In this article: a description of the hypertonic solution, what it is, why the solution is so called, its kinds. The mechanism of exposure to various pathologies, how and when one can make a solution on its own and apply it.
Indications for use and mechanism of action
Hypertensive saline( sodium chloride) is a liquid with a concentration of the base material above 0.9%.To understand where the name "hypertonic" comes from, it is necessary to disassemble the basics of the normal physiology of the cell and the surrounding substance.
Liquid is the main part of the cell's contents and the surrounding space, all substances necessary for maintaining normal function are dissolved in it. The content is exchanged according to the difference in the pressures of the liquids. Under physiological conditions, normal fluid pressure in cells and intercellular substance is maintained by sodium chloride ions at a concentration of 0.9%, the same percentage in human blood plasma. If the amount of matter inside and outside the cell is equal to - there is no ion transition, when it changes - ions move to the side with a lower concentration, maintaining equilibrium. Thus, a 0.9% solution of sodium chloride or salt is called physiological or isotonic( with respect to blood plasma), and any higher concentration solution is hypertonic.
This solution is an official medication widely used in medical practice in different concentrations:
- 1-2% for rinsing, rinsing the nasal passages and throat( otorhinolaryngology);
- 2-5% for gastric lavage( emergency medicine);
- 5-10% for the treatment of infected wounds( purulent surgery), as well as for stimulation of stool loosening with constipation( therapy, postoperative period);
- 10% for the treatment of internal bleeding and urine disruption( emergency and emergency medicine).
Given the indications, for treatment and prophylaxis the solution can be recommended or prescribed by doctors of several specialties: physicians, otorhinolaryngologists, surgeons, resuscitators, nephrologists.
Indications for use and mechanism of action
Depending on the type of pathological process and method of use, different concentrations of the drug are used. Some ways of using require only a pharmaceutical( sterile) form of the drug, for others, self-cooking is suitable. Before proceeding to home recipes, you need to consider in detail how and which medication to use.
1-2% salt solution
Indications: infectious and inflammatory diseases of the mucous membranes of nasal passages, maxillary sinuses, oral cavity( rhinitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, stomatitis), as well as surgical interventions and injuries in this zone.
Action: suppresses the growth of microorganisms, reduces tissue swelling and pain syndrome.
Application: rinse your nose or rinse your mouth and throat every 4 hours during an acute period of the disease. Duration of use is 3-5 days, depending on the clinical manifestations.
2-5% salt solution
Indications: gastric lavage when ingested lapis( silver nitrate).
Action: When entering into a chemical reaction, the hypertonic salt solution neutralizes the acid by forming a safe silver chloride, which is excreted through the intestine in an unchanged form.
Application: use in the first minutes after ingestion of lapis inside, if the victim can not drink alone, enter through the stomach probe. The total volume is up to 500 ml, depending on the amount of silver nitrate.
5-10% salt solution
Indications:
- infected wounds with copious purulent discharge;
- prolonged absence of stool, including after surgical treatment of the abdominal organs.
Action:
- has a pronounced antimicrobial effect, reduces edema and inflammation in a purulent focus, reduces pain syndrome;
- in the ampulla of the rectum the solution irritates the mucosa and increases the yield of fluid into the lumen, softening the stool and stimulating defecation.
Application:
- dressings with a lot of wet napkins in the preparation 2-3 times a day( the multiplicity depends on the severity of purulent-inflammatory changes);
- microclysters( total volume up to 200 ml) 1-2 times in the morning.
10% salt solution
Indications:
- internal and external bleeding with a large amount of blood loss;
- acute failure of kidney function in the stage of a sharp decline or complete absence of urine excretion by the kidneys( oligo- and anuria).
Action:
- increases the volume of blood plasma by stimulating the release of fluid from the intercellular space into the vessels;
- restoration of the lack of sodium and chlorine ions on the background of disturbed water-electrolyte balance.
Usage: Slow, intravenous administration with a total volume of up to 10-20 ml.
Contraindications and negative effects
Hypertensive solution is a universal medical product with a minimum of contraindications:
Contraindications for topical application( rinsing, rinsing, bandaging, microclysters) - individual intolerance( allergic reactions of any type).
Contraindications for intravenous administration:
- individual intolerance;
- in the absence of urine excretion - only according to strict laboratory indications( a decrease in the blood plasma of chlorine, sodium ions and an increase in the potassium content);
- is rarely used nowadays for large blood loss - only if there is a shortage of medications to restore the volume of circulating plasma( due to the need to introduce large volumes of solution to adequately support the work of the heart and blood circulation, which in turn leads to electrolyte disorders, aggravating the conditionpatient).
Burning, or even slight soreness in the wound surface area when applying a napkin with a solution is a normal reaction and does not require its cancellation. Unpleasant sensations occur with regular use.
Absolutely contraindicated administration of the drug under the skin and intramuscularly - at the site of injection develops necrosis of tissues.
The introduction of a large volume of solution through the stomach or intravenously leads to the development of hypernathria and hyperchloremia( exceeding the physiological concentration of ions in the blood).Clinical manifestations include: thirst, impaired consciousness, convulsions. At an extreme degree, coma and cerebral bleeding develop.
Self-preparation
For the purpose of washing the mucous nasal passages, oral cavity, throat, stimulating the stool and cleaning purulent wounds, it is possible to prepare a hypertonic solution at home. Do not make a sterile drug for intravenous administration yourself, as well as administer this medication at home without prescribing a doctor.
Pharmacy form of the drug is available in 200 and 400 ml vials, only distilled water is used for dilution and the calculation of the dry matter goes to 1 liter. For local use, conventional boiled water, cooled to a temperature of 35-37 degrees( this temperature to accelerate the dissolution) and ordinary cooking salt from the kitchen.
How to prepare a hypertensive solution in terms of 200 ml of water( the volume of the beaker before the rim):
| Percentage of solution | Amount of salt |
|---|---|
| 1 | 2 grams or ¼ tsp |
| 2 | 4 grams or ½ tsp |
| 5 | 10 grams or 1 tsp.with a "hill" |
| 10 | 20 grams or 2 tsp.with the "hill" |
Storage of home solution does not require special conditions - antimicrobial activity prevents the reproduction of bacteria. Shelf life is limited by the crystallization of salt( easily identified "by eye").
In conclusion, it can be noted that the saline solution in the treatment of purulent-inflammatory processes in some cases successfully replaces expensive topical medications.
