Scarlet fever - Acute infectious disease in children and of adults , characterized by symptoms of general intoxication, sore throat, rashes on the skin. The cause of scarlet fever in a child and adult: a group A hemolytic streptococcus is any of the 80 known types that produce toxin.
Feature of :
- Scarlet fever occurs when there is no antitoxic immunity.
- After having suffered scarlet fever, the recovered patient acquires a stable antitoxic immunity, common to all types of hemolytic streptococcus, although it may later become sick with angina.
Today we will examine the symptoms and signs of scarlet fever in children and adults, the issues of treatment, prevention of the disease with the help of official methods of treatment and folk remedies at home.
Scarlet fever is known from ancient times, but until the sixteenth century it was not isolated from the general group of other diseases occurring with a rash. At the end of the sixteenth century, scarlet fever epidemics were described in most countries of Europe. Diseases occur mostly in mild form, but epidemics with a very severe form have also been noted. So in Spain in the Middle Ages, an epidemic of severe scarlet fever, with a pronounced increase in cervical lymph nodes, was described, characterized by high lethality, due to which it was called "garotillo", which means an iron collar.
CONTENTS
Source of infection: can I get scarlet fever?
Source of infection - a patient with scarlet fever, is most dangerous in epidemiological relation to the patient with a mildly erased form. You can also get scarlet fever from patients:
- streptococcal angina,
- bronchitis,
- rhinopharyngitis.
The patient is contagious from the onset of the illness. The duration of the infectious period varies from a few days to several weeks, with uncomplicated course against antibiotics, the child does not present an epidemic danger to others in 7-10 days.
Routes of transmission of infection: the main way - airborne, less often - contact-household - through household items, clothing of patients, toys, infected products( milk).
The epidemiological process flows wavy, with periodic upsurge( approximately every 3-4 years).Clear seasonality: autumn-winter months.
Mortality in scarlet fever in St. Petersburg at the beginning of the 20th century: 15% of the sick people, in children under 1 year - 50%.Now the death rate from scarlet fever, thanks to the programs of treatment, prevention, is reduced to zero.
Photo in children with scarlet fever
Characteristic rash on the body with scarlet fever in the child 
Characteristic sign of scarlet fever - no rash in the nasolabial triangle of the child 
Scarlet fever in a child and an adult: symptoms, source of infection, prevention, quarantine, treatment 
Rash is one of the symptoms of scarlet fever in children 
Scarlet fever in an adult: symptom - rashes on the skin on the hands 
Rashes on the body in children - oneof the symptoms of scarlet fever How do scarlet fever affect adults and children: symptoms, symptoms, periods of the disease
The main gateway of infection for scarlet fever is zev. Rarely, the infection penetrates through the damaged skin( with burns, wounds) and the mucous membranes of the genital tract( postpartum scarlet fever).The development of the disease with its pronounced cyclic flow is associated with the toxic, allergic and septic action of the pathogen.
Once on the mucous membrane or damaged skin, streptococci causes inflammatory or necrotic changes at the site of implantation. Further along the blood vessels, streptococci enter the lymph nodes where they accumulate. Isolating the toxin, they from the first hours cause defeat of the central nervous system, vegetative, cardiovascular and endocrine systems. Appears fever, rash, changes in lymph nodes, lethargy. Symptoms of intoxication are increasing, reaching a maximum by the 2nd day of the disease.
By the end of the first - the beginning of the second week begins to develop an anti-streptococcal substance. An allergic condition may not manifest itself with visible clinical signs, but immunological protection decreases. It is noted with the appearance of any streptococcal process( secondary angina, lymphadenitis and others).
In modern conditions, the infectious syndrome is usually manifested by catarrhal inflammation at the site of the entrance gate, catarrhal angina. Lacunar and necrotic angina is rare, and scarlet fever, otitis, lymphadenitis, etc. is also rare. This is due to the timely administration of penicillin, which allows the body to quickly get rid of hemolytic streptococcus.
Observations over the course of scarlet fever allow us to speak about it now as a disease that flows easily, although it retains its typical features.
The incubation period is from 1 to 7 days, more often 2-3 days, although it may extend to 12 days.
The first symptoms of
The initial period, usually very short( up to a day), spans the time from the onset of the first symptoms of the disease to the onset of the rash. The beginning can be sudden.
The main symptom of of this period is a rise in body temperature, sore throat, there may be vomiting, which is quite typical for scarlet fever. From the first hours of the disease in the throat there are characteristic changes. Scarlatinous angina occurs with a sharply limited hyperaemia of the tonsils, arches, small tongue and soft palate. In the soft sky, sometimes a small-dotted enanetema appears. Its changes from the tonsils - from catarrhal to necrotic.
Anteroposterior lymph nodes, which are rather dense and sensitive on palpation, are enlarged.
A few hours later, sometimes on the 2nd day, there is a characteristic point rash."In ancient times," doctors believed that scarlet fever can be recognized in a dark room, running a hand over the baby's skin: the skin is bright red, dry and rough, like sandpaper.
Rash is small-pointed, with localization on the cheeks, lateral surfaces of the trunk and abdomen, especially thick in the bends of the elbows, knees, axillary and inguinal areas.
Against this background, the white nasolabial triangle, which is not scratched by a rash, is clearly highlighted, the so-called scarlet fever mask according to Filatov NF:
- is full-blooded,
- is red,
- , the skin around the mouth and nose is pale.
Because of the increased fragility of the vessels, rashes of hemorrhagic nature may appear, usually in places under pressure of clothing, in armpits and at the waist. Characteristic of the location of the rash in the natural folds of the skin. In addition to small-scale rash, the scarlet fever patient can also have a spotty-papular, small-papular, miliary and hemorrhagic rash.
Characteristic for scarlet fever is white dermografizim, which manifests itself in the form of a white band after being carried over the skin with a finger or blunt object. In the first 3-4 days of the disease, it manifests itself after a considerable period, then the white band appears quickly and persists for 1-2 minutes.
Quite typical may be language changes. On the first day of the disease, it is usually coated with a white coating, from day 2 to day 5 it is gradually cleared of plaque, and hypertrophied papillae appear on the clear, bright, crimson surface. This symptom persists for 1-2 weeks.
Angina - is a permanent symptom of scarlet fever .Scarlatinose angina can be:
- catarrhal,
- follicular
- necrotic.
Catarrh and follicular angina passes through 4-5 days, necrotic after - 7-10 days.
Correspondingly, regional lymph nodes react to changes in the throat. They become enlarged, dense, painful on palpation.
In cases of necrotizing sore throat, the subcutaneous fat surrounding the lymph nodes may be involved in the process. Periadenitis, adenophlegmon of the neck can develop.
Changes in other organs and systems in scarlet fever in modern conditions are usually poorly expressed. It is manifested mainly by mild violations of the cardiovascular system in the form of moderate muffling of heart sounds, tachycardia and a slight increase in blood pressure.
The period of convalescence( recovery) starts from the 2nd week with skin peeling, tongue, and also hypersensitivity to streptococcal superinfection, which threatens with serious complications.
Peeling begins on the 2-3rd week of the disease, on the limbs - large-plate, on the body - scales.
Characteristic sign of
The disease begins unexpectedly. First, there is a strong fever, pain when swallowing, the next day - a rash: first on the neck, upper body, then all over the body. Only the nose, lips and chin of remain pure from the rash - a characteristic sign of scarlet fever. The rash is shallow, red and very frequent. If you hold a finger on it, then the roughness is not noted, which immediately distinguishes this rash from measles. The rash also covers the pharynx and tongue, which on the 4th day of the disease becomes crimson.
Classification of scarlet fever
Typical forms of
I. By severity:
a) light;B) medium-heavy.
- With
- Without allergic waves and complications.
- With allergic waves.
- Complications:
a) allergic( nephritis, synovitis, reactive lymphadenitis, myocarditis);B) festering.
4. Abortive flow
Atypical forms of
- wiped With aggravated symptoms( hypertoxic, hemorrhagic)
- Extrabulic.
Extrabulic forms( burn, wound, postpartum) are classified as atypical forms. They begin violently, with the absence of angina, or its weak expression.
There may be forms with aggravated symptoms - hypertoxic and hemorrhagic, in which the process is so violent, as a typical clinic of scarlet fever( sore throat, rash, etc.) develops.
The most common complications of scarlet fever: lymphadenitis, edema, synovitis, mastoiditis, purulent arthritis.
Relapses of scarlet fever can be observed in patients on the 3-4th week( less often, on the 10-11th day of the disease).
Treatment of scarlet fever in a child and an adult
Treatment of patients with scarlet fever is usually at home - at home. Children and adults from closed groups, as well as patients with severe forms of illness, are hospitalized. Inpatient placement of patients in the ward must be necessarily one-time to avoid re-cross-infection with other types of streptococcus.
Patients are prescribed Penicillin at a dose of 15 000-20000 U / kg to 50000 U / kg of body weight per day intramuscularly or antibiotics of the penicillin series( Phenoxymethylpenicillin, Amoxicillin, Retarpen, Amoxicillin, Amoxiclav) for 5-7 days.
Currently, of course, there are more effective antibiotics, which can be found on the page "Orchitis: testicular inflammation in men - symptoms and treatment."
If intolerant Penicillin is given macrolides. Bed rest should be observed for 5-6 days. An extract is made on the 10th day of the illness after a blood and urine test.
In addition, vitamin therapy is prescribed( vitamins B, vitamin C).
In severe cases, a solution of glucose or gemodez intravenously, to reduce intoxication.
In addition to antibiotics, prescribe antiallergic drugs( Diphenhydramine, Fenkarol, Tavegil, etc.), calcium preparations( gluconate) in appropriate doses. Locally for the treatment of angina, rinses are used with warm solutions of furacilin( 1: 5000), Dioxydin( 72%), infusions of chamomile, calendula, sage.
In the treatment of toxic forms of scarlet fever, antitoxic antiscarlatinase serum is of great importance. It is most effective when administered on the 2-3rd day of the disease. Dosage of its 30-60 thousand AE, depending on the degree of toxicosis. Serum should be administered according to the method of Beside: first 0.1 ml, after 30 minutes 0.2 ml and in the absence of reaction after 1-1.5 hours the rest.
Assign fortified and sedatives, digestible food.
Against a background of high fever, severe symptoms of intoxication and sore throat, the patient needs an increased amount of fluid, it is necessary to comply with the drinking regime( fractional drink up to 2.5-3 liters per day).
Traditional medicine tips for the treatment of scarlet fever at home
When treating a scarlet fever patient, one must adhere to the following requirements.
- Keep the patient in bed for 10 days and not leave the house for the next 20 days. The isolation of the child must be at least 20 days.
- Diet: pure milk or milk in half with tea, coffee, cocoa, juices for three weeks, then you can gradually switch to conventional food.
- From the very beginning, bathe the child daily in a bath of 35-36 degrees;baths contribute to rapid eruption;Later, when the skin begins to peel off, soap baths accelerate the falling off of the epidermoid scales. If there is hyperthermia, then make the bath cool( 20-25 degrees) every three to four hours.
- When swelling of the cervical glands is good compress with vinegar on the neck. Change the compress every half hour, not letting it cool.
- The air in the patient's room should not only be clean, but also moist. To do this, you can put on a hot stove a basin of water or hang in a room with wet sheets.
- In order to prevent the spread of the disease, disinfect the room where the patient is, as well as his toys and utensils. How to begin treatment of scarlet fever?
With a slow or insufficient rash, put on the chest and stomach mustard plasters, rub the body with wine or pepper, let's drink warm lime tea.
From a sore throat is best to put on the neck a warming compress. The mouth and throat can be rinsed with a warm sage infusion.
In case of eye inflammation - always apply a cold lotion to your eyes.
With convulsions, headache, faintness and even unconsciousness - put ice on your head, pour it with cold water.
If possible, give a laxative and make a warm bath.
When swollen of the glands, it is recommended: immerse a thick compress in hot water( 60-70 degrees) with vinegar, squeeze well, wrap a neck around it, and wrap it around with something warm. Change every 15-20 minutes, not letting it cool.
When stitching in the ears, put in the ear a fleece moistened with a mixture of glycerin and carbolic( 1 part of carbolic acid per 10 parts of glycerin).In the absence of this composition, you can moisten cotton wool with warm olive oil or some other vegetable oil. You can also moisten with camphor oil, but it must be used carefully, since after camphor it is easy to get a cold ear.
If the rash is very slow and bad, then it is very dangerous. It is necessary to strengthen the rash, why wet the sheet in warm water with salt and vinegar, squeeze it well, wrap the baby in it, put it in a bed and cover with a cotton blanket or something very warm and leave to lie for an hour and a half. Then carefully, so as not to catch a cold, change it into dry linen. The rash after this procedure will appear soon and abundantly.
Folk remedies and prescriptions for the treatment of scarlet fever at home
Buckwheat saxifrage .One tablespoon of roots for 500 ml of water. Cook for 10-15 minutes.on low heat. Insist, wrapped, 4 hours, strain. Take one third or half a glass 3-4 times a day.
Valerian officinalis .One tablespoon of dry rhizomes per 1 cup of cold boiled water. Insist in a closed vessel for 12 hours, strain. Take 1 tablespoon 3-4 times a day before meals. Powder from the roots take 1-2 grams per reception, no more than 3-4 grams per day.
Parsley .One teaspoon of crushed roots brew 1 cup of boiling water, take 1 tablespoon 3-4 times a day.
Take 1 glass of lemon, cranberry or better cranberry juice , warm up and drink in small sips. The second glass of warm juice rinse your throat every half hour. In the squeezes pour 1 glass of alcohol, apply a compress on the throat. As claimed, the disease is cured in 3 days.
Experienced healers at the very beginning of the disease give a child a half teaspoon of kerosene , which causes no rash in the throat, which facilitates the patient's condition.
Now, when there are other proven means, it is better not to experiment with kerosene.
Prevention of scarlet fever: how not to get sick?
Strengthen the body
The general strengthening of the body will help prevent the development of scarlet fever.
To reduce the risk of scarlet fever, it is necessary to follow the rules:
- the nutrition of the child, the adult person must be rational, contain everything the body needs;
- observe personal hygiene, cleanliness of the place of residence, regularly clean the premises and airing;
- lead a healthy lifestyle, exercise, temper the body;
- treat in full and timely inflammatory diseases of the mouth, nasopharynx: otitis media, sinusitis, tonsillitis, gingivitis.
Is scarlet fever dangerous for pregnant women?
Scarlet fever during pregnancy is undesirable. .. When pregnancy is better not to contact the patient. If contact took place, signs of a throat disease began to appear, urgently seek help from a doctor. Do not self-medicate infectious diseases. Treatment of pregnant and children should be carried out by a specialist.
Prevention of scarlet fever in the outbreak of infection
Persons who have had scarlet fever, angina are admitted to children's institutions or to work in this order:
- of children of closed children's institutions is additionally isolated after 12 days in the same institution( subject to appropriate conditions for isolation);
- children entering children's groups( kindergarten, school) are admitted to the collective 12 days after full recovery;
- adults who are at risk of spreading the disease, after full recovery, are transferred to another, epidemiologically safe work, where they work for 12 days;
- if in the outbreak of scarlet fever within 7 days after hospitalization of the patient there is a case of occurrence of a sore throat - such patient also is not supposed in this establishment during 22 days from the moment of disease.
Prophylaxis of scarlet fever extends also to the team in which the patient was diagnosed. The group is quarantined for 7 days with a temperature measurement, by examining the pharynx for the presence of sore throat and skin for the presence of rashes.
All contacts with sick persons are sanitized with of Tomidicide for 5 days( rinsing with a solution 3-4 times a day).Also, the prevention of scarlet fever is conducted in the room where the patient is( current disinfection).
Medical observation of scarlet fever or sore throats is carried out within 30 days of discharge. After 7-11 days after recovery, the first examination of the patient is performed, the second one is performed after 3 weeks, if pathologies are not observed, the patient is removed from the dispensary.
Specific prevention of scarlet fever: vaccination
Now, the prevention of scarlet fever through vaccination is not carried out. The vaccine, developed for its prevention, has not proven effective. Moreover, the vaccine has a great allergic activity, causes many complications.
Therefore, the prevention of scarlet fever is performed by gamma globulin isolated from human blood serum. Use of the drug is possible for prophylaxis in a young child if he has been in contact with a patient or a carrier of scarlet fever.
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Scarlet fever in children: symptoms, signs
The first symptom of scarlet fever becomes a sharp rise in temperature .As a rule, within a few hours a child can complain to parents that he feels an unbearable fever. Literally for an hour the temperature can jump from the usual 36 degrees to insecure 40. Of course, the reception of any funds without professional medical advice is impossible, and it is unlikely that any medications can help in this situation.
The second symptom is rash .Mostly it appears on the second day of the development of the disease, the child begins to complain to parents about the constant itching. In addition, the rash is also characterized by the fact that the location of its exact location can not be determined. The fact is that it is able to cover the entire body of a child, as well as parts of it, and it happens on an individual basis.
The third symptom is inflammation of the oral mucosa .So, if parents ask the child to open their mouths and stick out their tongue, they will be able to distinguish some obvious signs. First, it's an unpleasant scurf. Secondly, sharply enlarged papillae. Thirdly, in some cases pustules become noticeable. Scarlet fever: a disease in scarlet tones. Children's doctor
. Source:
- . G.Nasgov. Official and folk medicine. The most detailed encyclopedia.- M.: Izd-vo Eksmo, 2012.
- An encyclopedia of traditional and folk methods of treating various diseases in humans( electronic version).
