Consider a general blood test in adults and children: the main indicators of blood, their interpretation, meaning and deviation from the norm.
You know that a general( clinical) blood test is one of the most common methods of examination, allowing a doctor to find out beforehand the causes of some symptoms of illnesses, diseases, disorders( for example, fever, weakness and dizziness, etc.).Directly, donating blood for general analysis helps to detect diseases of the blood and other organs.
For the purpose of conducting a general blood test, capillary blood from the finger or blood from the vein is taken. Special preparation for this analysis is not required, but it is better to give blood in the morning on an empty stomach. Why do they donate blood for a general analysis?
Why do they donate blood for a general analysis?
With the help of this survey, the following indicators of human blood are determined:
- The number of red blood cells( red blood cells).
- The level of hemoglobin is the amount of a special substance that is contained in red blood cells and is responsible for the transfer of oxygen from the lungs to other organs.
- The total number of leukocytes( white blood cells) and the leukocyte formula( the number of different forms of white blood cells expressed as a percentage).
- The number of platelets( blood plates that are responsible for stopping bleeding when the vessel is damaged).
- Hematocrit is the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the volume of blood plasma( blood plasma is a part of blood that lacks cells).
- The rate of erythrocyte sedimentation( ESR) is the rate of deposition of red blood cells to the bottom of a test tube, which allows one to judge some properties of the blood.
Each of these parameters can say a lot about the state of human health, as well as indicate possible diseases.
Table: Norms for the Common Blood Test
Let's look at the table with normal blood test parameters:
| Analysis Index | |
| Index Value 1. Hemoglobin | Men: 130-170 g / l Women: 120-150 g / l |
| 2. Red blood cells(number) | Men: 4.0 - 5.0 · 1012 / L Women: 3.5 - 4.7 · 1012 / L |
| 3. White blood cells( number) | Within the range of 4.0 to 9.0 × 109/ l |
| 4. Hematocrit( ratio of plasma volume to cellular blood elements | Male: 42 to 50% Female: 38 to 47% |
| 5. The mean volume of the erythrocyte | Within 86 - 98 μm |
| 6. Leukocyte formula | Neutrophils: · Segmentation forms 47-72% · Fibula forms 1-6% Lymphocytes: 19-37% Monocytes: 3-11% Eosinophils: 0,5 - 5% Basophils: 0 - 1% |
| 7. Number of platelets | Within 180 - 320 · 109 / L |
| 8. Reduction sedimentation rate( ESR) | Male: 3 to 10 mm / h Female: 5 to 15mm / h |
How is the total blood test performed?
As we have already said, a general blood test does not require special training. Usually, blood sampling for general analysis is done in the morning, on an empty stomach( or 2 hours after eating).
| Indicator | What this means | Norm |
| The number of red blood cells ( RBC is the English abbreviation is the number of red blood cells). | Erythrocytes perform an important function of feeding the tissues of the body with oxygen, as well as removing carbon dioxide from tissues, which is then released through the lungs. If the level of erythrocytes is lower than normal( anemia), the body receives insufficient amounts of oxygen. If the level of erythrocytes is higher than normal( polycythemia, or erythrocytosis), there is a high risk that red blood cells will glue together and block blood flow through the vessels( thrombosis) | 4.3-6.2 x 10 at 12 degrees / l for men 3.8-5.5x 10 to 12 degree / l for of women 3.8-5.5 x 10 to 12 degree / l for of children |
| Hemoglobin ( HGB, Hb) | Hemoglobin is a specific protein that is contained in red blood cells and is responsible for the transfer of oxygen to organs. A decrease in the level of hemoglobin( anemia) leads to oxygen starvation of the body. An increase in hemoglobin usually indicates a high amount of red blood cells, or dehydration of the body | 120-140 g / l |
| Hematocrit ( HCT) | A hematocrit is an indicator that reflects how much blood is occupied by red blood cells. Hematocrit is usually expressed as a percentage: for example, hematocrit( NST) 39% means that 39% of the blood volume is represented by red blood cells. Elevated hematocrit occurs with erythrocytosis( increased number of erythrocytes in the blood), as well as dehydration of the body. Decrease in hematocrit indicates anemia( decrease in the level of erythrocytes in the blood) or an increase in the amount of the liquid part of the blood | 39 - 49% for men 35 - 45% for women |
| Distribution width of red blood cells ( RDWc) | The width of the distribution of red blood cells is an indicator,which tells how strongly the red blood cells differ in size. If there are large and small erythrocytes in the blood, the width of the distribution will be higher, this condition is called anisocytosis. Anisocytosis is a sign of iron deficiency and other types of anemia. | 11.5 - 14.5% |
| Average red blood cell volume ( MCV) | The average volume of the erythrocyte allows the doctor to obtain data on the size of the erythrocyte. The average volume of erythrocyte( MCV) is expressed in femtolitra( fl), or in cubic micrometers( μm3).Erythrocytes with a small average volume are found in microcytic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, etc. Erythrocytes with an increased average volume occur in megaloblastic anemia( anemia that develops with a deficiency in the body of vitamin B12 or folic acid) | 80 - 100 fl |
| The average content of hemoglobin inerythrocyte ( MCH) | The mean hemoglobin in erythrocyte allows a doctor to determine how much hemoglobin is contained in one red blood cell. The average content of hemoglobin in erythrocyte, MCH, is expressed in picograms( pg).Decrease in this indicator occurs in iron deficiency anemia, increase in megaloblastic anemia( with vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency) | 26-34 pg |
| Mean hemoglobin concentration in erythrocyte | The average concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte reflects how much the erythrocyteis saturated with hemoglobin. Reduction of this indicator occurs in iron deficiency anemia, as well as in thalassemia( congenital blood disease).An increase in this indicator is almost not found. | 30 - 370 g / l( g / l) |
| Platelet number ( blood platelets, PLT-English abbreviation platelets -plates) | Platelets are small blood plates that participate in the formation of a thrombus and prevent loss of blood in vascular injuries. Elevated blood platelet levels occur in certain blood diseases, as well as after surgery, after the removal of the spleen. Decrease in platelet count occurs in some congenital diseases of the blood, aplastic anemia( disruption of the bone marrow that produces blood cells), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura( destruction of platelets due to increased activity of the immune system), liver cirrhosis, etc. | 180-320 × 109/ l |
| Number of white blood cells ( WBC - English abbreviation white blood cell count - number of white blood cells) | White blood cells( white blood cells) protect the body from infections( bacteria, virusowls, parasites).White blood cells are larger than red blood cells, but they are much lower in blood. A high level of white blood cells indicates the presence of a bacterial infection, and a decrease in the number of leukocytes occurs when taking certain medications, blood diseases, etc. | 4.0 - 9.0 × 10 at 9 degrees / l |
| Lymphocyte content ( LYM English abbreviation, LY%percentage of lymphocytes) | Lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell that is responsible for developing immunity and fighting against microbes and viruses. The number of lymphocytes in different analyzes can be presented in the form of an absolute number( how many lymphocytes have been detected), or as a percentage( what percentage of the total number of leukocytes make up lymphocytes).The absolute number of lymphocytes is usually designated LYM # or LYM.The percentage of lymphocytes is designated as LYM% or LY%.An increase in the number of lymphocytes( lymphocytosis) occurs in certain infectious diseases( rubella, influenza, toxoplasmosis, infectious mononucleosis, viral hepatitis, etc.), as well as in blood diseases( chronic lymphocytic leukemia, etc.).Decrease in the number of lymphocytes( lymphopenia) occurs in severe chronic diseases, AIDS, kidney failure, the use of some drugs that suppress immunity( corticosteroids, etc.) | LY% 25-40% LYM # 1,2 - 3,0х109 / l( or1.2-63.0 x 103 / μL) |
| Monocyte, eosinophil, basophil and immature cell mixture content ( MID, MXD) | Monocytes, eosinophils, basophils and their precursors circulate in the blood in small amounts, which is why these cells are often combinedin one group, which is designated as MID or MXD.This group can be expressed as a percentage of the total number of white blood cells( MXD%), or an absolute number( MXD #, MID #).These types of blood cells also belong to leukocytes and perform important functions( control of parasites, bacteria, the development of allergic reactions, etc.). The absolute and percentage content of this indicator increases if the number of cells in its composition increases. To determine the nature of the changes, a percentage of each cell type( monocytes, eosinophils, basophils and their predecessors) is usually studied | MID #( MID, MXD #) 0.2-0.8 x 109 / L MID%( MXD%) 5-10% |
| Granulocyte count ( GRA, GRAN) | Granulocytes are leukocytes that contain granules( granular white blood cells).Granulocytes are represented by 3 types of cells: neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. These cells are involved in the fight against infections, in inflammatory and allergic reactions. The amount of granulocytes in various analyzes can be expressed in absolute terms( GRA #) and in percentage of the total number of leukocytes( GRA%). Granulocytes are usually elevated in the presence of inflammation in the body. A decrease in the level of granulocytes occurs in aplastic anemia( loss of the ability of the bone marrow to produce blood cells), after taking certain medications, as well as in systemic lupus erythematosus( connective tissue disease), etc. | GRA # 1,2-6,8 x 109 / L(or 1.2-6.8 x 103 / μl) GRA% 47 - 72% |
| The number of monocytes ( MON) | Monocytes are leukocytes that, when they enter the vessels, soon leave them in the surrounding tissues, where they turn into macrophages( macrophages are cells that absorb and digest bacteria and dead body cells).The number of monocytes in various analyzes can be expressed in absolute terms( MON #) and as a percentage of the total number of leukocytes( MON%).Elevated levels of monocytes are found in certain infectious diseases( tuberculosis, infectious mononucleosis, syphilis, etc.), rheumatoid arthritis, and blood diseases. The decrease in the level of monocytes occurs after severe operations, the use of drugs that suppress immunity( corticosteroids, etc.) | MON% 4 - 10% MON # 0.1-0.7 x 109 / L( or 0.1-0.7 x 103 / μL) |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR, ESR. | The rate of erythrocyte sedimentation is an indicator that indirectly reflects the protein content of the blood plasma. Increased ESR indicates a possible inflammation in the body due to the increased content of inflammatory proteins in the blood. In addition, an increase in ESR occurs in anemia, malignant tumors, etc. Reduction of ESR occurs infrequently and speaks of an increased red blood cell count( erythrocytosis) or other blood diseases. | Up to 10 mm / h for men Up to 15 mm / h for women |
Blood for general analysis is taken from a finger( usually from an unnamed one) using a special sterile instrument - a scarifier. With a quick movement of the hand, the doctor performs a small puncture of the skin of the finger, from which a drop of blood soon appears. Blood is collected with a small pipette into a vessel resembling a thin tube. Less commonly, blood for a common blood test is taken from the vein.
Blood obtained is subjected to several studies: counting the number of blood cells with a microscope, measuring hemoglobin, determining ESR.
Interpretation of the general analysis of blood is carried out by the attending physician, however you can estimate the basic parameters of blood independently.
Decoding of the general blood test
The decoding of the general blood test is carried out in several stages, during which the main blood indicators are evaluated. Modern laboratories are equipped with equipment that automatically determines the main blood parameters. Such equipment usually produces analysis results in the form of a printout in which the main blood parameters are indicated by abbreviations in English. Below in the table, the main indicators of the general blood test, the corresponding English abbreviations and norms will be presented.
It should be noted that in some laboratories several other standards of test results may be indicated. The point here is the methodology used to calculate the indicators. Then the interpretation of the results of the general analysis of the blood passes according to the set standards.
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