Types of cough in children

Types of cough in children

Cough is a reflex protective reaction of the child's body to getting into the respiratory tract of a foreign agent, most often this:

• small particles of dust;
• foreign objects;
• various microorganisms;
• allergens;
• or presence of an inflammatory process in the airways.

It consists in the sudden expulsion of foreign agents from the respiratory tract and lungs, which is exacerbated by the closure of the glottis. The volume and intensity of the cough depends on the air pressure exhaled during coughing, and the tone - on the features of the structure of the walls of the airways.

These factors contribute to the development of inflammation, edema and the intensity of mucus production.

Cough in children can occur in diseases that are not related to the pathology of the respiratory system:

• have a neurogenic nature when the cough develops, as a reaction to a stressful situation;
• with diseases of other organs and systems:

1. heart and blood vessels (with congenital and acquired heart defects, pericarditis and myocarditis and other diseases that are accompanied by the formation and progression of heart failure);
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2. organs of digestion (with diaphragmatic hernias and other pathologies that arise in connection with mechanical pressure of the abdominal cavity organs on the lungs);
3. at allergic diseases, which are accompanied by allergic edema of the bronchi and inflammatory reaction, against the background of sensitization of the body.

Pathogenesis of cough

Cough in children appears with various changes in both inflammatory and non-inflammatory genesis in larynx, nasopharynx, trachea, pleura and bronchi, as well as with irritation of the external auditory canal and cough center. This reflex reaction is caused by the irritation of the endings of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves, which are located in the mucosa of the respiratory tract. Cough in children in most cases is caused by irritation of the cough zones, which are localized on the back wall of the pharynx, in the region of the glottis and bifurcations of the trachea, and also in the pleura. In inflammatory processes of the respiratory tract, the nerve endings are irritated due to the development of edema mucous membrane of the bronchopulmonary system or accumulated pathological secret accumulated in the zone cough zones. In infants, these nerve endings in the alveoli and bronchi are underdeveloped, so there is no cough reflex, and inflammatory diseases of the lower respiratory tract often pass asymptomatically.

The most common cause of cough in childhood is inflammatory reaction of the nasopharynx, larynx, large and small bronchi, alveoli and trachea when exposed to the mucous membrane of the bronchopulmonary system of infectious and bacterial agents - viruses and bacteria.

The most significant place among the etiological factors of coughing in children is occupied by catarrhal diseases and acute respiratory viral infections (ARI and ARVI), bacterial diseases and children's infectious diseases (pertussis, parotitis, measles and rubella, less often chicken pox) with the defeat of upper and lower respiratory ways.

Types of cough in children

In children, acute, spasmodic, paroxysmal, recurrent, protracted, persistent and prolonged cough are distinguished, and by the presence of sputum - dry and moist. Also determine the intensity of the cough - just coughing, frequent coughing, developing at night or mostly during the day, when falling asleep. Depending on the localization of the pathological process, the pharyngeal, laryngeal or tracheal cough is isolated.

Acute coughing

An acute emerging cough develops in diseases of the upper, less often, lower respiratory tract with acute catarrhal phenomena:

• trachea (tracheitis);
• pharynx (pharyngitis);
• larynx (laryngitis, laryngotracheitis and croup);
• bronchi (bronchitis);
• pleura (pleurisy);
• and lungs (pneumonia).

First there is an irritating, dry and unproductive cough, which is accompanied by signs of a viral infection - a runny nose, malaise, lacrimation and fever.

When diagnosing this type of cough, the main task is to eliminate pneumonia and pleurisy, because at the initial stages of the viral Disease character and severity of cough can not indicate the presence of viral pneumonia, but it occurs enough often. In connection with a decrease in immunity in children, burdened by heredity, adverse environmental conditions, congenital pathology of the lungs and bronchi and the presence of concomitant diseases. To suspect the onset and development of viral pneumonia in a baby can only a doctor, after examination, percussion and auscultation.

Pharyngeal cough

This type of cough is caused due to the accumulation of mucus at the entrance to the larynx or dryness of the pharyngeal mucosa. It manifests itself in the form of short, usually repeated coughing jerks, which are called coughing-it only emphasizes its mild character.

Causes of coughing are acute or chronic pharyngitis, a mild form of tracheobronchitis, or a formed and entrenched habit (in the form of ticks) the time of prolonged, recurrent bronchitis and / or sinusitis, based on prolonged irritation of the peripheral receptors of the cough center and cough zones.

Laryngeal cough

Laryngeal cough is characterized by a hoarse tone and a tendency to spasm of the larynx. It is typical for laryngeal diseases (laryngitis or laryngotracheitis) and is called a false groin with a typical pattern - barking, hoarse paroxysmal cough, with hoarseness. It manifests itself in viral diseases of the larynx - influenza, measles, parainfluenza or other diseases. The true croup with the same symptoms develops with diphtheria of the larynx, while the cough has a persistent character with a special tone that gradually becomes silent.

With inflammatory and other diseases of the trachea, bronchi and lungs, coughing can be a simple dry or simple moist cough.

A simple dry cough

A simple dry cough is an almost constant cough that is not accompanied by sputum discharge. This cough is also called annoying subjective sensations of patients as unpleasant and intrusive. It can occur in the initial stage of bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, with tracheitis, laryngitis, laryngotracheitis, aspiration foreign body, spontaneous pneumothorax, tuberculous lesion of the basal lymph nodes, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, inflammation pleura. Sometimes, with a sudden change in the temperature of the surrounding environment - when you move from a cold to a warm room, dry cough occurs in healthy children.

Bitonal cough

Bitonal cough is a type of dry simple cough that is characterized by a deep cough with a double sound: a whistling high tone with a change during a cough push to a lower creeping tone. The bitonal character of coughing occurs when the lower respiratory tract constricts due to the presence of a foreign body or by compression with enlarged paratracheal or intrathoracic lymph nodes, enlarged thyroid gland, as well as with other stenosing processes characteristic for bronchiolitis, laryngotracheitis or neoplasms localized in posterior mediastinum.

Pertussis-like cough

Pokljushepodobnyj tussis represents obsessive and acyclic cough aftershocks reminding a pathological process at a whooping cough or a paracoak, but not accompanied by reprises. It occurs when there is very viscous sputum in the lower respiratory tract, often accompanied by spasm, swelling and inflammation of the bronchi and alveoli. Such cough is observed in cystic fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, bronchiolitis, obstructive bronchitis, bronchiectasis.

With qualitative and timely treatment, this type of cough turns into a simple moist cough - with bronchitis, pneumonia, bronchiolitis, sputum is removed.

A simple moist cough

A simple moist cough is a cough of average loudness, cyclic with a natural cessation of a fit of coughing when spitting out. It occurs when the bronchial mucosa irritates with bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, sinusitis, stagnant bronchitis (with heart disease and blood vessels with heart failure), esophageal tracheal fistulas newborns.

Paroxysmal cough

The paroxysmal cough is characterized by a sudden series of coughing impulses (cough with pertussis or pertussis-like cough in viral infections). The severity, duration and frequency of coughing attacks is individual and depends on the pathogen and the characteristic lesion of the mucous and submucosal layer of the bronchial membrane by the causative agents of the infectious process. At night, coughing is more frequent and stronger than in the daytime with traumatism when coughing a tongue bridle in the form of sores.

Prolonged cough in children

A prolonged cough is a cough that lasts more than two weeks.

Most often in schoolchildren and adolescents, it occurs after acute bronchitis and is associated with an active production of viscous sputum (postinfection) and hypersensitivity of both central and peripheral cough receptors.

In young children, prolonged coughing can occur with recurrent nasopharyngitis, adenoiditis and hypertrophy of adenoids, which is associated with a constant flow of mucus into the larynx from a nasopharynx and at a recurring bronchitis, at often ill children in connection with stratification of a new infection on yet not completely restored after an inflammatory process bronchial tree.

Also, a painful and prolonged dry cough can develop with tracheitis, alveolitis and tracheobronchitis caused by rhino-syncytial infection, parainfluenza virus and rhinovirus infection, especially in children under three years of age and with atypical course of whooping cough.

Recurrent cough in childhood

Recurrent nature of cough occurs with bronchial asthma or recurrent bronchitis.

Permanent prolonged cough

This cough character, as a rule, is a sign of chronic respiratory diseases - congenital bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis and bronchial cartilage defects. A constant dry cough along with a change in the voice can occur when the papilloma develops in the larynx.

Psychogenic cough

This type of cough in a child has a more often recurrent nature. It can occur against a background of constant stress, neuroses and with increased anxiety of the mother, accentuation and concentration of parents' attention on respiratory symptoms. The baby has a series of loud, dry, coughing impulses provoked by situations when the child wants to attract the attention of adults or achieve certain goals, with anxious anticipation troubles

Hemoptysis

Hemoptysis is a special kind of cough that is accompanied by expectoration of sputum with blood veins or its dotted impregnations as a result of diapedesis of erythrocytes associated with increased permeability of vessel walls or rupture capillaries. This can be observed with croupous pneumonia, bronchiectasis, pulmonary tuberculosis, hemorrhagic pneumonia in newborns, respiratory tract injuries by foreign bodies, idiopathic hemosiderosis of the lungs, stagnation in a small circle of circulation during left ventricular failure (with mitral or aortic heart defects), with renal hypertension.

If you have a cough in a child, you need to determine its cause, and only its elimination will help to achieve complete disappearance of the cough and recovery of the baby.

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Types of cough

Cough - a kind of protective mechanism of the human body, designed to clean the bronchi and trachea. When diagnosing a cough, it is necessary to distinguish between its temporal characteristics: acute; recurrent; protracted and prolonged cough.

The appearance of acute cough is characteristic of acute viral catarrhal lesions, with croup, tracheitis, laryngitis, bronchitis and pneumonia. With such lesions, cough is at first dry (unproductive) - it is usually obtrusive, and is not accompanied by the separation of mucus (sputum). With tracheitis and laryngitis cough can acquire a specific barking character. With laryngitis, a cough is always accompanied by a swelling in the throat. With pneumonia, cough from the very beginning is wet, such a cough is also called deep.

The appearance of a moist (productive) cough is usually characteristic of bronchitis, with the cough disease ending with the spitting of phlegm. Coughing attacks always occur when it accumulates.

When differential diagnosis of acute cough is very important to make sure that it is associated with any infection (fever, catarrhal syndrome). In children, signs of acute respiratory viral infections (ARI) are considered to be difficulty breathing and hoarseness. The presence of wet wheezing in the lungs usually indicates bronchitis: in older children wheezing is large or medium pemphigus, in small bubbles small-bubbles, this makes it possible to diagnose bronchiolitis.

A prolonged cough is a kind of cough that can last more than 2 weeks. This kind of cough is observed quite often, this pattern is typical for the course of acute bronchitis. Most often this is due not so much to the presence of the inflammatory process, but how much post-infection hyperproduction of the sputum (sputum), sometimes it can be associated with hypersensitivity of cough receptors. To decipher such a cough it is necessary to take into account the age of the child.

Presence of a protracted cough in preschool and early childhood children is often associated with a constant flow of mucus from the nasopharynx into the larynx in the presence of a long-term current nasopharyngitis, adenoiditis and hypertrophy of adenoids; unlike bronchitis, prolonged cough is not accompanied by wheezing in the lungs, but has a superficial character and disappears when treating the inflammatory process in nasopharynx. Prolonged bronchitis can last up to 2-4 weeks, and is considered normal for preschool children. It is also called recurrent bronchitis.

In children of school age, a dry lingering cough can last up to six weeks, this is typical for tracheitis, tracheobronchitis. Such a cough is usually very painful and paroxysmal. The attack always ends with the expectoration of lumps of dense mucus (fibrinous overlays).

The presence of a relapsing cough is characteristic, first of all, for bronchial asthma - this is one of the most basic complaints of those who have not yet been diagnosed with asthma. The appearance of a cough for every acute respiratory infection is typical for recurrent bronchitis - it is usually lingering, moist, its duration may exceed 2 weeks.

A persistent, prolonged cough can be observed in chronic diseases of the respiratory system, It can weaken or intensify at certain periods of time. Essentially important is that the child practically does not stop coughing.

A constant dry cough with a change in voice may indicate the presence of laryngeal papillomatosis. Dry cough with chest deformities, shortness of breath, and signs of the pulmonary heart is usually characteristic of fibrosing alveolitis.

Particular attention is paid to psychogenic cough, it is also characterized by a persistent cough. It is always dry and observed exclusively in the daytime, by evening and during sleep it disappears. Its distinctive feature is considered to be regularity and high frequency (up to 4-8 times of coughing per minute). Coughing stops while talking and eating. Psychogenic coughing is a reaction to stressful situations in school and at home. Coughing attacks are usually provoked by unpleasant and depressing themes for the child. Causes of cough reflex fixation are very often the increased irritability and anxiety of parents and the concentration of special attention on the symptoms of respiratory infections. Such children need an in-depth examination in order to exclude the presence of organic pathology. In some cases, trial treatment with steroid aerosols and antispasmodics is used.

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What types and types of cough are

Everyone at least once in his life coughed - someone because of a cold, and someone without any obvious reasons. When such a reflex action arises against the background of ARVI, then it can be recognized quite easily. But if the disease takes a completely different character, then it is difficult to determine independently which kind of jerky, forced forced exhalation is present.

Today, experts distinguish several varieties of cough:

• Dry (unproductive) - as a rule, it accompanies a cold or SARS. However, this kind of cough can also testify about developing bronchitis, tracheitis. A distinctive feature of this reflex action is the absence of excreted sputum. To treat this type of disease, doctors prescribe drugs that can fight infections locally and envelop the mucous membrane of the larynx.
• Wet (productive) - this type of cough is characterized by sputum discharge during reflex action. Often this indicates the presence of pneumonia or bronchitis. For the treatment of this type of disease, expectorants and mucolytic drugs are prescribed whose action is aimed at facilitating sputum discharge.
• Cough alcoholic is one of the manifestations of the consequences of alcoholism. In the airways and lungs, tissue damage occurs, which leads to the development of respiratory failure due to the formation of bronchial obstruction.
• Barking - a dry, agonizing, jerky, forced, sonorous exhalation without sputum is evidence of swelling in the mucous membrane of the larynx. Often this kind of cough is accompanied by vomiting, dizziness. The sound produced during the reflex action is very coarse and loud.
• Asthmatic - as a rule, this symptom worries people suffering from bronchial asthma. Its manifestation is most pronounced in the morning or after considerable physical exertion. For this type of cough, a characteristic (dry) (non-productive) reflex act accompanied by a feeling of shortness of breath is a characteristic feature.
• Smoker - occurs in almost 90% of people who abuse tobacco smoking for more than 2 years. This symptom is accompanied by a copious discharge of viscous sputum, most often in the form of clots. Typically, this type of coughing bothers in the morning.
• A deep and sonorous voluntary or involuntary reflex act may indicate the development of enough serious diseases: acute bronchitis (secretion of sputum is mucous), tracheitis (almost complete absence phlegm).
• Bronchial - this type of cough is recurrent. This type of symptom develops against the background of the inflammatory process in the airways. During the reflex action, luminous rales can be heard.

On our site there are many useful articles that will help you understand the types of cough, possible complications. In addition, you will learn the most effective both traditional and popular ways of treating these ailments.

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Causes and types of dry cough

Dry cough in children and adults can be a sign of infectious or colds, manifestation of an allergic reaction or the first symptom of such dangerous diseases as tuberculosis or whooping cough. Therefore it is necessary to know the most common causes of dry cough, in order to call the doctor in time and start the appropriate treatment.

Dry cough arises as a protective reaction of the body, which tries in this way to "clear" the lungs from the microorganisms that have got into them or particles of dust and various substances. It appears due to irritation of receptors located deep in the mucous membrane of the larynx, trachea and bronchi and is not accompanied by the separation of sputum.

Types of dry cough

1. Usual - typical for viral infections and colds, the child coughs several times a day, but does not experience any unpleasant sensations or pain.
2. Paroxysmal - a cough that lasts for a long time, causes stressful breathing muscles, chest pain, lacrimation, fatigue. This is a symptom of the defeat of the lower respiratory tract, the onset of bronchitis or pneumonia. Perhaps the occurrence of a paroxysmal paroxysmal cough is a very frequent and severe cough that is almost impossible soothe, such paroxysms can be repeated several dozen times a day and severely deplete the patient, most often they are a symptom whooping cough.
3. "Barking" - during the attack the patient suffocates, he has shortness of breath, wheezing and a sharp violation of normal breathing. Such a cough occurs with extensive inflammation and some infectious diseases.
4. Chronic - dry cough, lasting more than 2 weeks without interruption or recurrent coughing attacks for more than 4 consecutive weeks, at least 3 times a year. For various pathological conditions, there is a certain time of occurrence of attacks - allergies begin to cough in the morning, and asthmatic cough occurs after physical effort or nervous voltage.

The main causes of cough

1. Physiological causes - so the airways in children up to a year are cleared of accumulated mucus, dust and other substances. Such a cough is "easy it is rather a cough, it appears sporadically, more often in the mornings, and the child does not have other signs of pathology - increased body temperature, discharge from the nose, general malaise and so on.
2. Approximately in 90% of cases dry cough appears due to inflammatory processes in the upper respiratory tract - these are common colds and viral infections. In this case, the disease begins with an increase in body temperature, headache, irritation and dryness of the throat, then there is a discharge from the nose and a dry cough. The cough is short, weak, and after a few days the separation of sputum begins and it quickly disappears. If ARVI or ARI is not treated, the condition of the child may worsen and develop a complication - bronchitis, tracheitis or false groats.
3. Influenza and parainfluenza - are much more severe than other viral infections. Characteristic rise in body temperature to high figures - more than 40 degrees, pain and aching muscles, redness eye, sneezing and attaching a dry, nasal cough, causing pain in the chest, muscles and general fatigue patient. Unlike adults, the airways of young children are very narrow and inflammation can cause their swelling and blockage, so you should always consult a pediatrician and follow all recommendations for treatment. Especially dangerous is parainfluenza in children of the first three years of life, it often causes narrowing of the respiratory tract and development of the "false" croup. The patient's voice becomes hoarse, rough, and cough - barking and very frequent, breathing is marked by intense superficial, in young children visible entrainment of intercostal spaces and the emergence of cyanosis of the nasolabial triangle - the skin around the lips pales and gets cyanotic color tone.
4. Pertussis - dry "barking paroxysmal cough - this is the main sign of this disease. If at the beginning of the disease symptoms can be noted fever, general malaise and dry rare cough, then gradually the condition the child worsens, there are frequent attacks of dry, barking cough that intensifies at night and gives the child the opportunity to normally rest and to have a sleep. Treatment of infection should be carried out only in a hospital or with mandatory medical control over the process, since there is a risk of serious complications. Unlike adults, in young children, this disease can occur very hard and cause a violation of normal breathing.
5. Laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis - develop as a complication of a viral infection or a cold. Inflammation passes into the lower parts and affects the bronchi, trachea or larynx. In this case, there is a prolonged cough that becomes stronger and may be accompanied by pain in the chest or in the throat. It intensifies at night or in the mornings and periodically repeats throughout the day.
6. Dry cough can occur because of an allergic reaction to stimuli that get into the respiratory tract. Such a cough occurs in the morning, increases under certain conditions - after eating citrus, cleaning with household chemicals, at certain times of the year, and so on. With the disappearance of the allergen, all symptoms of the disease disappear, but if contact with the stimulus constant, the risk of obstruction (constriction) of the respiratory tract increases and the appearance of constant cough. If in adults an allergy can exist for years in the same form of seasonal pollinosis, then children, it quickly passes into more severe forms of the disease - obstructive bronchitis or bronchial asthma.
7. The ingress of foreign bodies into the respiratory tract - an unexpectedly arisen dry cough without an increase in body temperature - is a dangerous sign, and if the child is choking or his state of health has sharply deteriorated, then perhaps this is caused by the foreign body entering the respiratory ways. Cough with it - paroxysmal, painful, the child breathes heavily, sizzles, turns pale, he can lose consciousness or his voice disappears. The task of any adult who is nearby is to call as soon as possible an ambulance, and before the arrival of doctors, to provide first aid on their own. To do this, you need to turn the child face down, put on the knee, clean the mouth cavity and try soft pushing strokes on the back to push out a piece of food or a small toy from the throat.

Dry cough is a symptom of a variety of diseases in children and adults, so in all cases of its appearance it is necessary to consult a specialist who can accurately determine the cause of the pathology and designate an appropriate treatment. Particular concern should be caused by the appearance of a prolonged dry cough in young children.

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