Redness after vaccination against influenza

Vaccinations against influenza: 12 of the most popular myths

As shown by medical statistics, only 1% of Ukrainians give themselves the opportunity to get vaccines against influenza. All the blame is not only elementary negligence to one's health, but also the myths about vaccinations, which we diligently read and hear from different sources. It's time to finally find out the truth about what flu shots are.

Myth 1: Vaccinations from influenza can cause flu

True. People are confused when they learn that flu shots contain the flu virus, but not alive. They think that in this way they will get influenza through an inoculation. But you should know that flu vaccinations contain only inactivated influenza viruses. They can not cause infection.

Studies comparing those who have already been vaccinated against influenza, with people who have been injected with a salt water solution (placebo) show that those who received flu shots had redness at the injection site and tenderness of the hand. In the future, they did not experience pain throughout the body, fever, cough, runny nose or sore throat, characteristic of the flu.

Myth 2: Vaccinations from influenza do not help

True. Some people believe that it makes no sense to vaccinate against the flu after the onset of November, since it begins season colds and immunity does not have time to prepare for them with a vaccine. And experts say that it is better to get flu shots, as soon as you are ready for it (of course, if there are no contraindications). Flu vaccination can be very useful, even if the flu viruses are actively circulating around you.

The season of influenza varies in time from year to year. Peaks of seasonal flu usually occur in January or February, but some people get flu in late May. Therefore, flu shots can be very useful at any time of the year.

Myth 3: Immunizations from the flu will protect against the disease for many years

True. Just because you got a flu shot last year does not mean that you are protected from it this year. Influenza viruses change from year to year, which means that the flu vaccine must be updated annually.

Myth 4: Inoculations from influenza make other precautions unnecessary

True. Even if you get vaccinated against the flu in time, scientists say that daily measures are absolutely necessary to prevent the spread of microbes and viruses. Including those that cause the flu. Simple precautions include the following:

• cover your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze
• stay away from people who are sick
• wash your hands often with soap and water - or use an alcohol based hand sanitizer - these are now sold in any supermarkets.

Myth 5: Flu vaccinations are needed when everyone around you is sick

True. Some people think that they need flu shots only when everyone as one around them is blinded to the flu. But if you wait until others fall ill, it may be too late to protect yourself. Adaptation of the body to the vaccine and the beginning of the full protection of your body will take about two weeks.

Myth 6: Children should be vaccinated against influenza from the moment of their birth

True. Children under the age of six months are in great danger because of the flu attack. But, unfortunately, they are still too young to get vaccinated against the flu. The best way to protect them from the flu is to make sure that the other family members have been vaccinated.

Myth 7: Influenza vaccines are not very effective

True. Vaccination against influenza does not work all year round, but studies show that vaccination can reduce the chances of getting the flu by up to 90 percent. Agree, this is very much. The vaccine is slightly less effective for the elderly and young children, but it can help them avoid serious complications due to the flu, even if they get sick.

Myth 8: Everyone should get a flu shot

True. Vaccination against influenza doctors are not recommended for everyone, but starting from the age of over six months. It can not be done to people who are strongly allergic to chicken eggs or other substances in the vaccine or who have shown severe allergic reactions to previous flu shots. You can not get vaccinated against the flu and those who have the disease now in the acute stage or who have not had another two weeks from the previous illness.

Myth 9: Immunizations from influenza cause autism

True. Some flu shots contain thimerosal, a mercury-containing preservative that causes health problems, including autism. But studies have shown that low doses of thimerosal are harmless, causing nothing more than redness and swelling at the injection site. Numerous studies have shown no connection between thimerosal and autism.

Myth 10: One vaccination against the flu is enough

True. This year only one vaccine against influenza is needed, and most people are vaccinated only once a year. But children aged six months to nine years who have never received a seasonal flu vaccine should receive two flu shots with an interval of at least four weeks.

Myth 11: Antiviral drugs make flu shots unnecessary

True. Yes, antiviral pills, liquids, powders and inhalants for the treatment of flu symptoms usually apply if a person has not been vaccinated against the flu. But in practice this is only the second line of defense against influenza. In addition, these funds tend to work only if they are taken within the first two days after the onset of the flu.

Myth 12: Influenza vaccine is the only reliable protection option

True. If you passionately hate injecting, you can use nasal spray as a vaccine. This is especially good for protecting against the flu of healthy children of two years and adults - under the age of 49 years. When pregnancy and the onset of the elderly, the possibility of vaccination against influenza should be discussed with your doctor.

As you can see, vaccinations against influenza are not so terrible. So let us be guided by facts and common sense.

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Allergy after vaccination

Before talking about the reasons for the allergy after vaccination, it is necessary to decide on the concept - the vaccine. So, the vaccine is an immunobiological active agent that causes specific changes in the body, for example:

• the desired effect, that is, the vaccine is determined to be immune to a particular infection,
• to undesirable - include adverse reactions.

Now we will analyze the essence of adverse reactions, which includes allergic processes, which can be local and general.

• local - a change in the place of vaccination, namely: pain, condensation, redness, itching, swelling, hives, etc.,
• general are related to the body as a whole, that is, here it is a question of fever, weakness, changes in appetite, headache and so on.

It should be understood that the side effects, allergy after vaccination are different from postvaccine complications. What is the difference?

Complications after vaccination are expressed in more complex degrees of severity than side effects, including allergies. In this case, a sharp drop in arterial pressure is possible, which in medicine is referred to as anaphylactic shock - its are classified as the most dangerous allergic reactions to any enzyme that is part of the vaccine administered. Other types of post-vaccination complications:

• neurological disorders,
• convulsions,
• allergies and various degrees of their manifestation.

Complications after vaccination are very rare, say, encephalitis, provoked by measles vaccine, as the statistics showed - 1 case of 5 - 10 million.

Complications can also be local and general, which are determined by such signs:

• seal from 3 cm,
• purulent formation, which is possible if the rules for the introduction of vaccination are not observed,
• inflammation in the vaccination zone - as a result of improper injection of BCG.

This is how local reactions look, the general ones are characterized by other symptoms:

• a very high body temperature of 40 ° C and above,
• intoxication.

Children can be exhausted crying, which is a defeat of the nervous system. Immediately, convulsions, encephalopathy, a short-term failure of the "shell" of the brain shells.

Also, there are cases when there is an effect on the kidneys, joints, heart, GIT and much more.

Causes of an allergy after vaccination

In general, adverse reactions in general - this is normal, because the body reacts in this way to the introduction of foreign antigen, which is usually a fight of immunity.

It is necessary to understand that the fever is not an allergy after vaccination. The temperature increase in this situation is an immune reaction. Of course, a temperature exceeding 40 ° C is already a cause for concern.

Consider the causes of local reactions and allergies inclusive:

• the injection itself. When you inject the needle, it damages the surface of the skin, which is already the protective reaction of the body,
• a foreign antigen, to which after its input immunity is produced,
• method of vaccination. If it is an intramuscular injection (the best method), then the vaccination in the buttock is not the right decision, because you can hook the sciatic nerve or damage the subcutaneous fatty tissue. Children under 2 years of age are better tolerated inoculations, if the process of insertion is carried out in the anterior-lateral plane of the thigh in the middle of its third. In the more mature age, the optimal place of vaccination is the deltoid muscle of the shoulder.

The skin reaction after vaccination is generated on the basis of:

1. reproduction of the injection virus in the skin,
2. allergy after vaccination,
3. increased bleeding.

Many people think that a mild rash on the skin is an allergy. But it is not always the case. The reason for this may be an increase in the injection virus in the skin, which is often found after vaccination against measles, rubella, mumps.

The same should be said about the spot rash, where the consequence is increased bleeding, which is rare after vaccination against rubella. The course of this phenomenon can be as easy (not prolonged damage to the process of blood clotting), and severe (hemorrhagic vasculitis).

The negligence of doctors can also provoke the appearance of some troubles after vaccination, for example:

• non-compliance with the rules for storage of the vaccine, namely, storage in a room where the temperature does not match the required,
• the wrong way of injecting, which is characteristic of BCG, which should be administered subcutaneously,
• neglect of recommendations in the instructions for the introduction of the vaccine, for example, missed the graph with contraindications.

Yes! there are cases when the allergy after vaccination arises only after the re-introduction.

Allergy to DPT Inoculation

Adverse reactions and allergy after DTP vaccination has such causes and symptoms:

• afefrilnye convulsions, that is, without the accompaniment of temperature, can occur after vaccination with DTP vaccines, which happens once for 3, 00 - 4, 00 vaccinations. The result of this effect is the irritation of some parts of the brain and its DTP envelopes - antigens. The variant of epilepsy is not excluded,
• the goal of some inoculations is intentional local reactions. For example, substances such as aluminum hydroxide, adjuvants specifically cause inflammation to "familiarize" the immune system with the antigen administered. This is done so that in the future, in case of a disease, the body can cope with the disease without much trouble.

If after vaccination the vaccinated noticed some side effects, it is not yet a fact that the cause is an allergy after the DPT vaccination.

Allergy after DTP vaccination

To date, unfortunately, there is nothing absolutely safe, including vaccinations. But, where are the consequences of the infections themselves that cause serious diseases more dangerous. In addition, based on WHO data, the complications recorded are 1 per 1, 00 - 5, 00 servings of whole cell injections, for example, Tetrakok, DTP. Consider local and general complications, where the allergy after DTP vaccination is no exception:

• local: increased size, increased density of tissue sites in the area of ​​injection; an allergic reaction accompanied by swelling and redness; the size of the "prick" is more than 8 cm. The course of such phenomena is usually 1 - 2 days, and passes without drug treatment. For more rapid elimination of allergic symptoms, you can use, say, troxevasin ointment, which is applied to the place of edema from 3 to 5 times a day until complete recovery,
• general: a shrill cry "in one breath" of a child, which begins only a few hours after vaccination, the duration of which is from 3 or more hours. It is not uncommon to be combined with fever. As a rule, these side effects disappear on their own. As a treatment, antipyretic agents can be used (Paracetamol, for example. But it is better to ask the doctor). The convulsive syndrome is an extremely rare event after the DTP vaccination (1 case per 5, 00 injections):
  • febrile convulsions appear as a result of body temperature above 38 ° C, usually on the first day, but not later than three days after the vaccination,
  • afefrilnye convulsions can occur at the usual or at a temperature of no higher than 38 ° C - which happens extremely rarely, but their consequences are dangerous. If the child after the vaccination has such symptoms, then it is necessary to contact the neurologist, since such a probably because of previous organic damage to the nervous system, for some reason not identified until the moment of vaccination.

There is an allergy after the DPT vaccination, which manifests itself as:

• angioedema,
• hives,

c) anaphylactic shock - appears almost immediately after the injection of DTP, approximately after the expiration of 20-30 minutes. Accordingly, the child should be at least half an hour after the injection is under the control of doctors.

Allergy to Mantoux Inoculation

Before saying whether an allergy is possible after Mantoux vaccination, it is necessary to understand what a Mantoux vaccination is in general.

The Mantoux vaccine is designed for the prophylactic detection of tuberculosis in all children. It can be attributed to a kind of immunological test, which reliably shows the presence or absence of tuberculous infection in the body.

If the child has an allergy after Mantoux vaccination, then:

• most importantly, it is necessary to understand the cause of a positive reaction. It is important to know that a positive reaction is not a fact that the child is sick with tuberculosis. The reaction to the mantle of a child's organism, where a sample of tuberculin is administered, is allergic. Accordingly, the resulting allergy after Mantoux vaccination should affect the final result of the test. In this case, the allergic reaction can be completely different, for example, food, medication or skin,
• the cause of an allergic reaction can be:
  • recently transferred diseases,
  • age changes with respect to skin sensitivity,
  • the presence of worms and much more,
• if the adverse reaction to Mantoux increases from year to year, it is likely that the child was in a region in which he could face an open form of tuberculosis. Consultation with a phthisiatrician is mandatory in this case,
• allergy to Mantoux vaccination manifests itself immediately after vaccination at the point of injection. Symptoms of allergies: redness, itching, blisters are not ruled out. Before you can make a baby (with a possible allergy to the vaccine) Mantoux vaccine, it is necessary to warn the doctor about this. Better yet, check with a phthisiatrician.

Allergy to hepatitis vaccination

"We can not get vaccinated against hepatitis!" Most often this phrase implies that parents simply do not want a child to get a hepatitis vaccine. The reasons for this are different for everyone, someone "discourages" the fact that the child immediately after the birth had an ill "jaundice" - therefore it is impossible. But to know exactly "can not" or "can" you need to ask the doctor. Doctors are also not interested in making mistakes, at least for the reason that such actions are criminally punishable. It's clear that any parent worries about the health of his baby, but a vaccination against hepatitis can prevent numerous consequences in the future, provoked by hepatitis infection.

Allergy after vaccination against hepatitis is a rare phenomenon, possibly in the presence of food allergies, namely culinary yeast.

Allergy to diphtheria vaccination

Complications after vaccination against diphtheria may be as follows:

• body temperature exceeding 39 ° C,
• redness, increase, swelling from 8 cm at the injection site,
• the child's long crying.

The probability of occurrence of such signs: 1 by several hundred.

In addition to all the above, it is possible and an allergy after vaccination from diphtheria, which manifests itself by such reactions:

• light form: skin rash,
• severe form: hoarse voice, anaphylactic shock - appear within 30 minutes (rare cases).

The child after vaccination manipulations should be under the supervision of medical personnel for at least 30 minutes, Because, the probability of heavy currents of allergic reactions occurs precisely in this period of time. And as a result of serious complications such as anaphylactic shock, the child will be provided with timely assistance.

Allergy to influenza vaccination

Allergy after vaccination against influenza or some complications may appear in people who suffer:

• an allergy to chicken eggs because the composition of the vaccine against influenza includes squirrels of chicken eggs,
• catarrhal diseases (ARVI) or allergic reactions during the vaccination period. In this case it is necessary to wait 2 weeks after recovery,
• serious complications for previous vaccination against influenza, which include: a sudden outbreak, allergy, high fever.

Usually all the symptoms go away on their own. But to see the doctor, after all, it's worth it.

Vaccination against allergies

Immunotherapy includes immunizations from allergies. Their function is aimed at improving the body's ability to resist various infections that contribute to the occurrence of an allergic reaction. They are made for those people who are allergic to a severe form and have a duration of at least 3 months per year. Antiallergic vaccination does not eliminate allergies completely, but strengthen immunity in relation to allergic manifestations.

The frequency of vaccination against allergies is about 2 months in a row. This process requires a systematic visit to the doctor - 2 times a week, as the vaccination against allergies can contribute to the emergence of (with the correct conduct of an allergic reaction is unlikely) allergy after vaccination (which will be discussed below).

The initial dose of vaccine administration is minimal, which gradually increases to the required level. In the case of improvement after vaccination, the frequency of consultation with a doctor is as follows: from 2 to 4 times a week for several years. During the course of treatment, allergic symptoms are weakened, and most importantly, they can stop at all.

What do you need to prepare for these vaccinations?

1. You can not exercise 2 hours before and 2 hours after vaccination. During this period it is generally better to limit yourself as much as possible from physical exertion in the same way as a rush of blood in the process of active movements) to the tissues, and antigens, naturally, penetrate the blood stream with greater speed.
2. It is necessary to understand that vaccination is a medicine, and simultaneous intake of several (some) medicines can provoke an allergy or other side effect. Because of ignorance of such things, the vaccinated person often thinks that he has an allergy after vaccination, and that such vaccination does not suit him. Before the vaccination should be asked the doctor, which drugs can not be taken. Suppose, beta-blockers + vaccination against allergies = incompatible things. During pregnancy or if a woman plans to become pregnant soon, she should tell the doctor about it.

So, what are the possible consequences after the vaccination against allergies?

• at the end of half an hour after the introduction of vaccination, a compulsory medical examination is necessary to determine possible side effects, for example, rhinitis, throat swelling, general malaise and itching. Such a reaction is possible after leaving the hospital. In this situation, you should go back to where the vaccine was done,
• Do not panic if a local irritation occurs in the area of ​​the injection, for example, swelling or redness. These symptoms are considered normal, and stop maximum after 8 hours from the moment of vaccination.

We all know that there are many varieties of allergies. With which of them does the vaccine fight against allergies?

This type of treatment is quite effective for allergy to insect bites. But, as for the food allergy, there is no data yet.

Treatment of allergies after vaccination

Many vaccinations do not pass without a trace, such as DTP - there is swelling, redness and pain at the injection site; BCG - a sore is formed, which heals for a long time.

Treatment of any type of vaccination does not require local therapy, because vaccination is a test for the body's response to a particular antigen. Suppose, if the child constantly scratches in the vaccination area, then it is enough to apply a gauze bandage to this place.

Some think that the emerging "bump" at the site of DTP vaccination is an allergy after vaccination. It happens that this "lump" is painful, and the child can even limp on one leg (in the event that the injection was inserted into the thigh). But this is not an allergy, but a normal process that does not require any therapeutic action.

To sound an alarm, or rather call a doctor or an ambulance is necessary when:

• It is impossible to bring down the child's heat,
• the child has a convulsive state or worse - loss of consciousness,
• the child lost his appetite, is in a restless state,
• At the place of vaccination, a purulent abscess formed.

Prevention of allergies after vaccination

Allergy after vaccination is possible, as we have already explained above, if a person has an allergy to food (yeast for baking, chicken eggs), individual intolerance of certain medications, failure to comply with vaccination conditions. Avoid possible consequences, but for this you need to know some rules:

1. all "can" and "not" before vaccination:
   • before getting vaccinated, it is necessary to be examined in order to detect the presence or absence of contraindications to vaccination,
   • before starting the vaccination, you need to get all the information about the injection itself, then there are contraindications, side effects, combination with medicines, precautions and so on. There are cases when the time of vaccination is best transferred to another day due to various circumstances, for example, a small body temperature and a cold disease;
2. it is important to properly prepare a child for vaccinations, although most of them do not require special vigilance in this sense:
   1. proper nutrition:
      • It is better not to introduce new food products into the child's diet within two days before the introduction of the vaccine. Adults should forget about alcohol, at least 2 days before and after injection,
      • "Nursing" children also should not recognize the taste of new products, including juices. A nursing mother at this time also should not use a product not known to her child, as the introduction of a new the ingredient can cause the baby to be allergic, and the mother may think that the baby has an allergy after the vaccination,
   2. antihistamine and antipyretic drugs:
      • "Suprastin" or other similar drugs can be taken the day before the injection is given only if the child has an allergy, for example, urticaria, asthma, atopic dermatitis. And also, if the previous time the vaccine provoked the formation of a strong edema or redness with painful symptoms,
      • taking antihistamines should be discussed with the doctor, more precisely the dosage,
      • antipyretic drugs as a preventive agent is not recommended to take. A number of exceptions include children who are prone to fermental seizures. In this case, antipyretic drugs should be taken immediately before and after the introduction of the vaccine,
      • healthy children, antihistamines and antipyretics for prevention are not prescribed as they prevent the manifestation of the natural reaction of the body to this or that injection;
3. after vaccination:
   • we are always in a hurry, but this can not be done after the introduction of the vaccine. It is necessary to wait for some time in a medical institution, somewhere 30 minutes,
   • it is necessary to take care of the child correctly, which includes the control of nutrition, namely the introduction of new products; plenty of drinking, especially if the child has diarrhea, vomiting, or fever; bathing a child - it is possible if it does not have a temperature, although it is advisable not to touch the place of the injection with a washcloth. If it is a vaccine Mantoux, then it can not be cured until the doctor has examined the wound itself,
   • even if the child has an allergy after vaccination, he should not refuse to walk in the fresh air. If the condition of a child or an adult is accompanied by a high temperature, then there is a need for bed rest, taking antipyretics, or better - calling a doctor.

ilive.com.ua

I made a flu vaccine yesterday, and today I saw how swollen and red the place of vaccination is, is it scary?

Answers:

LG

It's not terrible - in a couple of days everything will pass.

lady soul of wolf

I think not, drink this one, like his, damn, Arbidol - in! Well, and there are all the immune-reinforcing things and everything.

Hope

I think this is the end.

Zheka

Ne, ne strashno, u menya tak vsegda v detskom sadu bilo... (ya prosto bol`she ne pomnyu kogda delala ...)
U menya potom i ne proveryali ...
Ne bois` :) Ti ne odna !!

LiK

it seems that you will die ...
years so through 60
so I do not use vaccines. Suddenly I will live forever
... my great-grandmother also swelled. and than... well, vobschem sad to remember
But seriously, vaccinations cause great harm to a person. many already write about this. It is better to go to the pool or otherwise maintain its immunity. Eat garlic in the evenings. That loved one will be pleased. :) your excellent health

Irina

Do you happen to have an allergy to chicken protein? The composition of the vaccine against influenza is included. If there is an allergy -one thu-they are antihistamine. If there is no improvement - go to the doctor, can made unsuccessfully and the infection got

Dmitry Pryadko

in general, if not very swollen, this is the norm, then the body responds to the vaccination. There may still be signs of a mild cold-but you do not need to drink anything except vitamins. Well, if you have already spread your hand, it's worth to see a doctor

Vaccination against influenza - contraindications

The flu epidemic has become habitual for a long time, and preparation for it has turned into something self-evident. Even children know how important prevention is. It is also well known that one of the best means for preventing influenza is vaccination. And only those who directly faced the problem know that the flu vaccine is not universal - it has contraindications. That is, not everyone can protect themselves from the disease with the help of a vaccine. More details about the negative aspects of vaccination against influenza will be described in the article.

Side effects of vaccination against influenza

Vaccines against influenza are of different types:

1. Injection is more popular. There are no live viruses, but it gets into the body thanks to a shot.
2. The second type of vaccine is aerosol. This means contains live viruses. Weakened, they do not pose a threat to the body, but contribute to the development of strong immunity.

Like any other vaccine, a flu shot can cause side effects. Different organisms perceive vaccination in their own way. The most frequent negative manifestations of vaccination are the following:

1. Immediately after vaccination a person can feel weakness, fatigue, drowsiness. Sometimes the patient is tormented by fever and fever.
2. Many people get a headache after the vaccination.
3. One of the most unpleasant consequences of vaccination is a runny nose or a pharyngitis.
4. The most serious and harmful complication of vaccination against influenza is anaphylactic shock. Fortunately, this side effect is extremely rare.
5. A fairly frequent unpleasant consequence of vaccination is pain, swelling and redness at the injection site.

Most of the side effects the patient forgets about a couple of days after the vaccination. And in order to avoid more serious and complex consequences, it is necessary to get acquainted with the list of contraindications before vaccination.

Who is against the flu vaccine?

Despite the large number of benefits, some groups of patients may not be vaccinated against influenza. An alternative method of protection against a disease is recommended in the following cases:

1. First, it is strictly forbidden to get a flu shot from people suffering from colds or ARVI. Vaccination is allowed at least a month after recovery.
2. Secondly, an inoculation against influenza is contraindicated to people with an allergy to chicken protein.
3. Specialists are in no hurry to vaccinate patients who did not have a good previous vaccination.
4. This method of preventing influenza is not recommended for people with diseases of the nervous and endocrine systems.
5. Additionally, patients suffering from kidney and adrenal problems should consult.
6. Vaccination against influenza Grippol and its analogs are contraindicated for chronic diseases of the lungs, bronchi and upper respiratory tract.
7. You can not vaccinate babies.
8. Asthma, anemia, hypertension and general cardiacInsufficiency can also serve as a contraindication to vaccination.

As you can see, there are a lot of contraindications to vaccination against influenza for adults. Therefore, in order to really benefit the vaccination, the procedure must necessarily be consulted with specialists and with understanding to treat their detailed inquiries about the state of health and the transferred diseases.

Do not forget that the vaccine is not a panacea. To completely protect yourself against the flu, you need to lead a healthy lifestyle, for the time of the epidemic, to supplement your diet with nutritious foods, fruits and vegetables.

WomanAdvice.ru

Consequences after vaccinations: temperature, condensation, complications, what can, what can not be

It is thanks to vaccination, which was introduced as mandatory for all children since the 60s of the XX century, changes in the structure of morbidity on the planet. From the face of the Earth, terrible diseases such as smallpox and plague have died out, children have stopped "mowing" poliomyelitis and diphtheria. Instead, new problems arose related to the quality and transport of the vaccines themselves, and also to the changes in the immune responses of modern children. However, of the 14 million deaths from infections, about 25% could be avoided with timely vaccination.

The problem of refusal of vaccinations is especially widespread because of constant publications in the media about the complications of the post-vaccination period. But it is greatly exaggerated: often for complications after vaccinations, take a cold, intestinal infection or other illness that coincides with the performance of the vaccine. This reduces trust, discredits vaccinations as a means of immunization.

Of course, it is bad if the child transfers the disease from which they were vaccinated. On the other hand, this is a guarantee that it will be transferred in a lighter form than if it met with the pathogen, which was specifically weakened or killed for the preparation of immunity, live. The conclusion of scientists studying vaccinations and their effect on the body is the following: do not refuse from vaccinations, but:

1. carefully examine the child before performing it;
2. take an interest, which vaccine, whose production will be performed immunoprophylaxis, and familiarize yourself with its composition. In some cases, there are alternatives to vaccines that have been cleansed better or have other preservatives.

The reasons for the occurrence of reactions and complications after vaccination, that after vaccination it is possible, and what is prohibited, which is the norm, and that requires urgent intervention, we will talk.

About the benefits of vaccinations

Let's give the official data of the American Ministry of Health about the impact of vaccination on public health

Disease	How many people were ill a year before the vaccination	How much% decreased incidence	How many post-vaccination complications are registered
Diphtheria	175 885	9, 9	2
Measles	503 282	9, 8	108
Gilt (epidparotitis)	152 209	9, 0	226
Whooping cough	147 271	9, 0	5 420
Polio	16 316	10,	0
Rubella	47 745	9, 5	20
Congenital rubella	823	9,	2
Hemophilus infection of type B in children under 5 years of age	20 000	9,	290
Tetanus	1 314	9,	27
Total cases of infectious diseases	1 064 854	9, 3	6 095
Side Effects of Vaccines	0	6 095

What is vaccination. How to treat it.

A vaccine is a killed or specially weakened microbe that causes a dangerous disease that is introduced into the body. The essence of this introduction is the development of protective antibodies against this microbe in general or against its constituents, which are available only in it (in the case of a killed vaccine). As a result, when the body meets this microorganism, the maximum that will arise is an easy disease. Neither paralysis (as in poliomyelitis), nor meningoencephalitis (as in the case of hemophilia), or stopping breathing (this is the "famous" whooping cough) should no longer be.

Antibodies, that is, small protein molecules-immunoglobulins of G (G) class, which, in case of contact with the mucous membranes or directly into the blood of the desired infection, "awaken" all immunity. Now the latter will not need to waste time on the formation of antibodies: only the infection gets - immediately there is a massive mobilization of leukocytes. Thus, the child after the vaccination is "busy": his body "prepares" this "army". Accordingly, in the postvaccinal period, which takes from 2 weeks to 40 days, it is sufficiently vulnerable to:

1. any other infections,
2. allergens from:
   • new food;
   • household chemical goods;
   • herbs for local and general use;
   • saliva of animals;
   • pet food;
   • pollen of plants;
   • perfumery of parents;
   • materials from which the toys are made.

And since in the first year of life one or two of the vaccinations are constantly performed, then practically the whole year, starting from the third month, one long post-vaccination period passes. That's why many parents "write off" any vaccine or condition for vaccination, but it's far from the case.

Some microbes, for example, a tubercle bacillus, are capable of forming immunity after the first administration. In others, for example, the hepatitis B virus, the diphtheria or pertussis bacterium, the amount (titer) of antibodies decreases rather quickly, which requires repeated administration - revaccination.

Post-vaccination complications and reactions - what is it

Post vaccination reactions are local changes in the skin (for example, a lump after vaccination) or a general condition (fever, anxiety, crying), which develop shortly after vaccination, pass on their own and do not lead to persistent disruption of health.

Post-vaccination reactions are divided into general and local.

Local	Are common
Characteristic	Appear at the injection site in the same day	They develop on the same day, can last up to 3 days, but do not increase and are not accompanied by other symptoms, except those listed
How it can look like	weak: small swelling and redness at the injection site; medium strength: redness 5-8 cm, swelling up to 5 cm; pronounced reaction: reddening more than 8 cm, swelling more than 5 cm.	weak: increase in temperature to 37.5 °, the child is active, the appetite is good and he drinks willingly; medium strength: the temperature is from 37, 5 to 38.6, a slight weakness, drowsiness, appetite is almost none; strong: temperature above 38.6, nausea, weakness, drowsiness. From 5-6 to 8-15 days, if there was vaccination with live vaccines (poliomyelitis pi - up to 40 days) may manifest a disease similar to the one from which the vaccination was conducted, only in a lighter form.

That is, if:

• it hurts the injection site localization;
• or around the place of puncture of the skin, reddening is noted up to 8 cm in diameter;
• or there is weakness, drowsiness, impaired appetite or sleep;
• or increased body temperature to 38 ° C,

but there is no strabismus, no red spots all over the body, no "heavy breathing" and it is not quickened, do not worry. Report the reaction to the district pediatrician or nurse, give Nurofen or Paracetamol overnight in syrup. The injection site can be lubricated with ointment (gel) "Troxevasin" or "Troxerutin".

Also, do not panic if you were vaccinated with measles, rubella, mumps vaccine, and from 5 to 15 days there was a rash, malaise or an increase in salivary glands. If the child has ceased to stand on the legs within 40 days after vaccination with live polio vaccine, this requires hospitalization in an infectious inpatient.

If the temperature is 38 to 40 ° C, the redness grabs more than 8 cm in diameter, there is weakness, drowsiness and decreased appetite, do not panic. This is a strong reaction, but not a complication. Inform the district pediatrician about it, give the baby "Panadol" or "Nurofen", it is not necessary to process locally. If you are offered hospitalization, it is better to agree: thus serious pathologies will be excluded - postvaccinal complications (encephalitis, meningitis). This vaccination your child will not do anymore.

Post-vaccination complications

Complications after vaccinations are when a vaccine develops a disease or condition that leads to changes in the human body. Complications are not a rise in temperature, even to high figures. This pathology, divided into three categories:

Toxic states	Conditions associated with the production of a large number of substances responsible for allergies	Violations of the nervous system
Appearance of rash	Anaphylactic shock: depression of pressure, fainting, blanching of the skin. It develops in the first 2 hours after the injection. Threatens life	Convulsions against the background of temperature (more often on DTP and PDA) or without temperature. Seizures against the background of normal temperature mean that the child has a pathology of the nervous system, but it was not detected
Keloid scar at the injection site	Anaphylactoid reaction. It can proceed as anaphylactic shock, which developed in the first 12 hours after inoculation. It can be manifested by urticaria, Quinck's swelling, vomiting or diarrhea	Hallucinations against a high temperature
Pain in the bones with or without fever	Local allergic reactions: redness and swelling, which is greater than 8 cm in diameter; occupy or more than half of the shoulder or hip, or hold more than 3 days	Convulsions against a background of normal or slightly elevated temperature with a violation of consciousness and behavior
Inflammation or suppuration of lymph nodes	A shrieking cry for up to 5 hours
Ulcers at the site of vaccination	Large bubbles prone to jointing and "peeling off" the skin	Vaccino-associated poliomyelitis, encephalitis or meningitis
Joint pain, tenderness of movements in them with or without reddening	Guillain-Barre syndrome, when a child can not stand on a leg (legs), they hurt him, feel a touch badly. Most often, this condition is associated with the transferred before the vaccination of acute respiratory viral infection, and the vaccine only triggers pathological reactions
Phlegmon or abscess at injection site	Hypotensive-hypo-responsive syndrome with a sharp decrease in pressure, muscle tone, loss of consciousness

Complicated course of the post-vaccination period

These are the cases when the child became ill after the vaccination: he had symptoms of acute respiratory infections or poisoning. Such children are hospitalized and carefully investigate the investigative relationship with the vaccination.

What influences the occurrence of adverse reactions of the vaccine

Why after the vaccination complications develop. The blame for everything can be several factors, and only one of them parents can influence. This - the preparation of immunity and the identification of possible contraindications to vaccination (for this will have to be examined).

Factors affecting the development of postvaccinal complications and reactions are:

1. the reactogenicity of the vaccine, which depends on:
   • toxic effects of vaccine components;
   • immunological activity of components;
   • "Love" for the reproduction of live virus vaccines in certain tissues;
   • transformation of the vaccine strain of microbes into pathogenic, wild;
2. quality of the preparation to be vaccinated;
3. compliance with the necessary conditions for transportation and administration of the drug;
4. introduction of the vaccine in the presence of contraindications;
5. individual features of the immunity of the child.

Quality of vaccine preparation

In order for the microbe to have the desired effect, preservatives are added to the vaccine. In some cases, these are mercury salts, in others - animals or avian proteins, which can cause allergic reactions. In addition, the microorganism itself contains in its composition areas that will not work for the benefit of the human body, however, they have not yet learned how to get rid of them.

Compliance with the conditions necessary for vaccination

The vaccine should be transported in compliance with the cold chain, that is, not be heated on the way from the manufacturer to the vaccination room. Vaccination should be carried out by specially trained personnel, since for a number of vaccines it is important to administer the drug in a strictly prescribed localization (for example, if a BCG vaccine is not injected intradermally, a "cold" abscess develops subcutaneously or intramuscularly).

Unfortunately, this item, and the previous one to the ordinary parent can not be controlled. On the guard of compliance is the state, which provides for fines for employees and compensation for people affected by vaccination.

Features of human immunity

Deeply studying the problem of vaccination, scientists found that there is a connection with the genes of basic tissue compatibility, which are located at the top of the lymphocytes (they are called HLA):

• owners of HLA-B12 are prone to the occurrence of convulsive reactions;
• those with HLA-B7 are more likely to develop allergic reactions;
• owners of HLA-B18 have a tendency to develop respiratory diseases.

Vaccination of defective genes in these carriers can serve as an impetus to the appearance of the reaction to which they are prone.

Fertile soil for the emergence of postvaccinal complications are immunodeficiency conditions. So, for BCG dangerously unidentified disease is "chronic granulomatosis", for vaccination with live poliomyelitis vaccine - the presence of a small number of gamma globulins in the blood.

Also, a condition in the background of which the expressed reaction or complication of the vaccination is more likely to develop is the chronic background (especially endocrine) pathology.

Contraindications to vaccination

Contraindications are not	100% can not be vaccinated
Perinatal encephalopathy	A vaccine against hepatitis B can not be performed with allergies to baker's yeast
Light and moderate form of anemia	BCG is not done if the child was born with a weight less than 2000 gr
Stable state with diseases of the nervous system	BCG is contraindicated in keloid scars
An increase in the thymus from x-ray data	Live vaccines (measles, rubella, parotitic, their double and triple combinations) can not be performed with allergies to antibiotics-aminoglycosides or chicken protein
Hemolytic disease of newborns	All live vaccines (PDA, BCG, OPV) are contraindicated in immunosuppressive states, oncological diseases, pregnancy
Complicated vaccination in family members	No vaccine should be given if a previous vaccination had a postvaccinal reaction from a strong or post-vaccination complication
Allergy to food
Bronchial asthma (need preparation)
Prematurity
Dysbacteriosis
Congenital malformations in the stage of compensation
Epilepsy from relatives
Sudden death of a child in the family
Use of corticosteroid ointments, sprays

Temporary vaccination against acute or exacerbation of the chronic process is contraindicated. In these cases, you need to wait a month after recovery. If there is an epidemic situation (for example, an epidemic of influenza or a direct contact with an infected patient), then this temporary contraindication is leveled.

When there can be that illness from which the vaccine was made

If a vaccine is introduced into the body from a living but weakened microbe (or such is found in nature, or a "real" microorganism repeatedly must pass through a certain tissue of the animal), in time a disease similar to the one from which it was made can develop. It can happen at different times. So, measles can be developed after measles vaccination for 5-15 days. The same applies to rubella and mumps.

Vaccine-associated poliomyelitis can manifest up to the 40th day after vaccination, and generalization of tuberculosis infection - after 6 weeks, even if the vaccination was not BCG, but BCG-M.

How to minimize risk before vaccination

At 40-50%, parents can reduce the risk of a complicated course of the post-vaccination period. You need to do this in advance:

1. more walking;
2. Do not overfeed the child;
3. the diet should be dominated by vegetables and fruits, ideally grown by the child's relatives;
4. support in the room where the child lives, the temperature does not exceed +23 degrees;
5. ventilate the room;
6. outside the disease, donate blood from the vein for an overall IgE level: this will show the level of allergenicity;
7. check the presence of venous blood antibody HLA-B12, HLA-B18, HLA-B7;
8. visit a neurologist, ideally - to make an ultrasound of the brain through the fontanelle (until it is closed).

Immediately before inoculation:

• Give blood from your finger. It should not be more than 9 * 109 / L of leukocytes (for children up to a year - up to 14 * 109 / L, but the norm should be specified in the pediatrician), eosinophils (cells showing allergies) - up to 1, ESR - no more than 12 mm /hour;
• Hand over the analysis of urine. It should not contain protein, glucose, erythrocytes, or cylinders. Leukocytes and flat epithelium are allowed up to 3 in the field of view;
• If there is an increased level of IgE, visit the allergist-immunologist, who will prescribe the examination and therapy;
• Do not introduce lures 5-7 days before and for a week after vaccination;
• Only if the baby had any allergic manifestations in life, 2-3 days before the vaccination and up to 4-14 days, he should drink antihistamines ("Erius", "Fenistil", "Loratadin");
• Talk with the pediatrician or immunologist about the possibility of vaccination from several in one day (or lead by imported imported vaccines such as "Infarriks", "Prioriks"). Such combined use of vaccines reduces the amount of additional injections with the vaccination that can trigger allergies.

If a child suffers from an allergy, immediately before vaccination (for half an hour) he needs to inject an antihistamine: "Dimedrol", "Suprastin" in the age-related dosage. If he had an anaphylactic shock in history, the vaccination is carried out in the presence of a doctor and with a prepared set for emergency care.

Children from allergic parents should not be vaccinated at the time of flowering of the main plants, and if the child himself is allergic, the interval between revaccinations can be extended to 2-3 months.

Do not be afraid of emergency vaccination prophylaxis, if the allergic baby is in contact with patients with hemophilic, meningococcal, rubella, measles or mumps. Against the background of adequate therapy even in patients with bronchial asthma, immediately after the end of the attack, the vaccine will be better than the introduction of a protein preparation - immunoglobulin.

Parents of children with allergies under the supervision of a doctor should additionally protect children, not only in accordance with the calendar inoculations, but also by making an additional vaccination against haemophilic rod type B, meningococcus and pneumococcus. The fact is that with allergic pathologies, there is an increased sensitivity to bacterial allergens, and the ingression in the body of an insufficient number of microbes for the development of the disease, can cause an attack of bronchial asthma.

If a child suffers from asthma or diathesis, how much is the planned vaccination done? Not earlier than one month after the remission of the manifestations of the disease. Before vaccination, allergy sufferers are recommended to carry out a skin test for sensitivity to the vaccine.

How to minimize the risk of complications after vaccination

Can I go with a child to a crowded place after vaccination, go to supermarkets or playgrounds? Walking after vaccination is possible and necessary, but:

• the next day;
• Only if there is no temperature;
• bypassing crowded places and supermarkets.

Let the baby drink more. It can be teas, compote from dried fruits, bottled water, freshly squeezed apple type juices. The main thing in the first 3 days is not to give those kinds of drinks that the child has not yet tried.

It is not necessary to force a meal, let the child eat as much as he wants in the first three days. To persist in relation to the "right" products is also not worth it. Let him better eat more biscuits than an unloved porridge. This does not apply to chocolate, seafood, fizzy drinks.

When can I bathe a child? It is advisable not to do this on the day of vaccination, especially if the temperature has risen. If the vaccine was performed in hot time, it can be bought in the evening on the day of vaccination, but the place of grafting can not be rubbed with a palm or a washcloth. If the baby has a fever after vaccination, the temperature can not be reduced only by drugs in the form of syrups or candles. The baby must be wiped with a soft cloth moistened with cool water. The ingress of water into the injection site is not terrible, but it can not be rubbed.

It is possible and necessary to bathe after vaccination, as this will ensure the cleanliness of the injection site, prevent its contamination and such local complication as suppuration. Some features of bathing:

• After an inoculation from a hepatitis or a poliomyelitis to swim it is possible in the same evening.
• BCG, which was done in the hospital, imposes restrictions on the bathing regime: on the day of vaccination, you can not bathe, and when (usually in a month or one and a half) in this place there will be an abscess, it can not be rubbed with a washcloth or squeezed out.
• After vaccination against measles, rubella or mumps, reactions may appear from 5 to 15 days after vaccination, so you can swim immediately (but do not rub the injection site).
• After Mantoux, do not rub the injection site. Getting water on it is not advisable, but it's not scary.
• Long rinse in the bath after the vaccination is not worth it. Try to quickly expiate the baby so that he does not get cold. And to warm the bathroom, turn on the heater in it, and do not create in it conditions of high humidity, when the hot water warms the air.

If something went wrong after the vaccination

"Leader" in the frequency of development of postvaccinal complications are vaccinations of DTP and DTP-M: 2-6 children per million vaccinated. Vaccines against poliomyelitis, mumps, measles and rubella can cause undesirable consequences in 1 case and less in 1 million vaccinated infants.

Consider the symptoms of the most frequent or frightening complications after major vaccinations.

DTP

It is an inoculation against tetanus, pertussis and diphtheria.

more typical for vaccines with the name DTP, DTP-M, Tetrakok. The most areactogenic is the Infanriks vaccine, which is repeated at 3, 4 and 5 months, and then one year after the last. The vaccination is then carried out with vaccines that do not contain pertussis

If there was no reaction after the first vaccination, the probability that revaccination will lead to complications is extremely small.

Norm. After the DPT inoculation, pain and small swelling at the injection site may be noted. The temperature can rise to 38.5 ° C for 1-3 days, more rarely for more than 3 days. If on this background the kid is upset, then in the first 24-48 hours it can be regarded as a variant of the norm, but to inform the district pediatrician who will examine the child.

Complicationsarise in 1 case for 15-50 thousand vaccinated (with vaccination Infanriks - in 1 case per 100 thousand-2.5 million). They can be:

Symptoms	When	What could it be	What to do
Sharp pallor, loss of consciousness	From a minute to 2 hours after the injection	Anaphylactic shock	Call an ambulance. Ensure airway patency, bringing the lower jaw forward. If necessary, artificial respiration. Hospitalization
2-12 hours after the injection	Anaphylactoid reaction
Red spots, blisters on the body	In the first day	Allergic reaction	Give an antihistamine drug "Fenistil", "Erius" and phoned the district pediatrician
Swelling of the injection site, which increases. Edema of the face	In the first day	Edema Quincke	Give an antihistamine drug "Fenistil", "Erius" and, phoning with the district pediatrician, call an "ambulance" for hospitalization in an infectious hospital
When vaccination against tetanus appeared lump. What to do?	In the first 2 days	One of the normal reactions to the vaccine	To smear with a gel "Troxevasinum"
Temperature after vaccination	General response to vaccination	Up to 37.5 ° C - drink water, juice, wipe, give "Nurofen" or "Panadol" at night for the night
3, - 38 ° C - as above + inform the district pediatrician
Above 38 ° C - immediately give "Nurofen", wipe the body with cool water, inform the doctor
Temperature above 38.5 ° C and convulsions	In the first three days	Febrile convulsions	Call an ambulance. Ensure airway patency, bringing the lower jaw forward. If necessary, artificial respiration. After cupping, if the mind is not restored, wipe with cold water, insert an antipyretic candle. If consciousness is restored, wipe and give antipyretic syrup (if not given earlier)
Convulsions in the background of a temperature below 38.5 ° C	In the first 3 days	Afebrile cramps	"Ambulance". Providing airway patency. If necessary, breathing the mouth into your mouth, closing your nose with your fingers. Hospitalization
Temperature up to 39-40 ° C, headache, bulging fontanel, vomiting, convulsions, loss of consciousness	Till 12 days. More often - with the first injection of the vaccine	Encephalitis after vaccination	As in the previous paragraph
After vaccination, the baby sleeps	In the first 3 days	Encephalopathy	Hospitalization in an infectious inpatient hospital
A child limps or can not stand on legs	5-30th day	Guillain-Barre Syndrome	Hospitalization in an infectious inpatient hospital
The child cries or screams monotonously that it lasts 3-5 hours	In the first day, a few hours after vaccination	Complication of whole-cell pertussis vaccine	Hospitalization in an infectious inpatient hospital
To the child it is bad after a vaccination, it is difficult to breathe. The temperature can be normal	First day	Croup, asthma	Call the ambulance, hospitalization in an infectious hospital. Before this, while the brigade is on the move, to seat the child, open the window, release from the pulling clothes

Vaccine against poliomyelitis

It can be performed in the form of an injection - then this is an inactivated vaccine. If it's "droplets", then it's a live vaccine.

Norm

In the first case, redness in the first three days at the injection site is the norm, whereas the oral vaccine should not cause a general reaction of the body.

Complicationsafter this vaccine can be:

• headache, sleep disorder, irritability - up to 3 days;
• temperature in a child 38 - only when a vaccine is administered in the form of an injection, can persist for up to 2 days;
• a violation of appetite, nausea - up to 3 days, after the introduction of OPV.

Manifestations of anaphylactic shock, anaphylactoid reaction or Quincke's edema can occur only when a vaccine is injected.

After vaccination against poliomyelitis, poliomyelitis (called vaccine-associated) can develop. The timing of its occurrence is different:

• after how many days after vaccination, he can develop in a vaccinated healthy child: from 5 to 30 days after vaccination;
• in a child with immunodeficiency (congenital, as a result of treatment of oncological or autoimmune diseases with hormones-glucocorticoids or cytostatics): from 5 days to 6 months;
• in a person who has come into contact with a vaccinated against poliomyelitis, a similar disease after vaccination can develop up to 60 days.

Vaccine-associated poliomyelitis appears as follows. The child can not stand on the foot (usually one limb suffers). In this leg muscle tone decreases, the skin becomes pale and dry. The sensitivity of the leg is preserved. Very similar to vaccine-associated poliomyelitis is the disease "acute flaccid paralysis" that occurs at the same time after OPV administration. Diagnostics are conducted jointly by an infectious disease doctor and a children's neurologist in an infectious hospital.

At the same time, a condition such as Guillain-Barre syndrome can develop. In this case, both lower limbs are affected, on which there is a violation of sensitivity, tenderness, difficulty of movement right up to paralysis. Such a condition requires hospitalization in an infectious hospital, since the paralysis of the muscles can spread up to the diaphragm and intercostal respiratory musculature. The latter is dangerous by stopping breathing.

Vaccines for measles, rubella, mumps

These are vaccinations containing, albeit weakened, but living viruses that can cause that disease (in mild form), from which they were carried out.

Norm

Condensation after vaccination, soreness in this place. Sometimes an elevated temperature of not more than 38 degrees can be recorded.

Complications

It:

• If a redness or swelling at the injection site appears after the vaccination, it is a local post-vaccination reaction requiring consultation of the district or pediatrician on duty.
• Anaphylactic shock and anaphylactoid reaction (described in the section "DTP").
• Allergic reactions such as Quincke's edema or Lyell's syndrome. They can develop up to 5 days after vaccination.
• From the 5th to the 12th day, seizures may develop on the background of normal or elevated temperature. In this case, hospitalization is required in an infectious disease hospital for the "First Aid". Seizures without temperature can look like "nods", "fading", twitching of certain muscle groups.
• Thrombocytopenic purpura, which occurs when a measles vaccine is administered. It is associated with a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood. Rashes of color on the skin and mucous membranes, increased bleeding. Initially, the swollen elements are crimson, then (like bruises) become blue-greenish, then yellow. In one part of the body, there may be elements of different colors.
• Parotitis after vaccination can develop from 5 to 15 days after vaccination. Only saliva parotid glands are usually affected, less often the swelling of the testicles. The pancreas usually does not suffer.
• Inflammation of joints or pain in them without inflammation, lasting less than 10 days (rarely - more), may occur on 5-30 days after vaccination with only rubella or combination vaccine, which contains the rubella component. One or more joints are affected.
• Rubella and measles vaccine is also characterized by the development of a measles or rubella-like rash from 5 to 15 days after vaccination. In this case, you need a pediatrician at home.
• Measles encephalitis can develop from 5 to 30 days after vaccination. It is characterized by fever, headache, convulsions, asymmetry of the face or muscle tone. There are no specific symptoms for this complication. It is treated in the hospital. If a mumps vaccine was given concomitantly with measles vaccine, then similar symptoms on the 10-36th day could mean poliomyelitis serous meningitis. The diagnosis is made in the infectious hospital by the results of laboratory virological studies.
• Some scientists believe, but could not yet prove that subacute sclerosing panencephalitis can develop from 3 weeks to 5 years after vaccination. Others say that this severe defeat of the nervous system does not develop as a complication of vaccination, but as an indicator of its inefficiency, when measles vaccinated children subsequently developed measles.

BCG

After BCG vaccination at the injection site, the temperature can usually be increased within 1-2 days. After 1-1.5 months at the injection site, a small pimple with pus is found inside: so immunity, through the fight with a tubercle bacillus, gets a remedy for it. Now, after meeting with mycobacterium live (this happens in our country in any case), the body will not let tuberculosis develop. That is, the abscess is a normal reaction.

Complicationsfrom BCG are as follows:

• ulcers on the skin: appear 3-4 weeks after inoculation;
• cold abscess - a painful densification that occurs as a result of a violation of the technique of performing the injection. Develops in 1-8 months, can exist for a long time, up to six months;
• keloid scars. They look like strongly protruding, ugly scars, appear both after the formation of cold abscesses, and without them. Formed one year after vaccination;
• inflammation of regional lymph nodes (axillary, cervical, supra- and subclavian). Under the skin are found "balls" of a dense consistency, constituting in diameter up to 1.5 cm or more, can be inflated and open themselves;
• osteomyelitis - bone marrow inflammation - a pathology with bone pain that increases with walking, an increase in temperature to small digits. It develops in 2-18 months;
• osteitis - inflammation of bone tissue, has symptoms similar to osteomyelitis, manifests itself after 2-18 months;
• with congenital immunodeficiency (combined, chronic granulomatous disease) there is a disseminated BCG infection - tuberculosis, which ends lethal. Therefore, before the vaccination is performed, a survey is required, and not a thoughtless consent to be vaccinated in the maternity hospital;
• post-BCG syndrome develops due to allergic reactions of the circulating weakened virus. It appears large (more than 10 mm) keloid scars, erythema nodosum (pale-ringing rash), annular granuloma.

(cm. About BCG vaccination, its consequences, why diaskintest will not replace Mantoux, about the bullish type of tuberculosis in Russia - opinion of the candidate of medical sciences)

Diagnostics

It is very important to distinguish the postvaccinal complication from the disease that has joined in the post-vaccination period. None of the doctors is happy about the development of complications, and no one is obliged to hide the fact of complication. Therefore, they conduct an investigation on the existing protocols for this:

• with convulsions - exclude epilepsy, purulent meningitis, diabetes, spasmophilia: measure blood sugar, calcium blood, perform lumbar puncture;
• at a shrill scream, examine the ears for otitis, the abdomen for intestinal colic; measure the level of intracranial pressure;
• if a suspected vaccine-associated poliomyelitis is suspected, the infectionist and neurologist should be examined, the immunogram should be used to determine the immune deficiency, the vaccine strain of the virus should be isolated from the CSF or blood;
• with suspicion of encephalitis or meningitis are needed: examination of the neurologist, lumbar puncture with bacterio-and virological studies, the definition of antibodies to viruses by serological methods, the exclusion of herpetic meningitis or encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis in the study of cerebrospinal fluid by PCR.

Common Issues

Question:
Whether it is possible to do or make simultaneously a DTP and a poliomyelitis.

Answer: These 2 vaccinations are often performed in one day, to reduce the number of side effects. There is even a European vaccine "Pentaxim", which contains all these components. Combining vaccination with diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus and polio does not lead to an increase in side effects.

Question:
When is the vaccine after Mantoux?

Answer: Mantoux reaction is a kind of skin test, not an inoculation. The diameter of the redness is measured 3 days after setting, and immediately after the measurement can be vaccinated. A break is needed so that the vaccination does not affect the results of the Mantoux reaction.

Question:
Can I donate blood after vaccination?

Answer: If you mean donation, then by order, the donor is suspended for a while (depending on what kind of vaccination is involved) from donating blood:

1. if the vaccination was carried out with killed vaccines (from hepatitis B, tetanus, pertussis, diphtheria, cholera, influenza, paratyphoid), then suspension - for 10 days;
2. when the donor was vaccinated with live vaccines (from plague, tularemia, smallpox, rubella, BCG, took oral drops from poliomyelitis), then, in the absence of inflammation at the injection site, one month must pass before blood can be returned again.

Question:
Can I get sick after vaccination?

Answer: It is possible, immunity is weakened by the struggle with a weakened or killed microbe, it is easier to defeat it. The risk that the child will get sick after walking in crowded places in the first days after vaccination, as well as when the child freezes / overheats.

Question:
What to give to the child?

Answer:

• from the temperature: rub it with cool water and dates "Nurofen" or "Panadol", but in no case is "Aspirin";
• from the rash: tested on the child antihistamine drug: "Fenistil", "Zodak" or another. You need to call a doctor;
• from the compaction at the injection site: anoint with "Troxevasin";
• from seizures, you can not give anything, except to ensure that the oropharynx is passable for air. This requires hospitalization;
• from meningitis or encephalitis: only to be hospitalized;
• from pain in the joints: Nurofen, Panadol, and then come to the pediatrician for an examination.

Question:
Can I do massage after vaccination?

Answer: The optimal solution will be a break in 10-14 days after vaccination with vaccines killed, in a month - after vaccination with live vaccines.

Question:
Can I get vaccinated after my illness?

Answer: Vaccinations after illness are unacceptable, only in case of an emergency situation (when a person has contacted an infectious patient). After SARS should pass a minimum of 2 weeks before inoculation, uncomplicated fracture is not a contraindication. But after hepatitis, chicken pox, infectious mononucleosis, meningitis (especially herpetic or chickenpox), the medotvet is given for 6 months after recovery.

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Do I need to get a flu shot?

The flu is so dangerous for people that it is on the third place among the most treacherous diseases of our time. Therefore, doctors recommend that you vaccinate to avoid the flu and its complications. Meanwhile, up to 80% of US residents prefer to vaccinate, about 10% of the population of Russia, and in Ukraine - up to 1%. There are a lot of rumors about vaccinations - truthful and not very good. Do I need to get a flu shot?

Who needs flu vaccination?

WHO argues that although everyone is sick with the flu, not everyone needs vaccinations. But there are groups of people who need flu shots. It:

• Children from six months who have not yet acquired immunity to colds and whose immune system is still very weak

• People with chronic diseases of the respiratory system (but not in an acute state and without temperature)
• Those who have immunodeficiency
• People who have crossed the threshold of 50 years

Why is it so difficult to get a flu shot?

In the composition of the influenza virus, there are special antigens, the formula and form of which forms varieties of the same viruses. These varieties, to our regret, change their composition every year, because of what it is quite difficult to find an effective vaccine against the flu.

In order for the vaccine to be developed correctly and, accordingly, it is necessary to rely on the doctors' forecasts regarding the likely changes in the structure of the virus. This is quite difficult, so if the vaccine is not properly selected, you can not guess and not protect the person from the flu completely. The fact is that if scientists have not guessed with the vaccine, then it will not have enough antimatter to withstand the flu. With an incorrectly selected vaccine, its effectiveness is reduced by a factor of three - this explains the inefficiency of vaccinations.

What is the composition of the flu vaccine?

As part of the vaccination against influenza viruses are contained, but not alive, but already killed. These viruses, getting into the human body, increase its immunity and cause it to fight with the infection. Having trained on weak viruses, the body instantly recognizes influenza viruses that get to it from the external environment. And easily copes with them. In this - the essence of the vaccine against the flu.

The vaccine differs from the present influenza virus in that it contains too weak viruses or inactivated viruses (generally without virus content). These are inactivated viruses and can give most complications after the flu. After the vaccination, two weeks pass from the flu, and this is the time when the body fully adapts to this type of flu. Therefore, it is better to vaccinate against influenza not during epidemics, but before their onset - beginning in October.

Pros of vaccination against influenza

Vaccination against influenza helps reduce the incidence of influenza in a rather impressive scale - this is a fact. For example, among the elderly people who were vaccinated against the flu, up to 60% later they are not sick with acute respiratory diseases in general. Vaccination from the flu makes it possible not to ache more than 80% of people of all ages who have been vaccinated. Children who were vaccinated against influenza cease to be ill in more than 92% of cases. Vaccination against influenza also reduces the likelihood of complications by more than a third - one of them is a painful otitis for children.

Cons of vaccination against influenza

There are also side effects of flu vaccination. They are related to:

• Incorrect use of the vaccine (not corresponding to the influenza strain)
• Vaccination in those conditions that are prohibited for vaccinations - pregnancy in the first trimester, high fever, acute disease during vaccination
• A negative reaction to vaccine substances that were not taken into account

Consequences of the negative reaction of the body to the vaccine - weakness of the body, redness at the injection site, fever and flu symptoms in mild form - headache, lethargy and so on. With a normal reaction of the body to the vaccine, these symptoms disappear within two days after the vaccination, and when complications - a person's condition deteriorates sharply after 6-12 hours from the time of vaccination.

It is worth knowing that, in addition to vaccination against influenza, there are other methods of prevention: more abundant drinking with vitamins (decoction of rose hips, sea buckthorn, tea with lemon and honey), wearing an antiviral mask, taking multivitamin preparations to maintain immunity, frequent washing hands. They should be used, because in the cold season, a person loses a lot of vitamins - up to 70% of what is needed!

Therefore, using a vaccine against influenza as the only means is wrong. But you do not need to give it up. Especially if you find yourself on the list of people who need flu shots.

Who does not have a flu vaccine?

There are people who do not get a flu shot, because it can cause a number of complications.

• These are people with chronic diseases of the nervous system
• Those who have problems with the genitourinary system (ureter, bladder, kidneys and so on)
• People suffering from diseases of the endocrine organs (thyroid, adrenal, pituitary)
• Those who have heart failure, and clearly expressed
• People with bronchial asthma
• Patients with blood diseases of any age
• Pregnant women before the third trimester of pregnancy
• Those who have an allergy to chicken protein

Vaccination against influenza, introducing viruses into the body, can cause an adverse reaction even in healthy people who do not suffer from the above contraindications.

Influenza in Figures

Today the flu is a real plague of the century. In terms of complications and mortality, influenza is in third place after cardiovascular diseases and cancer. And the flu together with ARVI occupy 95% of infectious diseases. These viruses each year strike up to 500 million people on the planet. Of these people, up to 2 million people die. To reduce these deaths, scientists recommend vaccination.

Vaccination, according to WHO, should protect people from the flu and prevent complications after the flu, not to mention the mortality, which is significantly reduced. The vaccine works, strengthening primarily the immune system.

But, unfortunately, this protection does not always work. As a minus, it is not always right for physicians to select a vaccine, but as a plus, even if the vaccine does not fully protect against infection with the virus, but it makes it possible to weaken its influence on the body.

More on the influenza virus

The flu virus is far from alone. There are at least three of them - the influenza virus A, B, C - as the first letters in the English alphabet. The most dangerous is considered to be influenza type A, epidemics and pandemics are associated with it. Influenza type B is also not a gift - it causes damage to the body in many people, but affects people more locally. The most mild in its impact is the influenza C virus, although it is undesirable to suffer from none of the three types of influenza.

ilive.com.ua

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