Antibiotics for the treatment of intestinal infection

Intestinal infection, except for symptoms of intoxication( weakness, headache, dizziness) and dehydration, is manifested, as a rule, by diarrhea several times a day. Specialists identify about 40 types of diarrhea pathogens, they include five viruses.

As the article deals with the use of antibiotics for intestinal infection, we immediately set the condition that we will not mention a virus infection( for example, rotovirus lesions, intestinal flu), antibacterial drugs do not act on these microorganisms.

In addition, not every diarrhea is caused by infection. There are a lot of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, which are accompanied by increased peristalsis and frequent stools( dyskinesias, pancreatitis, gastritis, hepatitis, helminth and parasitic infections).When poisoning poor-quality food antibacterial drugs are useless.

Antibiotics for intestinal infection in adults and children are used only if there is bacteriological data confirming the main role of certain pathogenic microorganisms in the clinical course of the disease. What intestinal pathogens should antibiotics work on?

Experts estimated that it is justified to use antibiotics against intestinal infection in only 20% of cases. The study of pathogens showed that the conditionally pathogenic( facultative) intestinal flora can turn into them.

These microorganisms, which live normally with useful bifido- and lactobacilli, are only 0.6% by weight, are localized mainly in the large intestine. The group includes staphylococci( golden and epidermal), klebsiella, proteus, clostridia, enterobacteria, several species of yeast fungi.

The function of the optional flora is to participate in the cleavage of animal proteins before the formation of indole and scatol. These substances in a moderate amount have a stimulating effect on the intestinal motility. With excessive formation, there is diarrhea, bloating, intoxication of the body.

Intestinal bacillus exists in pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of

. Various researchers attribute the intestinal wand to normal flora, then to conditionally pathogenic. It infests the newborn child with the intestinal mucosa from the first days after birth. Its mass is 1/100 of a percent relative to the content of bifido- and lactobacilli, but it becomes indispensable in its useful properties:

• participates in the cleavage and assimilation of lactose;
• is needed for the synthesis of vitamins K and B;
• isolates antibiotic-like substances( colicins) that inhibit the growth of its own pathogenic strains;
• is associated with the activation of general and local immunity.

Pathogenic pathogens causing infectious disease include: salmonella, shigella, clostridia, cholera vibrio, individual strains of staphylococci. When they get into the human body, they multiply intensively in the intestines, displace healthy flora, disrupt the digestion process. Some microorganisms are capable of producing toxins that cause additional intoxication.

For the treatment of pathology in the useful list of antibiotics should include drugs that have an undeniable purposeful effect on these pathogens. It is worth noting that in the analysis of stool, the mixed flora is most often detected.

Requirements for antibiotics against intestinal infections

To ensure the most effective action, the selected drug must:

• after ingestion through the mouth in tablets, capsules, suspensions is not neutralized by gastric juice and reach the intestine;
• has a low suction capacity in the upper parts to sanitize all parts of the colon;
• is well combined with other antibacterial drugs of the sulfanilamide series( Salazodimethoxin, Ftalazol) and detoxification agents( Smecta);
• does not adversely affect the patient.

Which antibiotic is considered the best?

The best drug can be considered one that has a wide spectrum of action( immediately on several pathogens), maximally affects pathogenic bacteria and is minimally dangerous for the body. Absolutely safe antibiotics do not exist. They differ more or less pronounced toxic effects on the liver, kidneys, brain cells, hematopoiesis.

Allergic reaction is manifested by runny nose, nasal obstruction

As complications and contraindications in the instructions for use are:

• restrictions in the use in childhood and during pregnancy;
• hepatic-renal insufficiency;
• marked arteriosclerosis of cerebral vessels and stroke;
• mental illness;
• anemia;
• bleeding disorder;
• hypersensitivity, manifested by allergic reactions.

Some patients drink any medicines at home and do not want to show themselves to the doctor. The reason - the fear that they are hospitalized in the infectious disease department, will be forced to take tests. This "tactic" leads to the development of multiple immunity in a person with subsequent lack of results from the action of antibacterial treatment.

When are they displayed?

To pass the analysis for the study - means to check the presence of clear indications for the use of an antibiotic, signs of inflammation and an infectious agent( in the stool, leukocytes are detected, a large amount of mucus, impurities of blood, in the analysis of blood - an increase in ESR, leukocytosis, shift of the formula).

Antibiotic treatment is mandatory:

• for typhoid fever, salmonellosis, cholera, dysentery, escherichiosis, other severe intestinal infections;
• severe condition of the patient, expressed intestinal disorder with signs of dehydration, and in children especially infants, if the course of the disease is regarded as moderate;
• appearance of signs of general sepsis and the development of distant foci of infection;
• infection of patients with hemolytic anemia, immunodeficiency state, against treatment of tumors;
• the presence of blood clots in the stool.

Antibiotics for acute intestinal infection

A large group of diseases, more common among children in organized groups( kindergartens, summer camps, departments in hospitals) in the summer is called acute intestinal infections. The reason is the violation of sanitary norms in the institution, gross non-observance of the rules of storage of food, purchases and cooking.

Diarrhea and fever occur immediately in many children. When identifying signs of infection, children are isolated and transferred for treatment and supervision to the children's infectious disease department. At this time, sanitary inspectors are conducting a check in order to identify the cause.

Children who are mildly poisoned and of moderate severity do not need to take antibiotics. Usually well-being and health indicators improve after the appointment of abundant drink, sorbents, bacteriophages, diet.

Antibiotics are added to treatment if no improvement is observed after 2-3 days or if the infection is accurately detected by pathogens that require mandatory treatment with antibacterial agents.

Antibiotics act on the cellular structure of the microbe( membrane, ribosomes, construction of protein chains)

Description of the most popular groups

Before the discovery of a particular pathogen, several days pass. With the increase in the severity of patients, the most appropriate use of antibiotics with a wide range of effects on microorganisms. They stop further reproduction or kill bacteria. The following pharmaceutical groups of drugs are most often used.

Cephalosporins

Cefabol, Claforan, Rocesem, Cefotaxime - destroy the synthesis of the protein coat of bacteria, act on active microorganisms with growth and reproduction, from 3 to 10% of patients give a cross-allergic reaction with penicillins, ceftriaxone lasts longer than other drugs.

Fluoroquinolones

Norfloxacin, Normax, Ciprolet - block enzymes involved in the construction of the DNA of the pathogen, so cells die, drugs are not prescribed for patients under 18 years of age, with deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-dehydrogenase, pregnancy and infant feeding, the strongest effect is ciprofloxacin andOfloxacin.

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin, Netromycin, Neomycin - interfere with the sequence of the amino acid compounds in the construction of proteins by the microorganism, can stop reproduction. The drugs of the group are active against oxacillin-sensitive strains of staphylococci, and Gentamycin acts on enterococci.

The disadvantages are too small a range between therapeutic and toxic dosage. They have negative consequences in the form of hearing impairment up to complete deafness, dizziness, tinnitus, movement coordination, toxic effects on the kidneys. Therefore, with intestinal infections are used only in severe cases of sepsis.

Tetracyclines

Tetradox, Doxal, Vibramycin - preparations are obtained from the fungus of the genus Streptomyces or synthetically( Metacyclin, Doxycycline).The mechanism of wide action is based on the suppression of enzymes involved in the synthesis of RNA, destroy the ribosomes of cells, depriving them of energy. Among the Escherichia and Salmonella, resistant strains are possible. In high concentrations, drugs kill bacteria.

Aminopenicillins

Ampicillin, Monomycin - semi-synthetic penicillins, are able to disrupt the synthesis of cellular components of bacteria during growth and reproduction. They stand out with bile and urine. Are more prone to allergic reactions, dysbiosis.

Currently, there are enough types of synthetic drugs of these groups. Select the most indicated antibiotic can only be a specialist doctor. Absence of results from therapy - the indicator of the resistance of the pathogen to the drug used.

Various mechanisms of

are involved in the formation of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics for adults

We present the most frequently prescribed antibacterial drugs.

Ceftriaxone

Cephalosporin, capable of blocking the reproduction of shigella, salmonella, intestinal Escherichia, Proteus. If staphylococci are resistant to methicillin, then resistance to ceftriaxone persists. In unchanged form gets with bile into the intestine to half the dosage.

Contraindicated in premature infants and with jaundice, women with pregnancy and breastfeeding, with intestinal disorders associated with the effects of medications. The powder in the vials is diluted with lidocaine, so the injections are painless.

Ciprofloxacin

An enhanced representative of the fluoroquinolones group, synonymous with Ciprobay, Quintor, Arflox. It is 8 times higher than that of Norfloxacin. Has a wide range of activities. Achieves maximum concentration when taken orally after 1.5-2 hours, when administered intravenously - after 30 minutes.

Well acts on intestinal infections caused by salmonella, shigella. It is used for infection of cancer patients. The daily dose is divided into 2 divided doses or intravenously.

Doxycycline

Representative of tetracyclines, well absorbed from the intestine, the maximum concentration is created in the bile. Less toxic than other drugs in the group. Long stay in the body, up to 80% is excreted with feces.

Ampiox

A combination preparation of the penicillin group, including Ampicillin and Oxacillin, is active against E. coli, Proteus. To support the therapeutic dosage in the blood should be administered intramuscularly 6 times a day.

Levomycetin

Or Chloramphenicol - has a wide range of effects, is used to treat adults with intestinal infections, typhus, cholera. Due to toxic properties( increased dyspepsia, vomiting, suppression of hematopoiesis, neuritis, mental abnormalities) is not recommended for the treatment of children, pregnant women.

The drug has severe toxic properties, so its use is limited to

What is prescribed to eliminate intestinal infection during pregnancy?

During pregnancy diarrhea is treated with diet, drinking regimen, enterosorbents. Antibiotics are used only in the case of a severe condition of the future mother, if the risk of complications exceeds the probability of a negative effect on the fetus.

Doctors use drugs with the lowest toxicity and have a low absorption from the intestine. These include Alpha Normix, Amoxicillin, Ceftizin. They are prescribed for salmonellosis, cholera, dysentery, detection of proteas, shigella, clostridia.

Antibiotics in the therapy of intestinal infections in children

Because of the high toxicity and negative effects on the body, children are not prescribed Levomycetin, and they use a limited group of penicillins and tetracyclines. Less dangerous preparations are shown. Their dosage is calculated on the age and weight of the child.

• Rifaximin ( synonymous with Alpha Normix, Rifakol, Spiracxin) is a low-toxic drug of the rifamycin group, therefore it is widely used in the treatment of intestinal infections in children. Kills shigella, enterobacteria, klebsiella, proteus, staphylococci, enterococci, clostridia. Contraindicated in case of suspected ulcer and intestinal obstruction. Assigned in tablets or suspensions.
• Azithromycin is a preparation of the macrolide group derived from Erythromycin. Violates protein synthesis in microbial cells. It is prescribed in capsules or tablets. Contraindicated in liver and kidney damage, at the age of 12 years with a weight of less than 45 kg. Side effects in the form of hearing disorders, agranulocytosis in the blood, seizures, sleep disturbances are rare.
• Cefiq - acts on any pathogenic bacteria, when taken in capsules or suspension, the maximum dose is formed after 2-6 hours. Gives a cross-allergic reaction with preparations of the cephalosporin series. Negative manifestations( nausea, headache, eosinophilia in the blood) are rare.
• Likor - a new antimicrobial drug from the group Nitrofuran, acts by inhibiting the activity of enzyme systems that synthesize proteins. It is active at detection of the majority of originators of an infection in an intestine, even to their mutated strains. Creates a high local concentration on the intestinal mucosa. Weakly affects the useful flora. It is convenient to use, as it requires a single daily intake.

In the form of a suspension the drug is used to treat children from the age of six months.

The duration of the treatment course is determined by the doctor, it depends on the rate of destruction of the pathogenic flora and restoration of normal analyzes, the severity of the patient's condition. You can not independently change the appointment, dosage or duration of treatment.

Overdose of

If the dosage is incorrectly determined, antibiotics exhibit negative properties. For example, the reception of Cefotaxime may be complicated by convulsions, a violation of consciousness. Ofloxacin causes dizziness, a state of drowsiness. Against the background of Azithromycin treatment, hearing loss is possible.

Almost all drugs can have toxic effects on the liver, inhibit the function of hematopoiesis. In blood tests, there is a change in the content of cells, increasing the concentration of liver enzymes.

Treatment with antibiotics requires control studies. For any abnormalities, it is necessary to stop taking the drug. If the dosage is dramatically increased due to accidental poisoning, the stomach should be washed and enterosorbents taken.

Additional treatment for

With intestinal infections, diarrhea is protective, so do not be afraid of frequent diarrhea. Feces leave the pathogenic flora. Strengthen the cleansing of the intestine can be through the use of sorbents( activated carbon, Enterosorbent, Smekty).

Both a child and an adult need a copious drink to restore lost fluid. You can drink boiled water, chamomile broth, oak bark, sage, acidified green tea. Diet helps to cleanse the intestines and reduce irritation. Do not take spicy, fried foods.

It is necessary to temporarily switch to liquid porridges on water, non-fried chicken broth with toast, rice and oat broth. To restore normal intestinal flora after a course of antibiotics, doctors advise taking probiotics containing bifido- and lactobacilli.

Treatment with antibiotics is most difficult for people with existing chronic pathology of the liver and kidneys. After the end of the course, biochemical blood tests should be checked, possibly an emergency treatment. Antibacterial drugs are used only for certain indications. Strictly forbidden for prevention.