;
• Determination of eye refraction and degree of myopia;
• Ophthalmoscopy;
• Diagnosis of the patient's field of vision.

These techniques provide exhaustive information for a similar ailment.Additional studies, including aberrometry, may be prescribed if an operation is planned to eliminate this problem.

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conclusions

Both farsightedness and myopia are today quite common diseases that each of us can face.At the slightest suspicion of a similar pathology, the patient should immediately consult a doctor.Timely diagnosis and correction of vision helps to get rid of the problem or, at least, to stop the progression of the disease.