Chemical Poisoning: First Aid

For various reasons, poisoning can occur with various chemicals: potent, poisonous, chemically hazardous, toxic and harmful to human health and life.

You need to know certain signs that a person has poisoned himself with a poisonous substance. Medical assistance will certainly be provided in the hospital for the injured person, if we, of course, call for an ambulance, but this is not enough to reduce the risk of complications from poisoning.

It is necessary to know and be able to do what in this dangerous situation and how to render the first urgent first aid at home while the ambulance is on its way to the victim.

First aid: what to do

Ammonia poisoning

Ammonia is a gas with a sharp odor, almost twice as longoiled air. Used in industry( for the installation of refrigerators, sugar refineries, petrochemical and paint companies).It is used in the production of fertilizers and explosives. With water or moisture of air forms ammonia. Ammonia enters the body through the respiratory tract or skin. It exerts an irritating and suffocating effect on the body and breaks blood coagulability. When large doses of ammonia are applied to a person, death quickly begins.

Symptoms of poisoning

The inhalation of ammonia vapor causes signs of irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract. Their intensity depends on the gas concentration.

Ammonia causes lachrymation, runny nose, frequent sneezing, drooling, flushing of the face, sweating, convulsive coughing, a feeling of tightness in the chest. Sometimes it can cause laryngospasm and swelling of the vocal folds.

A person caught in the ammonia vapors range experiences a feeling of suffocation, anxiety, dizziness, chest pain. Then vomiting begins. The victim may lose consciousness, his cramps develop. If the effect of fumes continues, there is a strong muscle weakness, signs of a breathing disorder and blood circulation appear. Death occurs when there is a cardiovascular event.

Subsequently, after curing, various neurological disorders may occur: memory loss, various tics, a decrease in hearing and pain sensitivity, as well as a clouding of the lens and cornea. In the end, the victim may lose sight.

How to survive?

If a person enters a zone poisoned with ammonia, then he must go down to the basement or to the lower floor of the building( ammonia is lighter than air!).You can not leave the zone by running. You should try to walk slowly, covering your mouth and nose with a scarf, gloves or a headdress. After leaving the affected area, you should never take alcohol or smoke! When providing assistance to victims, you must wear a protective suit, boots, gloves, gas mask.

First aid

1. Remove victim as soon as possible from the affected area;
2. inhalation of oxygen or fresh air;
3. rinse throat, nose and mouth with clean water for 10-15 minutes( preferably with the addition of citric or glutamic acid);
4. even if the poisoning with ammonia was easy, the victim must ensure complete rest within 24 hours;
5. should be injected into the eyes with a 0.5% solution of Dicaine, close the eyes with a light-protective dressing or wear dark glasses;
6. if the poison gets on the skin, wash the area of ​​contamination with water, apply a clean bandage;
7. when getting poison into the stomach - rinse the stomach;
8. hospitalization of all victims is mandatory.

First aid in hospital

1. Remove victim from toxic environment and rinse affected areas of skin and mucous membranes with plenty of water.
2. Give drinking warm milk with Borjomi or soda.
3. Silent mode.
4. With spasm of the glottis and the phenomenon of laryngeal edema, mustard plasters and a warming compress on the neck are used.
5. Hot foot baths are also effective.
6. Inhalation of vapors of lemon or acetic acid, oil inhalation and inhalation with antibiotics.
7. In the eye, dig in every 2 hours a 30% solution of sodium sulfacil, a 12% solution of Novocaine or a 0.5% solution of Dicaine. In the nose - vasoconstrictor( 3% solution of Ephedrine).
8. Inside - codeine( 0.015 g), Dionine( 0.01 g).
9. Intravenous or subcutaneous - Morphine, Atropine, with choking - tracheotomy.

The poisoning with these drugs is usually very severe and the prognosis is often unfavorable.

Antifreeze poisoning: ethylene glycol

Symptoms and signs for antifreeze poisoning are the following: the victim feels a slight intoxication, gradually intensifying. There comes euphoria( a feeling of joy, a sense of freedom and full of happiness), there is a hyperemia of the face, a shaky walk, fussiness.

After a while the patient begins to feel pain in the epigastric region. Appears nausea, vomiting. After 6-8 hours comes the second stage - the nervous one. After a strong excitement, drowsiness sets in, consciousness fades. The pupils react weakly to light and are dilated. Involuntary urination and defecation. Deep noisy breathing. The amount of urine is reduced. In severe cases, this phase may result in the death of the patient. In more mild cases of poisoning, consciousness gradually clears up, the general condition improves.

Treatment of is almost the same as for alcohol poisoning:

1. gastric lavage and saline laxative,
2. fighting breathing disorders and acidosis with sodium bicarbonate( soda) solution that is taken or given intravenously.

Specific for this poisoning is the fight against impaired renal function. To do this, you should prescribe a plentiful drink, osmotic diuretics or furosemide( 0,04-0,12 g inside or 23 ml of 1% solution in a vein or in muscles).

When taking diuretics should compensate for the loss of water, potassium, sodium and chlorine from the body by the introduction of saline plasma replacement solutions in an amount equal to or slightly higher than diuresis.

To prevent damage to the kidneys calcium oxalate, it is necessary to prescribe intramuscularly magnesium sulfate 5 ml 25% solution per day.

If there are signs of cerebral edema and meningeal symptoms, a lumbar puncture should be performed.

When ingesting more than 200 ml of poison - hemodialysis on the 1st day after poisoning, peritoneal dialysis. With the development of anuria, the prognosis is extremely unfavorable.

After first aid - hospitalization. In the first days after poisoning - a diet with a sharp restriction on the amount of protein.

Poisoning by Belloid, Bellaspon, Bellataminal

There are three phases of poisoning: phase of depression, excitation phase and coma.

With , has been shown to have symptoms such as stunning, dizziness, palpitations, skin hyperemia, dilated pupils. The patient falls asleep and sleeps 6-8 hours.

With more severe poisoning of , the patient is drowsy, vomiting occurs. He falls asleep in just 1-1.5 hours, and sleep is unbroken. During sleep, there are signs of psychosis with hallucinations and attempts to escape. After 2-3 hours the patient calms down and sleeps for 10-12 hours. At this time, there are signs such as heart palpitations( pulse reaches 120 beats per minute), dry mucous membranes, moderate pupil dilatation, skin hyperemia, slowing of breathing. Blood pressure is reduced to 80/40.

With severe poisoning, a deep stunning of the patient with visual hallucinations is detected, the pupils are dilated, the skin is hyperemic. Severe shortness of breath and tachycardia. Blood pressure drops to very low digits. The body temperature is increased. The patient quickly falls into a coma, skin hyperemia is replaced by pallor, tachycardia is replaced by bradycardia( rare heartbeat), body temperature rises to 40 ° C, pulmonary edema develops.

Death comes from respiratory and cardiovascular insufficiency.

First aid

1. Rinse the stomach as quickly and as best as possible;
2. give a salt laxative, cleanse the intestines;
3. fresh air, if possible - inhalation of oxygen;
4. give a tablet of Panangin, if available in the medicine cabinet;
5. urgently deliver the victim to a medical facility - remember: delay in providing medical assistance is dangerous for the life of the victim.

Emergency care in the hospital

1. Gastric lavage.
2. Forced diuresis.
3. Hemosorption.
4. When excited - neuroleptics( 2.5% solution of aminazine intramuscularly: up to 1 year - 0,15-0,2 ml, at the age of 1-2 years - 0,25 ml, 3-6 years-0,4 ml, 7-9 years - 0.5 ml, 10-14 years - 0.6 ml 1-2 times).
5. With the development of coma, tactics are the same as in barbiturate poisoning: respiratory correction - oxygen therapy, artificial ventilation, cardiac support( 0,0,1% solution of Korglikona - 0,1-0,8 ml, 0,05% solution of Strophantine - 0.1-0.4 ml).

Poisoning with Berthollet Salt

It is used in medicine: for rinses( 2-5% aqueous solution) with stomatitis, angina, to prevent the appearance of mercury stomatitis in the treatment of mercury. The use of the inside, in view of the great virulence, is irrational. Contraindicated the simultaneous use of potassium iodide inside and prescribing bertholets salt in powders together with sulfur, coal, organic substances( tannin, sugar, starch, etc.) substances( in the preparation - ignition, explosion).

The main symptoms of in case of poisoning with bertholete salt are: nausea, vomiting, icteric staining of the skin, stomach and lumbar pain, nosebleeds, blood in the urine, heart rate, hiccup.

The temperature rises to high figures.

With severe poisoning - loss of consciousness. Toxic dose - 8-10 g, deadly - 10-30 g.

First aid

1. Clear the stomach with plenty of water;
2. put on your head an icy compress, letting you swallow ice;
3. possible to do bloodletting;
4. pour cold water along the spine:
5. urgent hospitalization.

First aid in hospital

1. Writing oxygen;
2. pour intravenously with alkaline saline;
3. enter a significant amount of solutions of diuretics inside;
4. , after sufficient blood dilution, administer Pilocarpin solution under the skin to excrete venom with saliva and sweat;at a collapse - Camphor.

In case of poisoning with Berthollet salt, there are contraindicated: acidic drinks, alcohol and its preparations.

Nitrogen dioxide or nitrogen oxide poisoning

Nitric gases( oxide, dioxide, nitrogen trioxide) are formed by the interaction of nitric or nitrous acid with metals or organic materials. The lethal dose of nitrous gases is 0.005% when exposed for a minute.

After inhalation of these gases, the victim shows burns of the upper respiratory tract, edema of the vocal folds, pulmonary edema.

The picture of intoxication is the same as with chlorine poisoning.

First aid

When poisoning with nitrous oxide or nitric oxide , the affected person is taken to fresh air, inhaled carbogen, inside the heart means, injected with glucose intravenously( 20-30 ml 40% solution), if necessary bleeding.

When poisoning with nitrogen dioxide - , the same measures as for poisoning with nitric oxide, oxygen therapy, 10% calcium chloride solution intravenously( 5 ml).With a "gray" type of anoxemia, bleeding is contraindicated.

1. Rinse the eyes, nose and mouth with running water;
2. If the patient suffers a severe cough, give him a Codeine pill or any antitussive drug;
3. In case of cardiac failure or lack of breathing, resuscitation measures( external cardiac massage, artificial respiration).

With sodium nitrite poisoning - gastric lavage, carbogen, dropping 5% glucose solution, under the skin - isotonic sodium chloride solution, tonic( Camphor, Caffeine, Corazol), with breathing loss - Lobelin.

After first aid, the patient should be hospitalized.

Dichloroethane poisoning

Dichloroethane is widely used as an organic solvent, both in industry and in agriculture. In everyday life, dichloroethane is widely used as an integral part of adhesives for plastic products.

Dichloroethane poisoning can occur through the gastrointestinal tract, through the airways and skin.

When poisoning through the mouth, dichloroethane is quickly absorbed into the stomach, and the absorption is accelerated if it is taken against the background of alcoholic intoxication.

As a toxic substance, dichloroethane acts on the liver, central nervous system and heart.

When this substance is poisoned, its maximum concentration in the blood is observed after 3-4 hours.

Symptoms of : patients complain of nausea, vomiting, excessive salivation, pain all over the stomach, diarrhea, headache. There is a sharp excitation of the central nervous system. In the final stage, renal and hepatic insufficiency, renal coma, shock.

First aid first

1. It is necessary to change clothes to the victim or to undress him, as the poison easily permeates clothes and his fumes can intensify poisoning. Vapors of a poisonous substance can cause poisoning and those who provide help. This must be remembered.
2. Immediately call an ambulance, as the delay in providing medical care is deadly.
3. If the patient is conscious, flush the stomach with 4-6 liters of warm water. To induce vomiting, it is necessary to give the patient to drink 1-2 liters( more) of water, or cold tea, or coffee, and then irritate the root of the tongue with a finger. Repeat the procedure 2-3 times.
4. Give a laxative or enveloping substance( jelly, kissel).As a laxative, you can use Vaseline oil( 100-150 ml) with success, because it is not absorbed in the intestine and actively binds fat-soluble toxic substances, in particular dichloroethane. To reduce the absorption of poison in the stomach can be with the help of enveloping substances( jelly, kissel).
5. If there is a violation of the heart and lungs - methods of resuscitation - indirect cardiac massage and artificial respiration.
6. Hospitalization is compulsory.

Precautions

1. If the injured person is unconscious, you should not wash the stomach. It is urgent to call an ambulance.
2. Time is of the utmost importance. The faster the help is started, the more likely a positive outcome.

Poisoning with kerosene

Acid kerosene vapor entering the respiratory tract and ingesting 20-50 g of kerosene lead to poisoning. Kerosene has a toxic effect in case of exposure to a large area of ​​skin. In this case, the central nervous system may suffer.

Symptoms of poisoning are: severe weakness, pain throughout the abdomen, diarrhea, rare pulse, dilated pupils.

First aid

First of all, you need to call a doctor poisoned to place where there is a flow of fresh air, to ensure good access to oxygen, to make artificial respiration.

Treatment of

In any way, induce vomiting. Give emetics in large quantities( salted warm water).After the patient rips, give for ingestion decoction of flaxseed, milk, water with whipped protein, activated charcoal for 2-3 tablets every hour, starch, salep. On the stomach put the heating pad and change it as it cools.

To support the cardiovascular system, you need to take Camphor, Cordiamin or Caffeine.

It is strictly forbidden to use adrenaline, emetics and alcoholic beverages.

To quickly restore all the functions of the body, you should spend more time in the fresh air and adhere to a sparing diet.

In kerosene pneumonia ACTH is prescribed( every day for forty units) and injections of ascorbic acid( 5% solution, intramuscularly 10 ml).

Poisoning with strong acids

In everyday life, sulfuric and hydrochloric( "soldering") acid is most often poisoned.

Then, the frequency of burns is followed by hydrochloric, nitric acids and the so-called "royal vodka" - a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids.

With the reception of strong acids inside the victim quickly develops a serious condition due to extensive burns of the oral mucosa, pharynx, esophagus, stomach. This condition is aggravated also by the fact that the products of the decomposition of acids, absorbed into the blood, poison the body.

Symptoms of

The mucous membrane of the lips, mouth, throat, posterior pharyngeal wall is burned, edematous, the places of burns are covered with plaques;scab of different color depending on the acid that caused the burn( gray-black with sulfuric acid burn, yellow - nitric, whitish - salt, light gray or brown - acetic).

There are often skin burns around the face near the mouth and neck. There is a sharp pain in the burn areas.

Swallowing and even the passage of liquid food is difficult( sometimes until complete obstruction).Sharply increased salivation. Almost always there is an excruciating vomiting of acidic masses with an admixture of blood. The victim is excited, groans. Severe pain in the stomach. Patients quickly experience painful shock. Possible violations of breathing( due to the laryngeal edema) and heart weakness.

Warning

The minimum lethal doses for ingestion are: for nitric acid - 12 ml;sulfuric acid - 5 ml;hydrochloric acid - 15-20 ml;acetic acid - 25 ml;carbolic - 4-10 ml;lemon 30 g;oxalic acid - 5-15( 30).

Emergency care

Enter 1-2 ml of a 1% solution of morphine( omnopone) and 0.5-1 ml of 0.1% solution of atropine subcutaneously. Perhaps early( within the first hour after taking acid) and abundant gastric lavage with warm water using a probe previously well lubricated with liquid oil. The admixture of blood in the washing water is not a contraindication to the continued rinsing.

Gastric lavage after 1 hour after taking acid is useless and even dangerous.

If it is not possible to rinse the stomach, drink water with burnt magnesia( 20.0 to 200.0) in separate sips. Inside appoint vegetable oil in separate sips of 200 grams per day, and from the next day - milk, egg whites, cow oil, mucous decoctions.

To control acidosis, it is necessary to inject 4% sodium bicarbonate solution intravenously or in a drop enema( 500-1000-2000 ml).The amount and method of sodium bicarbonate administration depends on which acids the poisoning is caused by( inorganic or organic) and what predominates in the clinical picture of the disease is local or general toxic effect.

500-1000 ml of a mixture of physiological solution of sodium chloride and 5% glucose solution in equal proportions, 10 ml of 10% solution of calcium chloride( or 10 ml of 10% solution of calcium gluconate intramuscularly) are drip intravenously.

When oxalic acid or its salts is poisoned with oxalic acid or its salts , it is necessary to administer intravenous calcium chloride in large amounts( 10 ml of 10% solution 2-3 times per day), since oxalic acid combines with ionized calcium and forms insoluble calcium oxalate. At the same time, diuretic drugs should be prescribed( 1-2 ml novurite subcutaneously or 1 ml intravenously) to prevent the calcium channel blocking of the renal channels with calcium oxalate crystals.

The poisoning of with acetic essences ( 70-90% acetic acid) is characterized by a more pronounced resorptive action. Absorption of acetic acid in the blood causes a number of toxic manifestations, among which the most important are the rapidly advancing massive hemolysis of erythrocytes and hemoglobinuria. The urine of a patient of high specific gravity, dark red( cherry) or almost black, contains a large amount of protein, disintegrated erythrocytes and hemoglobin lumps. The latter block( block) the kidney tubules, causing the so-called excretory hemoglobinuria nephrosis with a typical clinical picture of acute renal failure( oliguria, anuria, hypertension, increased residual blood nitrogen, hyperkalemia).Hemolysis of erythrocytes is accompanied by bilirubinemia( increased indirect bilirubin), moderate jaundice and anemia.

Increases blood viscosity, creates favorable conditions for intravascular thrombus formation and hemodynamic disorders.

Resorption of acetic acid causes a sharp acidosis and a decrease in alkaline blood reserves. Acidosis and hemolysis of erythrocytes largely determine the severity of the course and the greater mortality in the first 2 days after poisoning.

Emergency assistance with poisoning with acetic essences

The main emergency measures for poisoning with acetic essence - intravenous sodium bicarbonate. This achieves the restoration of normal acid-base balance, alkalinization of urine blood and prevention of obstruction of the renal tubules, since hemoglobin in the renal tubules is not deposited in the alkaline urine and is unobstructed from the body. First spray( 300-500 ml), and then drip into the vein injected at least 2000 ml of a 4% solution of sodium bicarbonate, 500 ml of glucose-novocaine mixture( 5% glucose solution and 0.25% solution of novocaine inequal amounts) and 500-1000 ml of saline fluid IR.Petrov, containing electrolytes( 1.5% sodium chloride, 0.02% potassium chloride, 0.01% calcium chloride).To increase the urine output, 150-200 ml of a 30% urea solution is injected intravenously( at a speed of 60-80 drops per minute), in the absence of it, 1 ml of Novurite( or subcutaneously 1-2 ml) is administered intravenously. It is very important to introduce sodium bicarbonate at the earliest possible time.

In the first hours( days) of the disease, when the phenomenon of shock and collapse can prevail in the clinical picture, and also for the prevention of it, it is necessary to inject intramuscularly or intravenously( depending on the severity of the patient's condition) 15 to 3 mg of prednisolone or 100 to 150 mgCortisone( hydrocortisone).Intravenously inject 0.5-1 ml of a 3% solution of Prednisolone or 4-6 ml of microcrystalline hydrocortisone in 150-200 ml of physiological solution at a rate of 20-30 drops per minute.

With the development of acute renal failure, hemodialysis can be effective with the help of the "artificial kidney" apparatus. The rest of the measures are the same as when poisoning with other strong acids.

Note: when poisoning with phenol and carbolic acid, the patient should not be given fat and milk!

When poisoning with acids, do not give vomit!

In all cases of acid poisoning are injected with cardiovascular agents( Cordiamin, Caffeine, Camphor, with hypotension - Mezaton), oxygen inhalation is applied, with shock and collapse - a set of appropriate measures. To prevent infection, antibiotics are administered. When the larynx is swollen, the patient can be prescribed aerosol inhalations containing alkalis, Ephedrine, Novocaine and Penicillin( 1 ml of a 5% solution of Ephedrine, 3 ml of a 1% solution of Novocaine, in which 300,000 units of penicillin are dissolved, 3 ml of a 5% solutionsodium bicarbonate).

When asphyxia resort to immediate tracheotomy, and in cases of perforation of the stomach - to surgical intervention.

Poisoning with manganese

When manganese-potassium hydroxide( manganese) hits mucous membranes, a chemical burn of tissues occurs and the content of manganese and potassium increases.

Symptoms of

When poisoning through the gastrointestinal tract, patients complain of increased salivation, pain in the epigastric region, vomiting with blood streaks, diarrhea. There are changes in the nervous system: psychomotor agitation and convulsions may occur. On the skin of the face in the mouth and lips area, spot burns with manganese crystals can be seen. Mucous membranes of the mouth, gums, throat and pharynx brown-purple with bleeding erosions, edematous. In severe poisoning, the affected persons may develop laryngeal edema( from burns), laryngospasm, respiratory failure.

Death from manganese poisoning can come from shock, mechanical asphyxia or from primary gastrointestinal bleeding.

Emergency care

1. Give a patient plenty of warm water with activated charcoal, induce vomiting;
2. very effectively wash the stomach with 1% ascorbic acid or a mixture of the following composition: add 2 ml of water to 100 ml of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 200 ml of 3% acetic acid:
3. after washing the stomach give the patient a drink of 0.5%Solution of ascorbic acid and 0.5% solution of novocaine;
4. open doors and windows - provide the victim with fresh air;
5. give something to the pain;
6. if possible, subcutaneously inject 0.5-0.1% solution of Atropine;
7. treat the oral cavity and the skin around the mouth with a pad moistened with a 1% solution of ascorbic acid( ascorbic acid reacts with manganese to form non-toxic compounds, which are then easily removed from the body);
8. in the absence of ascorbic acid, manganese crystals can be removed from tissues with a tissue moistened with a mixture of water, a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide and 3% acetic acid( all taken in the ratio 1: 1: 1);
9. must call the doctor at home or take the patient to a medical institution.

Copper vitriol poisoning - copper

Copper vitriol acts locally, irritates and cauterizes mucous membranes. He is a strong hemolytic poison.

The copper poisoning of is almost never intentional.

It usually happens when cooking jam or various dishes in copper or badly tinned dishes.

The main symptoms of for copper poisoning are nausea, vomiting of green masses, metallic taste in the mouth, abdominal pain, frequent loose stools with a trace of blood, dizziness, weakness. In very severe cases, severe gastric bleeding, renal insufficiency, may develop shock.

Treatment

1. Obligatory gastric lavage with plenty of water;
2. induce vomiting;
3. The antidote for poisoning with copper sulfate is yellow blood salt. If it is available, give 1 tablespoon of 0.1% solution inside;

When poisoning with copper sulfate, do not give the affected oil and sour products!

1. folk medicine advises poisoning with copper sulfate to give inside a sugar syrup with burnt magnesia and skimmed milk with egg whites;
2. good effect has an activated charcoal( 3-4 tablets every 20-30 minutes).

Poisoning with ammonia, alkali, caustic soda, washing soda, potash

The most common alkalis in everyday life are caustic soda and ammonia.

Poisoning can occur when these substances are ingested or if they are used improperly. Possible alkaline poisoning when ingesting solutions of baking soda during the rinsing of children or when improper treatment of peptic ulcer and gastritis with alkaline drugs. Corrosive alkaline substances have a strong cauterizing effect on body tissues. Ammonia alcohol also has an irritating effect.

Acid burns differ from burns with acids of greater depth of injury. On the place of contact of the skin or mucous with alkali ulcerations are formed, covered with a scab.

Symptoms of

Poisoning is accompanied by the following symptoms:

1. with a strong thirst,
2. drooling,
3. with bloody vomiting.

Characteristic development of pain shock.

Symptoms of poisoning: burning pain in the mouth, throat, esophagus;choking, vomiting, often with blood, thirst, bloating, cold skin.

When poisoning with ammonia: sneezing, cough, drooling and after 30 minutes of diarrhea, and soon with blood;loss of consciousness, convulsions.

When alkali poisoning affects all vital organs, internal bleeding develops, which are associated with deep trauma to the walls of the gastrointestinal tract. This can lead to inflammation in the abdominal cavity and death. In the case of poisoning with ammonia, the respiratory center is depressed, the development of pulmonary edema and the brain is observed.

First aid

In case of contact with alkali in the eyes, rinse immediately with a stream of running water, pour in a 2% solution of Novocain. In the event that caustic alkaline solutions hit the skin, the affected area should also be rinsed under a stream of running water.

In case of surface burns, a 2% solution of citric acid can be used to neutralize alkalis and ammonia.

When taking alkalis inside, you need to rinse the stomach through a thick rubber probe.

Do not take emetic and laxatives. The victim should be hospitalized and as soon as possible to begin protivoshokovy therapy.

First aid to the victim:

1. give milk or any diluted acid of vegetable origin( lemon, vinegar, crushed berries of gooseberry, cranberries);
2. every 15 minutes to give vegetable oil, milk.

Do not give salt and soda, vomit, to the affected person!

Poisoning with nicotine - tobacco

The tobacco plant contains a strong poison - nicotine, which slows the flow of blood in the capillaries.

Vessels are reduced during smoking and almost half an hour after it. Therefore, a person who smokes every 30 minutes on a cigarette, keeps his blood vessels in a constant spasmodic state.

In addition, irritating the adrenal glands, nicotine causes them to release an increased amount of epinephrine, which leads to an additional narrowing of blood vessels and increased blood pressure. Constant spasm of the vessels leads to a change in their wall and, ultimately, to angina pectoris.

Nicotine, just like coffee or tea, is a "whip" for the heart, which, in order to restore normal blood supply to the organs, must be performed per day for 10-15 thousand more cuts. The heart wears out quickly, life shortens.

Continuous smoking, especially in the morning, leads to the development of peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, to progressive deterioration of hearing and vision. Most of the chronic lung diseases are caused by nicotine.

Acute nicotine poisoning is rare. This happens in cases where the child first gets to cigarettes and smokes "before the dump" or a non-smoker gets into a very smoky room.

First aid for nicotine poisoning

First aid consists of:

• it is necessary to take a person to fresh air, unbutton his clothes, give access to oxygen;
• every 15 minutes the patient should be given ammonia-anise drops( 15-20 drops per reception) or a solution of tannin( 1 tablespoon).

Poisoning by fish poison

Poisoning by fish poison occurs after eating the tissues and organs of fish containing poison.

The clinical picture of the disease depends on the type of fish and the conditions in which the poisoning occurred.

There are two main forms of poisoning: cholera-like and paralytic.

With cholera-like form of poisoning, the patient experiences nausea, pain in the stomach and around the abdomen, vomiting, diarrhea, dry mouth, thirst, urinary retention, seizures.

With the paralytic form of , the symptoms of central nervous system damage come first. In the initial stage, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dry mouth, thirst are observed. When the phenomena increase, dry skin, lowering of temperature, convulsions, usually ending with partial or complete paralysis, are observed.

If you have the first symptoms of poisoning( usually after three to four hours), you should seek help from a medical institution.

Treatment of

For successful treatment:

1. , before the doctor comes, it is necessary to rinse the stomach as quickly as possible and with as much water as possible;
2. give a laxative( two tablespoons of castor oil);
3. make a deep enema with two tablespoons of castor oil or freshly prepared strong infusion of chamomile;
4. is useful for warm baths and general warming;
5. every half hour the patient inside should be given hot drink, strong tea, coffee, hot wine, compote and other drinks;
6. rub the body with a cloth dipped in vinegar or vodka;
7. folk medicine advises poison cannabis to use cane, for this purpose the rhizome of cane is thoroughly crushed, and the patient is given inside of 4-6 table spoons of the mixture for 5-6 hours.

Poisoning by mercury and its compounds: sulem, calomel, granozane

The poisoning of mercury compounds is characterized by both local irritant and general toxic effects.

Local signs of poisoning: strong salivation, lip staining, oral and pharyngeal copper-red color, metallic taste in the mouth, bleeding gums, later - dark border of mercury sulfite on the gums.

Common signs: vomiting with blood, severe pain and rubbing in the area of ​​the stomach and intestines, fever, lack of urine, diarrhea with blood, joint and bone pain, convulsions.

First aid

1. Induce vomiting( ipecacuanone, vomiting root, drinking large amounts of water followed by vomiting);
2. Drinking a large amount of milk with protein( if poisoning is strong, stir in two glasses of milk or water 15-20 egg whites and drink immediately;
3. in half an hour to drink the same portion( the procedure will cause vomiting and clean the stomach well);

Note: when poisoning with mercuryand its compounds, the patient should never be given salt( including English)

1. every 5 minutes, the patient should be given alkalis, lime water, chalk, soda, magnesium,
2. in the absence of alkalis to give fresh or fresh milk,
3. often xThe most effective effect is the reception of a fine charcoal powder in the oatmeal. Give after an hour on a tablespoon

The treatment of in case of intoxication with mercury and its compounds should be complex, differentiated, taking into account the severity of the pathological process

1. for acute poisoning - immediate hospitalization;
2. chronic intoxication - inpatient treatment, in the initial stage - outpatient or sanatorium treatment. With professional poisoning - transfer to another job.

Essential medicines:

1. unitiol
2. taurine
3. methionine
4. DMSA( dimercaptosuccinic acid, succimer, hemit).

Poisoning by heavy metal and arsenic compounds

Poisoning by heavy metal and arsenic compounds has been known since ancient times. In the Middle Ages, mercury and arsenic were the most common inorganic poisons used for criminal purposes, both in politics and in everyday life.

The lethality for poisoning with heavy metal and arsenic compounds, previously reached 85%, has now dropped significantly and amounts to 20-25% of all the poisoned.

Lethal dose of soluble mercury compounds 0.5 g, calomel - 1-2 g, copper sulfate - 10 g, arsenic - 0.1-0.2 g.

Organic and inorganic compounds of heavy metals and arsenic are used in many industries as raw materials or by-products, used in agriculture as herbicides and insecticides( granosan, etc.).Arsenic and some heavy metals are part of various medications.

The clinical picture of poisoning with heavy metal and arsenic compounds is diverse and depends on many factors: the condition of the affected organism, the dose taken, the type of poison, etc., but in any case, the gastrointestinal tract is primarily affected. The patients have a metallic taste in the mouth, pain when swallowing, along the esophagus, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting. In severe cases, diarrhea occurs, and gastrointestinal bleeding occurs.

The intake of large doses of arsenic leads to a marked defeat of the central nervous system: general seizures, a state of sopor( strong stunning), collapse, coma.

First aid

Remove from the stomach toxic products. Induce vomiting( ipecacuano, vomitic root, warm salted water in large quantities, etc.)

For arsenic poisoning and heavy metal compounds, do not give the patient any acidic drinks and ammonia!

1. every five minutes, give the patient burned magnesia for 1 teaspoon( to make a solution, a half tablespoons of magnesia is dissolved in 200 ml of water).
2. If there is a special "arsenic antidote", which often happens in special medicine kits, then give it to the patient every 5 minutes for 1 tablespoon;
3. rinse the intestines. Make a deep enema out of pure water;
4. constantly warm the patient.

Traditional medicine advises you to take cow milk, cow's oil, wood oil, vegetable fat, charcoal powder in arsenic poisoning, mercury, poison and other mineral poisons.

Specialized means of herbalists and healers for poisoning with arsenic and heavy metal salts - juice of Lobi seeds.

Juice is squeezed from fresh seeds and allowed to drink 2-3 tablespoons to the patient. It is advisable to drink juice three to four times a day. Fast for 2-3 days. You can drink tea with mint or St. John's wort.

Help and antidotes for arsenic poisoning: taking aqueous solutions of sodium thiosulfate, washing the stomach, taking milk and cottage cheese;specific antivenom - unitiol.

Sulfur poisoning: sulfur dioxide, sulfur dioxide

Sulfur compounds are used in refrigeration, food, leather and pulp industry. At home, they are used as disinfectants, whitening and preserving agents.

Sulfur dioxide has a strong irritant effect, because it forms sulfuric acid and sulfur dioxide when it comes into contact with water. Gas will enter the body through the respiratory tract.

Symptoms of poisoning with sulfur dioxide are the same as for chlorine poisoning - tear and salivation, irritation and pain in the eyes, shortness of breath and choking, convulsive cough, nausea, vomiting.

First aid:

1. Remove patient to fresh air;
2. to unbutton clothes, ensure the flow of oxygen;
3. put a wet towel on the forehead and the back of the head;
4. call a doctor.

First aid

1. In case of contact with skin, mucous membranes - rinsing with running water.
2. Ingestion - gastric lavage through the probe.
3. Antidote therapy.
4. Forced diuresis.
5. Oxygenotherapy, hyperbaric oxygenation.
6. Symptomatic therapy.
7. Specific( antidote) poisoning therapy with hydrogen sulfide.
8. Amyl nitrite - inhalation 0.2 ml for 30 s every minute.
9. Sodium thiosulfate is contraindicated.
10. Hospitalization in the Toxicology Center.

Symptomatic drug therapy

1. With convulsions, diazepam 10 mg IV.
2. Drugs that improve the metabolism and blood supply of the brain and peripheral nervous system( eg, Pyridoxine, Pyrithinol).
3. With an indomitable cough - Codeine inside.
4. Bronchodilators.
5. Corticosteroids( Prednisolone 2-5 mg / kg IV).
6. In case of poisoning with hydrogen sulfide - 10 ml of 10% of calcium chloride or calcium gluconate IV.
7. Antibiotics.

When poisoning with carbon disulfide after leaving the coma, encephalopolyneuritis is formed. At functional violations from the side of the central nervous system, even in the initial stage, translation into work is necessary, excluding contact with carbon disulfide. At the expressed forms working capacity is steadily lowered.

Poisoning with acetic essence

When ingesting acetic essences by mistake or for the purpose of poisoning, a burning pain in the throat and stomach occurs. The patient rushes in pain. There is a strong vomiting, often with an admixture of blood, strong thirst, diarrhea, swelling of the oral mucosa and pharynx. A painful shock comes quickly. There is a severe burn of mucous membranes. Severe pain makes it impossible to swallow even liquids. During the inhalation of saliva along with air, getting into the respiratory tract can cause choking. Therefore, the saliva is urgently removed with a gauze swab wrapped around the finger. Since salivation is usually strong, the saliva should be cleaned constantly. With suffocation and violation of the heart, the victim is given artificial respiration.

First aid

In case of poisoning, first of all, it is necessary to conduct repeated, thorough rinsing of the oral cavity with water. It is important not to swallow water!

Then - gastric lavage through the probe.

In case of poisoning by "cauterizing" poisons, in no case should the stomach be washed by inducing vomiting! The stomach is washed only through the probe, to clean washing water( 8-10 liters of cold water).

The probe is lubricated with vaseline oil before administration. If sulfuric acid was used as a cauterizing poison, then it is forbidden to wash it with water. This can lead to the addition of a thermal burn to the chemical burn!

Even if there is an admixture of blood in the rinsing water, you should still continue rinsing. In the first hours of poisoning with acetic acid, there is usually no damage to the large vessels of the stomach.

It is strictly forbidden to wash the stomach with a solution of soda!

This can lead to mechanical damage to the stomach as a result of excessive gas generation.

The optimal solution for neutralizing acetic acid in the stomach is Almagel.

If possible, before washing, the patient should be administered an intramuscular or intravenous solution of an anesthetic drug.

In the absence of medication and / or lack of skills to insert a probe or worse, in the absence of the probe itself, it is necessary to allow the victim to swallow ice cubes with smooth edges before the ambulance arrives and give him a few sips of sunflower oil or better than Almagel.

Inside it is necessary to give burnt magnesia( 1 tablespoon per glass of water), whipped protein, activated charcoal, water, milk, mucous decoctions of rice and flaxseed, lime water, decoctions of flaxseed, rice and barley. Ice compresses on the neck and stomach. Drink cold water. Hospitalization of the patient is mandatory.

Poisoning with organophosphorous compounds: insecticides

Organophosphorus compounds are widely used in agriculture as insecticides and herbicides for processing cereals and legumes, vineyards and orchards.

These include drugs such as thiophos, carbofos, chlorophos, etc. Poisoning occurs when these substances get on the skin, in the respiratory tract and stomach.

Poisoning with organophosphorus compounds distinguishes three stages.

In the of the first stage of the the patient is nervous, complains of a feeling of restraint in the chest, dizziness, nausea, decreased vision. There are violations of the mental sphere - the patient becomes aggressive, often refuses treatment, he is haunted by a sense of fear.

As the toxic substance is absorbed into the blood, the patient develops sweating, drooling, vomiting, increasing blood pressure, increasing heart rate. There are cutting pains in the stomach.

On the of the second stage poisoning there are convulsions, the patient is braked, the pupils are narrowed, drooling and sweating are intensified, the patient often falls into a coma, there is convulsive twitching of certain muscle groups, arterial pressure increases, diarrhea increases, urination becomes more frequent.

The third stage of is the stage of paralysis. The patient is in a state of coma. The activity of the heart, respiratory center, and nervous system is severely disrupted.

First aid

The main thing in the treatment is the withdrawal of the poison from the body;

1. for poisoning through the mouth should be washed as early as possible stomach. Stomach is washed 3-4 times with 5-6 liters of water;
2. inside is given vaseline oil 100-200 ml, decoction of linseed or hemp seed, decoction of starch, almond milk;
3. salt laxative( magnesium sulfate - 50 g);
4. instead of the usual emetic, the patient is given 5-7 grains of copper vitriol in the decoction of flaxseed;
5. as an antidote several times give 1 tablespoon of burnt magnesia with water( in the absence of magnesium, you can give purified turpentine 5-10 drops with an equal number of Hoffmann drops;
6. , when poisoning with phosphorus, the patient should be given as much egg whites mixed with water;
7. cleansing enema from warm water with the addition of a small amount of glycerin;
8. when breathing and cardiac arrest stop - indirect cardiac massage and artificial respiration
9. when organophosphorus substanceswash the affected areas with water and soap, 2% solution of soda, treat with chloramine or ammonia,
10. remove contaminated clothing
11. , if they fall into the eyes, wash them with 1% solution of soda or clean water.
    1. Gastric lavage through the probe with a solution of potassium permanganate( 1: 5000), after rinsing - introduction into the stomach of vaseline oil( 100 ml twice).
    2. Symptomatic therapy.
    3. Hemodialysis.
    4. Surgical - excision of necrotic bone mass, removal of sequestrants.

    In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately.

    Poisoning with chlorine, phosgene and fluorine

    When exposed to , low concentrations of chlorine result in redness of the conjunctiva, soft palate and pharynx, shortness of breath, hoarseness, chest tightness.

    In a large concentration of chlorine causes difficulty in breathing, excruciating breathlessness, drooling, eye pain, dry cough, lacrimation. Sometimes there is nausea and vomiting. The patient is nervous or very depressed. Soon - usually 15-20 minutes after contact with the poison - all the symptoms disappear. There comes a period of imaginary well-being, which lasts from half an hour to 36 hours. The duration of the latent period is important for diagnosing the severity of poisoning - the shorter the latent period, the stronger the poisoning. During the latent period, the general condition of the victim is improved. Then, as the period ends, the signs of toxic pulmonary edema appear first, the first precursors of which are: dry cough, shortness of breath, constriction and chest pains, general weakness, weakness, dizziness and headache. Gradually, the cough becomes more violent and painful, the pain in the chest increases, the breathing becomes more and more difficult. There is cyanosis of skin and mucous membranes, breathing becomes superficial. A chill begins, coughing is intensifying. A large amount of sputum( up to 1.5 liters per day) begins to be allocated. The victim is excited, rushes. He is tormented by fear and despair. The face is cyanotic red. The arterial pressure is falling more and more, the collapse is developing and the patient is dying from the paralysis of the respiratory center.

    The clinical picture of poisoning with phosgene and fluorine is similar.

    In high concentrations, chlorine, phosgene and fluorine can lead to lightning-fast death of the poisoned.

    The victim after a short inspiration starts to choke, toss, tries to escape, but loses consciousness, falls, his face turns blue, the pulse becomes thread-like. There comes a reflex stop of breathing.

    First aid

    1. withdraw or remove the victim from the affected area;
    2. provide him with an influx of fresh air( unbutton the outer clothing, open the windows, doors);
    3. assisting the victim, try not to poison yourself and apply personal protective measures( protective suit, gloves, gas mask, rubber boots);
    4. should be borne in mind that if poisoning occurs in the building, then when poisoning with ammonia, you need to go down to the first floor or to the basement( ammonia is much lighter than air and its vapor rises);when poisoning with chlorine, phosgene, sulphurous gas, fluorine - go upstairs, to the fifth floor and above;
    5. all victims to ensure complete physical peace;
    6. Wash eyes, mouth and nose with a 2% solution of soda or clear water for 10 minutes;
    7. if the poison is swallowed - rinse the stomach;
    8. all victims must be necessarily hospitalized.

    It is also necessary to carry out the following measures:

    1. instillation in the eyes of vaseline or olive oil, and with pain in the eyes - 2-3 drops of 0.5% solution of Dicaine;
    2. application of ophthalmic ointment to prevent infection( 0.5% synthomycin, 10% sulfacyl) or 2-3 drops of 30% Albucida, 0.1% zinc sulfate solution and 1% boron solutionacid - 2 times a day;
    3. introduction Hydrocortisone 125 mg IM, Prednisolone 60 mg IV or IM.

    Medical assistance

    Regardless of the degree of damage to all victims, it is necessary to ensure maximum peace and warming, bring them to a sitting or semi-sitting position.

    Show inhalation of bronchodilators( Salbutamol, etc.), warm milk with Borjomi or drinking soda, inhalation of a sprayed 1-2% solution of sodium hyposulfite for 1-2 days or 2% solution of drinking soda 2-3 timesfor 10-15 minutes, inhalation 10% menthol solution in chloroform, the use of non-narcotic anti-inflammatory drugs( Ibuprofen), intravenous ascorbic acid 5%.Solution, 50 ml( ingestion of 3 g of the drug), expectorants( Bromhexin, etc.).If breathing is difficult - Teofedrine, Euphyllin, Solutan inhalation 2-3 times a day or Salbutamol, warm soda or water inhalation. With spasm of the glottis - heat to the neck and the introduction of Atropin 0.1-1.0% subcutaneously. When coughing - codeine 0.015 grams of 1 tablet 3 times a day.

    When bronhospazme - the introduction of 10% solution of calcium chloride by 5-10 ml intravenously, oxygen therapy. To prevent the attachment of secondary infection, antibiotics of a wide spectrum of action( Ampicillin, Gentamycin, etc.) are used. With persistent bronchospasm, no effect from the previous treatment - Atropine 0.1-1.0% intramuscularly, Prednisolone 30-60 mg intravenously, Orciprenaline 0.5% intramuscular, tracheostomy.

    If the clinical manifestations of chlorine poisoning allow the assumption of a lesion of moderate to severe severity, then medical observation is performed within 24 hours in order to timely detect signs of beginning pulmonary edema. During this period, the consumption of liquid is limited, and eating is forbidden, strict bed rest is shown. X-ray studies of the lungs are carried out every 2-3 hours.

    In the latent period, all activities are aimed at preventing pulmonary edema and arresting the early signs of the development of respiratory failure. Among these measures, the greatest importance is attached to oxygen therapy, IVA, moistening of the trachea and bronchi, correction of obstructive processes( bronchodilators, mucolytics, expectorants, bronchial tree toilet, aspiration of edematous fluid, massage).Correction of cardiovascular activity, anti-inflammatory therapy and prevention of infectious complications are continuing.

    Oxygenotherapy is initiated when the first signs of hypoxemia appear to reduce the hyperfunction of the respiratory and cardiovascular system. It allows to normalize or reduce the frequency of breathing, tachycardia, reduce blood pressure, reduce pathological symptoms from the side of the central nervous system. However, traditional oxygen therapy is effective only in the initial period.

    CONTRAINDICATED ADRENALINE, WHICH IN LARGE DOSES IS PROVIDED TO CALL THE EYE LUNG.

    Anti-coagulant drugs( anticoagulants) are used to prevent intravascular thrombus formation, as well as measures to normalize blood viscosity( administration of hypertonic or isotonic glucose solutions).

    For the treatment and prevention of pneumonia, bacteriostatic drugs( antibiotics, sulfonamides), expectorants, banks, mustard plasters are used.

    Recoverers should do respiratory gymnastics.

    Alkali poisoning

    Basic strong alkali: caustic soda( caustic soda) and caustic potassium( potassium hydroxide hydrate).Alkali poisoning leads to deeper local tissue damage than with acid damage.

    When alkali enters the gastrointestinal tract, severe pain in the mouth, in the area of ​​the esophagus and stomach is noted. Almost always there is painful vomiting, often with an admixture of blood. Burning of the oral mucosa causes excessive salivation, and severe pain does not allow swallowing. Therefore, just as with acid poisoning, saliva should, if possible, be cleaned with a gauze swab wound around the finger.

    In case of poisoning with concentrated alkalis, it is necessary to rinse the stomach immediately with a large amount of warm water( up to Юл) or with 1% solution of acetic or citric acid. It is advisable to wash it in the first hours after poisoning. To neutralize the alkali, the patient is allowed to drink lemon juice, a solution of citric acid, and enveloping agents. Drink the patient every 5-10 minutes( 1 tablespoon).

    If the alkali gets on the skin or mucous, then it must be immediately wiped off with a piece of cloth, and then washed off with plenty of water with vinegar or lemon juice. For washing, you can use 1% solution of any acid, which is at hand.

    If a person accidentally gets into a bath or a pit with lime, it should be removed as soon as possible from there, poured water from the hose and put in a bath with warm water. Water should be replaced as contamination occurs. In the future - treatment, as in chemical burns.

    Symptoms of strong alkali poisoning are similar to symptoms of poisoning with strong acids. The mechanism of action is similar - cauterization( necrosis, coagulation of proteins, formation of a scab).The cauterizing action of alkalis is more pronounced than that of acids, and is characterized by the formation of a loose, spreading deep scrotal and considerable ulceration, and subsequently of more severe cicatricial narrowing of the esophagus and stomach. Resorptive action of alkalis is less pronounced.

    The minimum lethal dose for ingestion is for caustic sodium and potassium - 5 g, for liquid ammonia - 3-4( 10) ml.

    Emergency care is the same, except for intravenous sodium bicarbonate and the use of diuretics. When washing the stomach, it is recommended to slightly acidify the water with acetic acid. If the stomach can not be washed, a 1% solution of citric acid, tartaric acid or acetic acid is prescribed internally( every

    5 - 10 minutes for an hour on a tablespoon).Swallow bits of small ice.

    Ethylene glycol poisoning: methanol

    Ethylene glycol is a compound with an alcohol-fusel odor that is a part of antifreeze, antifreeze, brake fluid and some antistatic agents.

    If ingested, quickly absorbed in the stomach and small intestine. It is excreted by the kidneys in unchanged form or in the form of oxalates. When oxidized in the liver, ethylene glycol forms toxic products that cause poisoning of the body. Toxicogenic stage lasts up to 5 days. The lethal dose is 100-150 ml.

    Symptoms of

    A person who has taken ethylene glycol develops signs of easy intoxication with good health. Sometimes there is vomiting and diarrhea. After 10-12 hours of the latent period, headache, dizziness, thirst, nausea, vomiting, severe pain in the abdomen, lower back( by the type of kidney colic) and muscles appear. The skin becomes dry, hyperemic, the mucous membranes are bluish-pale in color. Vision is deteriorating. The pupils are dilated. There is shortness of breath, noisy breathing, rare. The number of heartbeats sharply increases, blood pressure drops. There are clonic convulsions.

    Death can occur in the first day after poisoning from paralysis of the respiratory center.

    First aid

    Gastric lavage and copious drinking. In water for washing, add the following mixture as adsorbent: tannin - 1 part, activated carbon - 2 parts, burnt magnesia - 1 part. In the absence of all components, you can use each one individually. You can use a 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate( soda), followed by ingestion of 30 g of magnesium sulfate in 100 ml of water. Inside - 200 ml of a 30% solution of ethyl alcohol or vodka( with anamnesticheskoy established fact of poison intake), 3-5 g of sodium bicarbonate in 100 ml of water;
12. give the victim 2-3 egg white, kefir, milk or jelly 2-3 glasses;
13. give the victim a laxative;
14. after first aid - hospitalization.

Emergency medical care in a medical institution

With conscious consciousness, gastric lavage through a thick probe with a 2% solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate, followed by the introduction of 30 g of magnesium sulfate in 200 ml of water( if not previously introduced) and 3-5 g of sodium hydrogen carbonate in 100ml of water, a siphon enema.

Inward or intravenous ethyl alcohol is administered intravenously 10-20 ml 10% solution of calcium chloride( gluconate).

Intravenously 400 ml of 5% glucose solution with 5-10 ml of 5% solution of ascorbic acid and 8 units of insulin, glucose-novocaine mixture( 400 ml of 5% glucose solution with 25 ml of 2% solution of novocaine), 400 ml of polyglucin, 400 ml of hemodez, 10 ml of a 2.4% solution of euphyllin, 80-120 mg of furosemide( Lasix), 50-100 mg of prednisolone or 100-200 mg of hydrocortisone.

Intramuscularly 2-4 ml of 6% solution of thiamine bromide and 5% solution of pyridoxine hydrochloride( do not administer in one syringe).

With the development of cerebral edema, coma - an ice pack on the head, intravenously 40 ml of 40% glucose solution with 4-6 ml of a 5% solution of ascorbic acid and 8 units of insulin, 50 ml of a 30% solution of sodium thiosulfate,10 ml of a 2.4% solution of euphyllin, up to 300-500 mg of furosemide( lasix), taking into account the previously administered dose, 50-100 mg of prednisolone or 100-200 mg of hydrocortisone, 2-4 ml of a 6% solution of thiamine bromideand 2-4 ml of a 5% solution of pyridoxine hydrochloride, if not introduced( in one syringe do not enter!), inhalation of oxygen. Stimulation of psychomotor excitation by intramuscular injection of 10 ml of a 25% solution of magnesium sulfate. Craniocerebral hypothermia, spinal puncture and extraction of 10-15 ml of CSF, dehydration therapy, euphyllin, plasma, albumin, pyracetam, steroid hormones, cytochrome C, sodium oxybutyrate, intubation of trachea and ventilation, oxygen inhalation.

Repeated( 2-3 times daily) gastric lavage and intestinal lavage( preferably through a constant two-way probe).Antidote therapy with ethyl alcohol( at the rate of 1.5-2 g / kg body weight per day) and gluconate( chloride) calcium during the first 2-3 days. Forcing diuresis with the simultaneous introduction of a 4% solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate in the volume.

With increasing hepatic renal failure - infusion therapy( including 1 to Zl / day trans-umbilical), alkalization of plasma, intravenous glucose-novocaine mixture, euphyllin, osmotic diuretics( mannitol at a rate of 1-1.5 g / kgbody weight) in combination with furosemide( laziks), lipoic and glutamic acids, a complex of vitamins B and C, cytochrome C, hemosorption in combination with programmed hemodialysis.

Evacuation to a medical institution( hospital) with the possibility of hemodialysis, by ambulance transport, in a lying position on stretchers( with coma - mostly laterally with the inserted breathing tube), accompanied by a doctor. In the course continue infusion therapy, if necessary - the introduction of ethyl alcohol, calcium gluconate( chloride), furosemide( lasix), anticonvulsants( magnesium sulfate, phenazepam), oxygen inhalation.

Source: Iligov GN Official and traditional medicine. The most detailed encyclopedia.- Moscow: Izd-vo Eksmo, 2012.