From the article you will find out what is the norm of pressure in children. How it should be in different periods of the child's development, whether it depends on sex. When the change in blood pressure( abbreviated blood pressure) in children is normal, and when you need to seek help. How to measure the pressure of a child.
Content of the article:
- Normal pressure in children
- Sexual differences
- Why pressure decreases
- Why is
- increased Features of measurement technique
- Indications for daily measurement
Arterial pressure is a measure that depends on the person's age. The lowest values are recorded in newborns( in the first 4 weeks), when the arterial pressure is within the range of 60-80 by 40-50 mm Hg. Art.
As the work of vessels and heart, associated with the transition to a pulmonary type of breathing, increases, and blood pressure - in the first year it can reach the value of 90 to 70 mm Hg.st., but more often lies in the lower boundaries.
Normal child pressure from 1-2 to 8-9 years about 100 to 70 mm Hg. Art. Then it gradually grows and by the age of 15 enters the "adult" borders.
Children are also characterized by fairly large fluctuations in pressure, often they are up to 20-25 mm Hg.which is due to the increased activity of the child.
Neonatologists, district pediatricians and children's cardiologists are engaged in problems with blood pressure under the age of 18 years.
Normal pressure in children
Immediately after childbirth, the child has the lowest level of blood pressure recorded, which is as fast as possible( an average of 2 units per day) during the first weeks. In the future, the growth of the indicator slows down.
In pediatric practice, unlike the adult population, there is no uniform normal level of pressure - beyond the limits adopted indicators that are registered in 90-94% of children.
Table for the child's age, including physiological fluctuations:
| Age boundaries | Level, mm Hg. Art. | |
|---|---|---|
| Systolic | Diastolic | |
| First 2 weeks - neonatal period | 60-96 | 40-50 |
| From 2 to 4 weeks - the period of the newborn | 80-112 | 40-74 |
| From 1 to 12 months - the infants stage | 90-112 | 50-74 |
| 1 to 3 years old - early child age | 100-112 | 60-74 |
| 3 to 6 years old - preschool period | 100-116 | 60-76 |
| 6 to 9 years old - early school stage | 100-122 | 60-78 |
| From 9 to 12 - the average school age | 110-126 | 70-82 |
| From 12 to 15-17 - the senior school studentiodine | 110-136 | 70-86 |
Also, normal blood pressure in children of different ages can be obtained using the formulas for calculation:
| Age | Systolic( upper), or SBP | Diastolic( lower), or DBP |
|---|---|---|
| Up to one year | 76+ 2 × t( month of life) | 1 / 2-2 / 3 from systolic |
| Older than 12 months | 90 + 2 × t( year of life) | 60 + t( year of life) |
Physiological boundaries of oscillations in the formula calculation system - up to30 units upwards.
Speaking about the norm, it must be noted that it is always individual, especially in relation to children. Many factors affect the child's pressure level:
- Place of residence( in a mountain or tropical climate there is a natural decrease in blood pressure).
- The amount of salt in food( for children during breastfeeding - salt preferences of the mother).
- Time of birth( in children born before the term, blood pressure is lower).
- Activity( the more active the child - the higher his pressure in the younger period, and with regular sports loads in older children, physiological decrease in blood pressure develops).
- Compliance with measurement techniques.
- Growth( the higher the child, the higher the pressure).
In order to facilitate the use of tables with age and sex standards, in pediatrics there is a rule:
- to consider the admissible blood pressure during the first 10 years of the figure to 110 per 70 mm Hg.p.
- after 10 years - up to 120 at 80 mm Hg. Art.
When this norm of arterial pressure in children is broken - it's an occasion to use formulas and tables to make sure there is no pathology.
Sex differences
Not always present, but it must be taken into account that depending on the sex of the child there may be differences in blood pressure:
- from birth to the end of the first year, the level of pressure in girls and boys is the same;
- further in girls it gradually increases, reaching a maximum difference by 3-4 years;
- at the age of five years the indicators are compared;
- from five to ten years again the level of pressure of girls is higher than that of boys;
- after 10 years of age the boys are leading, this championship lasts until 17 years.
Why the pressure in children is reduced
Low blood pressure can be a physiological norm. This is due to the peculiarities of the function of the nervous system, when its parasympathetic part is more active. In this variant, against the background of a decrease in blood pressure, there are no violations in the overall well-being of the child.
The pathological decrease in blood pressure has its negative manifestations:
- Weakness.
- Decreased activity.
- Problems with appetite.
- Dizziness.
- Different intensity of pain in the head.
- Propensity to collapse and fainting.
- Vegetative disorders.
The cause of this condition is a violation of the pressure regulation system, which is exacerbated by external factors:
- pathology of pregnancy( somatic diseases in the mother, infection, the effect of harmful agents, etc.);
- premature birth;
- increase in the level of intracranial liquor pressure;
- chronic infectious-inflammatory foci;
- personality characteristics( emotional imbalance, hysteria);
- psychoemotional stress;
- adverse socio-economic conditions;
- insufficient level of physical activity;
- violation of activity and rest;
- period of high instability levels of hormones( 11-14 years).
Increase in intracranial pressure Why pressure increases
Under certain conditions, increased pressure is a physiological norm. So it happens:
- under any stressful situation, when the emotional background is elevated;
- during and immediately after intense physical activity;
- in cases of injuries.
The peculiarity of this state is the temporary nature of the pressure change.
In case of abnormal primary arterial hypertension, a moderate level of pressure increase is noted in children( "mild hypertension").High figures of AD indicate a secondary pathogenesis.
Symptoms of pressure changes are often not. This is an accidental finding during routine inspection.
In case of detection of high BP figures, it is necessary to assign an additional examination to the child to clarify the cause:
| Group causes | Specific disease | |
|---|---|---|
| defeat renal tissue | Glomerulonephritis - inflammatory changes in glomeruli of kidneys glomerulosclerosis - transformation of kidney tissue in connective nephropathy any genesis hydronephrosis - increase pyelocaliceal kidney system with compression glomeruli and gradual "switching off" body tissue maldevelopmentkidneys( hypoplasia) Good and malignant neoplasms Alport syndrome - a combined pathology of the kidneys, hearing and s | |
| Vascular changes | Malformations - blood discharge between the arterial and venous system Disturbances in the development of the aorta( coarctation, stenosis or abdominal development, open duct between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk) Vasculitis - inflammation in the wall of the vessels of the autoimmune nature Narrowing of the renal arteries Takayasu's disease - vasculitis with the involvement of the aorta and large arteries | |
| Endocrine diseases | Hyperthyroidism Increased adrenal cortex function( hyperaldosterusonset | |
| Tumor processes Infectious-inflammatory diseases Deyay-Riley disease - pathology of the nervous system with vegetative manifestations | ||
| Drug action | Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Synthetic hormones of the adrenal cortex Medications for reducing appetite Tablet contraceptives Steroid drugs Cocaine Amphetamine Fencyclidine | |
| Other causes | Nicotine Alcohol Abouta systematic way of lead or mercury( heavy metals) |
Features measurement technology
pressure measurement in children has its own characteristics, if they are broken, there is a high risk of incorrect interpretation of the result.
General requirements:
- The width of the cuff of the tonometer is not less than 40% of the circumference of the hand.
- The cuff should cover the arm by 80-100%.
- Measure on both hands.
- Multiplicity - at least two times.
- Control of blood pressure, in case of its change, to carry out at home in the morning and in the evening for one week.
- Do not measure immediately after feeding, active games or crying baby.
- Investigate only when lying down or sitting, after 20-30 minutes of rest.
Indications for the daily measurement of
In children, due to their increased activity and excitability, often to determine the diagnosis of a pathological change in blood pressure, a measurement is made during the day to avoid errors in diagnosis.
Indications for BP monitoring at home for 24 hours:
| Indication group | Specific cause |
|---|---|
| Detection of hypertension | To confirm diagnosis before drug treatment Type 1 diabetes Any kidney disease After organ transplant( heart, kidney or liver) |
| During the treatment of | Diagnosis of a disease-resistant form of the disease Evaluation of the effect of treatment if there are pathological changes of other organs( kidney, brain, heart) Symptomatic pressure reduction symptoms |
| Special situations | Clinical scientific research Nervous system dysfunction Suspected hormone-active tumors |
