Human ribs: numbering, structure, scheme

How many ribs does a person have and what is their structure? Diseases associated with them and their treatment

To answer the question about how many ribs a person has, it's not difficult, but it's difficult for an ordinary person who does not study anatomy or graduated from school long ago.

There is a legend that a woman was created by God from the rib of Adam, therefore earlier it was believed that a man has fewer ribs than a fair sex. But this is a deep delusion, and this fact has long been proved by scientists.

The first such an assumption was refuted in the Middle Ages by an outstanding anatomist Andreas Vesalius. This bold assumption was the reason for the inquisitors to severely punish the scientist.

Thorax and its structure

The number of ribs in a human is 12 pairs. Of all this, 10 pairs are closed, forming a dense ring for the organs of the chest.

The first 7 pairs of them are attached directly to the sternum, and the remaining three are attached to the cartilaginous part of the overlying rib. The last three pairs do not attach to anything, but freely terminate on the muscles.

Proceeding from this rib and have their own name: the first seven pairs are true, the next three pairs are false, and the last ones are wavering.

The chest cell is made up of all 12 pairs of ribs, and this is the norm for each person.

Sometimes there are eleven or thirteen pairs, which is undoubtedly not the norm, but this fact does not affect the quality of human life in any way.

Anatomy of the rib

The thickness of the rib does not exceed five millimeters. In appearance it is a curved plate that consists of bone and cartilaginous parts. The bony part consists of a spongy bone tissue and is divided into a head, a neck on which a tubercle and body is located.

In the lower part of the latter there is a furrow. The body is attached to the sternum with the help of cartilage. The rib has two surfaces: the inside (is concave) and the outer (in shape it is convex).

On the inner surface, in the groove of the rib, there are vessels and nerves that nourish the intercostal, abdominal muscles and organs of the thorax and abdomen.

Connections of the ribs and the inner surface of the chest

The ribs are attached to the bones with the help of various joints: the joints with the vertebral column, and the synarthrosis with the sternum.

From the inside, the chest is sent by a special shell, which is called the pleura. The walls of the chest lining the parietal pleura, and the organs - visceral.

With a thin layer of lubricant, both sheets are able to slide freely over each other.

Function of ribs and thorax

The thorax is an important anatomical formation and has many functions. It protects vital organs from all sorts of injuries and external influences.

Also, the ribs are attachment points for many muscles, in particular the respiratory ones, the largest of which is the diaphragm. The sternum is the place where the red bone marrow is located.

Injuries of ribs and thorax

Regardless of how many pairs of ribs a person has, fractures are the most common pathology. With a fracture, the internal organs located in the chest, as well as the vessels and nerves, can be damaged.

In general, this trauma occurs in elderly and elderly people, this is due to reduced elasticity, as well as fragility of bones. Even a minor injury can lead to a fracture at this age.

A typical location of the fracture of the ribs is the lateral surface of the chest due to the fact that it is here that the maximum bending is observed.

A typical clinical picture can be present immediately (fractures are accompanied by pain), but can develop later, when the fragments hurt internal organs and their function is disrupted.

There is also an incomplete fracture of the rib, or the rib can break so that the displacement of the fragments does not occur. In addition to grass, fracture can also be a consequence of a disease that affects the bone tissue of the rib and reduces its strength. It all depends on how many ribs a person has.

Other pathology of ribs

Ribs, like the rest of the bone, can affect osteoporosis. With this disease, calcium is washed out of the bones, and they become brittle.

Often, the rib can also affect oncology: a tumor can sprout in the bones, as well as into neighboring organs.

Also, the rib can be affected by a tuberculous process or inflammation. Due to the fact that the red bone marrow is located in the rib and sternum, the pathology associated with it can also develop. Such a pathology is myeloma, as well as leukemia.

Complications

Uncomplicated fracture of one rib does not pose a threat to life. But here a few broken ribs can lead to trauma to the internal organs, disturb breathing and cause concomitant complications. The fragments can injure the tissue of the lung or pleura.

Due to this, pneumothorax (air penetration between the pleura sheets), hemothorax (ingestion of blood into the pleural cavity), and pneumo-hemothorax can develop.

Can also develop and subcutaneous emphysema, which is accompanied by the penetration of air into the subcutaneous fat tissue

Diagnosis and treatment

Single and multiple fractures are accompanied by pain, especially during inspiration, movement, coughing or talking. Pain syndrome passes or decreases in the position of the patient lying down or just at rest.

Fractures of the ribs are accompanied by superficial breathing, as well as lagging of the chest in the act of breathing on the affected side.

During the feeling, the patient characterizes the fracture zone as the place of greatest soreness, it is also possible to hear a characteristic crunch (crepitation).

The diagnosis of a "fracture as well as how many ribs a person has suffered, is not difficult to establish, it is enough to perform an overview chest X-ray.

It is difficult to diagnose complications with the help of a simple x-ray, ultrasound examination of the pleural cavity, as well as puncture of the pleural space, will be additionally required. Violation of the function of external respiration causes anterior or lateral fractures.

In the back of the injury, a violation of ventilation is less frequent. Fixation of rib fractures is not treated, only complicated, multiple lesions may require immobilization.

Such pathology requires therapy in the hospital, and in special cases, which are accompanied by trauma to internal organs, as well as bleeding, surgical treatment may be required.

The same applies to the widespread tying of the chest with sheets or towels. The period for which the fusion of bone tissue occurs is approximately one month (this is for an uncomplicated variant of fracture of the rib).

In the treatment of multiple fractures, the duration of treatment is a longer period, which depends on the total state of the organism, age, the presence of concomitant diseases, as well as the severity of the complications that arose in connection with injury.

The rib is an anatomically simple bone, but it performs many important functions and is part of such a skeleton formation as the chest. Pathologies, in which the rib can be affected, is many.

The main thing is to diagnose them in a timely manner, after all, the function of vital organs can later be disrupted. In a number of situations, only immediate surgical treatment will help to save the life of the victim, in other cases the tactics of the chosen treatment depends on the pathology and severity of its course.

A source: https://www.syl.ru/article/141252/mod_skolko-reber-u-cheloveka-i-kakovo-ih-stroenie-bolezni-svyazannyie-s-nimi-i-ih-lechenie

Ribs - structure, basic functions, causes of fractures and treatment

Ribs are arcuate paired flat bones, which, connecting the spine and the thoracic bone, form the thorax. In its thickness, the edge rarely exceeds 5 millimeters.

Structure of the ribs

The ribs are curved narrow plates, consisting of:

• Bones (long spongy bones with a head, neck and tubercle) - in its longest (posterior) part;
• Cartilage - in the shorter (front) part.

The body of the rib has an internal (concave) and an outer (convex) surface, bounded by a rounded and sharp edge. Vessels and nerves are located in the furrow, passing along the inner surface of the lower edge.

A person has twelve ribs on each side that are connected to the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae with their posterior ends. The edges of the attachment method are divided into three groups:

1. The seven upper ribs (true ribs) connect the front ends directly to the sternum;
2. The next three, false ribs are connected by their cartilages with the cartilage of the previous rib;
3. The two lower ribs (oscillating ribs) lie at their front ends freely.

With the sternum and vertebrae, the ribs are connected by means of all kinds of connections:

• Sinarthrosis (syndesmosis and synchondrosis);
• Symphysis;
• Diarrtrosis.

The thorax is lined from the inside with a connective tissue membrane, immediately below which is composed of two smooth leaves of the pleura. Free sliding between the sheets during breathing allows a thin layer of lubricant.

Rib function

The main functions of the ribs are:

• Protective function. Ribs, forming a thorax, close the heart, lungs and large vessels from injuries and external influences;
• Wireframe function. The thorax, which supports the retention of organs in the thoracic cavity in the desired position, does not allow the heart to shift to the sides and fall off easily.

Fracture of ribs

There are three main groups of causes, because of which the ribs ache:

1. The defeat of internal organs located directly in the chest;
2. Vascular and nerve damage;
3. Breastfeeding of the chest wall.

Fracture of the ribs refers to one of the most common injuries of the chest and, as a rule, more often occurs in the elderly, which is associated with the age-related changes in the elasticity of the bony structures of the thoracic cells.

The causes of fracture of the ribs most often are injuries resulting from:

• Falls;
• Direct impact on the ribs;
• Chest compressions.

Ribs break more often on the lateral surfaces of the chest (in the places of greatest bending), which causes pain in this area. In many cases, the ribs do not hurt immediately after the injury, but a little later, when the bone fragments begin to rub when breathing (especially with inspiration) and movement.

Partial violation of the integrity of the rib without the displacement of bone fragments, arising from injury or pathological process in the body, is called an incomplete fracture.

Incomplete fracture can occur both due to injury, and because of the defeat of the stern part of the rib pathological process leading to a decrease in the strength of bone tissue, for example:

1. With osteoporosis (conditions in which calcium salts are washed out of bone tissue);
2. With the development of tumors in the region of the chest;
3. With tuberculosis of the ribs;
4. With chronic inflammation of the bone tissue of the rib;
5. With blood diseases (myeloma).

Uncomplicated fractures of one or several ribs usually do not represent threats to human health and life. The main danger in this injury is:

• Damage to internal organs;
• Disturbance of breathing;
• Development of concomitant complications.

More serious risks are multiple fractures of the ribs, which is associated with an increased risk development of pleuropulmonary shock and life-threatening complications (eg, pneumothorax and hemothorax). In addition, with a multiple fracture, often observed displacement of fragments, which pose a threat to the pleura, lungs and intercostal vessels due to acute ends.

Also, a fracture can lead to:

1. To the development of subcutaneous emphysema caused by the penetration of air into the subcutaneous tissue with lung damage;
2. To profuse bleeding into soft tissues or the pleural cavity with damage to the intercostal vessels.

With multiple fractures, the ribs ache heavily, with pain intensified by movement, breathing, coughing, and talking, and decreases in rest and sitting position. Also, with multiple fractures of the ribs, there is a superficial respiration and lag of the chest on the side of the lesion.

A broken rib is revealed during palpation as the most painful place, and also due to a peculiar crunch of bone fragments (bone crepitation).

The diagnosis can usually be confirmed by chest x-ray, and in cases of suspected pneumonia hemothorax should additionally be carried out ultrasound of the pleural cavity, fluoroscopic examination and pleural puncture.

Often the violation of respiration accompanied by anterior and lateral fractures of the ribs, which, as a rule, are more severe. Damage to the posterior parts of the ribs disturbing pulmonary ventilation is less frequent.

Treatment of fractured ribs

With fracture of the ribs, in most cases, fixation is not required, except for complicated and multiple fractures, the treatment of which should only take place in a hospital.

Fixation of the chest without indications can lead to an even greater restriction of breathing, which in turn promotes the development of stagnant phenomena, including congestive pneumonia.

The average term of treatment of uncomplicated fractures of the ribs is about one month, and the term of treatment of multiple and complicated fractures depends on the general condition and severity of the complications that have arisen.

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Modern Russian chondroprotector Arthrakam

The inactive way of life, irrational food and constant tension, inherent today to the majority of inhabitants of megacities, lead to the development of various diseases ...

A source: http://www.neboleem.net/rebra.php

Anatomy and structure of the chest

The thorax in anatomy and structure forms a strong frame for the reliable protection of internal vital organs, such as the heart and lungs.

The physiological structure of the human thorax includes several types of bones. These are the costal arches that are attached to the back of the spine, and in front to the sternum.

This is one of the most important parts of the human skeleton.

Such a structure of the chest provides a certain mobility for the ribs.

Between them are located muscles, nerve endings and other important parts of the anatomical skeleton, providing not only the supporting and motor function.

Due to the coordinated work of the intercostal muscles, a person has the ability to perform a full breath and exhale.

Look at the structure of the human chest in the photo, where all the important structural parts are illustrated:

Features of the structure of the skeleton and bones of the human chest

Anatomico-topographic information gives an idea of ​​the peculiarities of the structure of the thorax, which is a unique articulation of bones.

According to the anatomical atlas, in its structure of bones the human thorax is part of the trunk, the bone base of which is composed of thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum.

The structure of the skeleton of the chest is such that it consists of the thoracic spine and 12 pairs of ribs, sternum and costal cartilage.

Only the first 7 pairs of ribs reach the sternum; VIII, IX and X of the rib with their cartilages are connected with the overlying rib and form an edge arch; XI and XII edges terminate freely.

The connection of the handle to the body of the sternum usually occurs at a certain angle, open to the back (the angle of Louis - angulus sterni seu Ludovici).

This angle in the form of a cushion is well defined on the sternum during palpation (at the point of attachment of the cartilage of the 2nd rib to the sternum), and in astenic patients it is even visible. The bony wall of the chest, devoid of soft tissues, especially muscles, is a truncated cone, with a broad base facing the abdominal cavity, and the narrowing tip towards the neck.

Look at the structure of the chest in the photo, where the ribs are illustrated, and their attachment to the sternum and spine:

Breast and ribs in the structure of the thorax

Due to the special structure of the thorax, the sternum arm articulates with the sternal ends of the clavicles and joins (without the formation of the joint) with the cartilages of the first and second ribs. The body of the sternum has semilunar incisions for III and. IV ribs. The thorax has 2 holes: the upper and lower.

The upper entrance (apertura thoracis superior) is formed by the first thoracic vertebra, the 1st rib and the upper edge of the sternum.

Due to the fact that the upper edge of the sternum handle together with the jugular incision (incisura jugularis sterni) is approximately at the level the lower surface of the body II of the thoracic vertebra, pierced through the entrance to the thorax, the virtual plane descends in the anterior direction.

Below, at the outlet of the chest, the opposite position: the border of the exit from the chest is indicated by a line extending from the xiphoid process to both sides along the ribs.

Further this conditional line, in contact with the tip of the last three ribs, ends behind the spinous process of the XII thoracic vertebra.

The exit from the chest is covered by the diaphragmatic muscle, part of which starts from the lower ribs.

Two arches of the diaphragm with their apexes face the fuddy cavity, thus, already in the subdiaphragmatic (still protected by the Ribs) space abdominal organs are located.

The ribs in the chest structure are connected to the vertebrae by the posterior ends; from here they go outside, fixing themselves in the area costal tubercle to the transverse processes, and then abruptly folded anteriorly and downward, forming obtuse rib angles (angulus costae). In front (in the cartilaginous part), the ribs slantwise upward.

Muscles in the structure of the thorax

On the inside, the ribs and intercostal muscles are lined with an intrathoracic fascia (fascia endothoracica), to which the parietal pleura closely adjoins.

In addition to the intercostal muscles, the thorax is structurally covered by the following main muscle layers: large and small pectoral muscles, wide, dentate and trapezius muscles.

Intertwining teeth of the anterior dentate and external oblique muscles form on the lower-lateral surface of the thoracic wall a zigzag line - the line of the Zherdi - a relief serrated contour of the anterior dentate muscle on the lateral surface breasts.

At the lower end of the median sulcus, in the region of the anterior corner (angulus infrasternalis) is located the epigastric fossa (fossa epigastrica seu scrobiculus cordis).

The cavity or angle is divided by the palpable process in the depth of the xiphoid process to the right and left costo- Angles (angulus costoxiphoideus), which are laterally confined to the joint formed by the cartilage of the VII rib and sternum.

The puncture of the deepest point of the pericardium is accomplished by inserting the needle to a depth of approximately -2 cm in the angulus costoxiphoideus - at the Larray point.

The chest wall is innervated by segmental spinal nerves (nervi intercostalis) and branches of the brachial plexus. The trapezius muscle in the structure of the thorax is innervated by an additional Willisium nervus - nervus Willisii.

A source: http://wdoctor.ru/anatomiya/anatomiya-i-stroenie-grudnoj-kletki.html

Function of ribs and thorax

The chest cell is made up of all 12 pairs of ribs, and this is the norm for each person. Joints of ribs with sternum and art. sternoclavularis are fed from a. thoracica interna.

The joints I, XI and XII of the rib have no lig. intraarticulare. Breast and ribs in the x-ray image.

The human thorax is a framework consisting of vertebrae, sternum and ribs connected by ligaments and joints.

To answer the question about how many ribs a person has, it's not difficult, but it's difficult for an ordinary person who does not study anatomy or graduated from school long ago.

Proceeding from this rib and have their own name: the first seven pairs are true, the next three pairs are false, and the last ones are wavering.

Externally, the ribs are flat bones that arc curved and form a thorax - it has lungs and a heart.

The thickness of the rib does not exceed five millimeters. In appearance it is a curved plate that consists of bone and cartilaginous parts. The body is attached to the sternum with the help of cartilage.

The rib has two surfaces: the inside (is concave) and the outer (in shape it is convex).

On the inner surface, in the groove of the rib, there are vessels and nerves that nourish the intercostal, abdominal muscles and organs of the thorax and abdomen.

The ribs are attached to the bones with the help of various joints: the joints with the vertebral column, and the synarthrosis with the sternum.

The thorax is an important anatomical formation and has many functions.

Regardless of how many pairs of ribs a person has, fractures are the most common pathology.

There is also an incomplete fracture of the rib, or the rib can break so that the displacement of the fragments does not occur.

In addition to grass, fracture can also be a consequence of a disease that affects the bone tissue of the rib and reduces its strength.

Often, the rib can also affect oncology: a tumor can sprout in the bones, as well as into neighboring organs. The consequence of its growth may be pathological fractures, the number and complexity of which depends on how many ribs a person is exposed to pathology.

Due to the fact that the red bone marrow is located in the rib and sternum, the pathology associated with it can also develop. Such a pathology is myeloma, as well as leukemia.

Uncomplicated fracture of one rib does not pose a threat to life.

But here a few broken ribs can lead to trauma to the internal organs, disturb breathing and cause concomitant complications.

The diagnosis of a "fracture as well as how many ribs a person has suffered, is not difficult to establish, it is enough to perform an overview chest X-ray.

In the back of the injury, a violation of ventilation is less frequent.

Fixation of rib fractures is not treated, only complicated, multiple lesions may require immobilization.

Anatomy of the human chest

The same applies to the widespread tying of the chest with sheets or towels. The period for which the fusion of bone tissue occurs is approximately one month (this is for an uncomplicated variant of fracture of the rib).

The rib is an anatomically simple bone, but it performs many important functions and is part of such a skeleton formation as the chest. Pathologies, in which the rib can be affected, is many.

The main thing is to diagnose them in a timely manner, after all, the function of vital organs can later be disrupted.

These are the true ribs, costae verae.

The next three ribs (VIII, IX and X), joining their cartilages not to the sternum, but to the cartilage of the previous rib, are called false ribs, costae spuriae.

On each bone ridge, the posterior and anterior ends are distinguished, and between them the body of the rib, corpus costae.

The posterior end has a thickening, the rib head, caput costae, with an articular surface divided by a comb, through which the rib joins the vertebral bodies. In I, XI and XII ribs, the articular surface is not divided by a comb.

At the junction of the cervix, there is a tubercle of rib in the body of the rib, tuberculum costae, with an articular surface for articulation with the articular surface of the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra.

Ribs, like the rest of the bone, can affect osteoporosis. Also, the rib can be affected by a tuberculous process or inflammation. In XI and XII ribs there is no tubercle, as these ribs do not articulate with transverse processes of the last thoracic vertebrae.

A source: http://prikaziwon.ru/funkciya-reber-i-grudnoy-kletki/

Chest ribs

Ribs, costae, 12 pairs, - narrow, of different length, curved bone plates, symmetrically located along the sides of the thoracic spine.

In each rib distinguish the longer bone part of the rib, os costale, short cartilaginous - costal cartilage, cartilago co-stalis, and two ends - anterior, facing the sternum, and posterior, facing the vertebral pillar.

The bone part, in turn, includes three clearly discernible departments: the head, neck and body. The rib head, caput costae, is located on its vertebral end. It has the articular surface of the head of the rib, fades articularis capitis costae.

This surface on the II-X ribs is separated by a horizontally running ridge of the head of the rib, crista capitis costae, on the upper, smaller, and lower, larger, parts, each of which is respectively associated with the costal fossae of two adjacent vertebrae.

The cervix of the rib, collum costae, - the most narrowed and rounded part of the rib, bears the crest of the neck of the rib on the upper edge, crista colli costae (I and XII do not have ribs of this ridge).

On the border with the body, the 10 upper pairs of ribs on the cervix have a small tubercle of the rib, tuberculum costae, on which the articular surface of the tubercle of the rib, fades articularis tuberculi costae, articulating with the transverse costal fossa of the corresponding vertebra.

Between the posterior surface of the cervical rib and the anterior surface of the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra, an anterior-transverse aperture is formed, foramen costotransversarium.

Thoracic segment. The ratio of the ribs to the vertebra (IV) and sternum.

The body of the rib, co-opera costae, represented by a spongy bone, has a different length: from I pair of ribs to VII (less often VIII), the body length gradually increases, The following ribs are successively shortened, extending from the tubercle to the sternal end of the rib, is the longest section of the bone portion ribs.

At some distance from the tubercle, the body of the rib, strongly curving, forms an angle of the rib, angulus costae.

In the first rib, it coincides with the tubercle of the anterior staircase (tuberculum m. scaleni anterioris), in front of which there is a furrow of the subclavian vein (sulcus v. subclaviae), and behind it - the furrow of the subclavian artery (sulcus a. subclaviae), and on the other ribs the distance between these formations increases (up to the XI edge); the body of XII does not form an edge.

All along the body of the rib is flattened. This makes it possible to distinguish two surfaces in it: the inner, concave, and outer, convex, and two edges: the upper, the rounded, and the lower, the sharp. On the inner surface along the lower edge there is a furrow of the rib, sulcus costae, where intercostal artery, vein and nerve lie. Edges of the ribs describe a spiral, so the rib is twisted around its long axis.

At the anterior sternal end of the osseous part of the rib there is a pit with a small roughness; to it is attached costal cartilage.

Structure of the ribs

False ribs

False ribs (5 pairs) - costae spuriae, XI and XII ribs - wavering ribs, costae fluitantes.

Cartilages of VIII, IX and X ribs do not fit directly to the sternum, but each of them joins the cartilage of the overlying rib.

Cartilages XI and XII ribs (sometimes X) do not reach the sternum and lie free in the muscles of the abdominal wall with their cartilaginous ends.

Some features have two first and two last pairs of ribs.

The first edge, costa prima (I), is shorter but wider than the rest, has an almost horizontally arranged upper and lower surface (instead of the outer and inner edges of the other).

On the upper surface of the rib, in the anterior part, there is a tubercle of the anterior staircase, tuberculum, ie, scaleni anterioris (the place of attachment of this muscle).

Outside and behind the tubercle is a shallow furrow of the subclavian artery, sulcus a. subclaviae (the trace of the same artery lying here, a.

subclavia), behind which there is a small roughness (the place of attachment of the middle staircase, m. scalenus medius). Anteriorly and inwardly from the tubercle there is a weakly developed suturing vein sulcus v. subclaviae. The articular surface of the head of the 1st rib is not divided by the crest; neck long and thin; The rib corner coincides with the tubercle of the rib.

The second rib, costa secunda (II), has on the outer surface roughness - tuberosity of the anterior dentate muscle, tuberositas t. Serrati anterioris (the place of attachment of the tooth of the muscle).

The eleventh and twelfth ribs, costa XI et costa XII, have the joint surfaces of the head not separated by the crest. On the XI edge, the angle, cervix, tubercle and costal furrow are weakly expressed, and on XII they are absent.

The twelfth rib, costa XII, the right, from the inside.

A source: http://biofile.ru/bio/21745.html

Ribs

Ribs, costae, (Fig. 36, 37, 38, 39) 12 pairs, narrow, of varying length, curved bone plates symmetrically located along the sides of the thoracic spine.

In each rib distinguish a longerbone part of rib, os costale, short cartilaginous -costal cartilage, cartilago constalis, and two ends - anterior, facing the sternum, and posterior, facing the spinal column.

Bone portion of rib Costal cartilage Features of the first two and last pairs of ribs

The bony part of the rib has a head, neck and body. The rib head, caput costae, is located on its vertebral end. It has an articular surface of the head of the rib, facies articularis capitis costae.

This surface on the II-X ribs is separated by a horizontally running ridge of the head of the rib, crista capitis costae, on the upper, smaller, and lower, larger, parts, each of which is respectively associated with the costal fossae of two adjacent vertebrae.

The cervix of the rib, collum costae, - the most narrowed and rounded part of the rib, bears on the upper edge the crest of the neck of the rib, crista colli costae, (I and XII of the ribs do not have this ridge).

On the border with the body, the 10 upper pairs of ribs on the cervix have a small tubercle of the rib, tuberculum costae, on which the articular surface of the tubercle of the rib, facies articularis tuberculi costae, articulating with the transverse costal fossa of the corresponding vertebra.

Between the posterior surface of the cervical rib and the anterior surface of the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra, an anterior-transverse aperture is formed, foramen costotransversarium (see Fig. Fig. 44).

The body of the rib, corpus costae, extending from the tubercle to the sternal end of the rib, is the longest section of the osseous part of the rib.

At some distance from the tubercle, the body of the rib, strongly curving, forms an angle of the rib, angulus costae. In the I edge (see Fig. Fig.

36) it coincides with the tubercle, and on the other ribs the distance between these formations increases (up to the XI edge); the body of XII does not form an edge. All along the body of the rib is flattened.

On the inner surface along the lower edge there is a furrow of the rib, sulcus costae (see Fig. Fig. 37), where there are intercostal artery, vein and nerve. Edges of the ribs describe a spiral, so the rib is twisted around its long axis.

At the anterior sternal end of the osseous part of the rib there is a pit with a small roughness; to it is attached costal cartilage.

The costal cartilages, cartilagines costales, (also 12 pairs), are a continuation of the bone parts of the ribs. From I to II ribs they gradually lengthen and connect directly to the sternum.

Upper 7 pairs of ribs are true ribs, costae verae, lower 5 pairs of ribs are false ribs, costae spuriae, and XI and XII ribs are wavering ribs, costae fluitantes.

Cartilages of VIII, IX and X ribs do not fit directly to the sternum, but each of them joins the cartilage of the overlying rib.

Cartilages XI and XII ribs (sometimes X) do not reach the sternum and lie free in the muscles of the abdominal wall with their cartilaginous ends.

Some features have two first and two last pairs of ribs. The first edge, costa prima (I) (see Fig. Fig. 36, A), shorter but wider than the others, has almost horizontally located upper and lower surfaces (instead of the outer and inner ones of the other ribs).

On the upper surface of the rib, in the anterior part, there is a tubercle of the anterior staircase, tuberculum m. scaleni anterioris. Outside and behind the tubercle is a shallow furrow of the subclavian artery, sulcus a. subclaviae, (the trace of the same artery lying here, a.

subclavia, behind which there is a small roughness (the place of attachment of the middle staircase, m. scalenus medius. Anteriorly and inwardly from the tubercle there is a weakly developed suturing vein sulcus v. subclaviae.

The articular surface of the head of the 1st rib is not divided by the crest; neck long and thin; The rib corner coincides with the tubercle of the rib.

Fig. 44. Thoracic segment. The ratio of the ribs to the vertebra (IV) and sternum.

The second edge, costa secunda (II)) (cf. Fig. 36, B), has on the outer surface roughness - tuberosity of the anterior dentate muscle, tuberositas m. serrati anterioris, (the place of attachment of the tooth of this muscle).

A source: http://spina.pro/anatomy/kosti/kosti-tuloviwa/kosti-grudnoj-kletki/rebra.php

How many ribs and their pairs in the chest in a person

"How many ribs and how many pairs of them in the chest of a person?" - a question not fun. Since ancient times, this question has been shrouded in mystery.

It was based on the biblical legend of the creation of God by the first man of Adam Adam, and the woman of Eve, destined for him as his wife.

According to this legend, Eve was created from the edge of Adam, and for this reason, she had one more rib than Adam. According to the Bible, there were as many ribs in all descendants of Adam and Eve as well. for Adam's offspring of a male, should be one less.

Despite the strong pressure of church dogma on the people, in those ancient times there were experienced physicians who practiced surgery and autopsy of the deceased.

To this day, there have been records of some of those healers in whom theyrefute the biblical legend of a different number of ribs in men and women.

But the strength of the church was so strong, and the punishment for deviating from its truths was so severe that few people decided to openly oppose the church and expose themselves to the quarrel of the Inquisition.

This continued until the XVI century, when in 1543Andreas Vesal, surgeon and anatomist, label-doctor at the court of Charles V, and then Philip II, hailing from the family of hereditary healers, published his work entitled "De corpore humani fabrica" ​​("On the structure of human body "). In this work, he cited the results of his research and gave a description of the internal organs of man and the structure of the human body, moreover, the description of each organ was supplemented by a color pattern.

This work produced an "explosion" in both the scientific and the church world. In fact, Vesal openly opposed the church dogma and loudly announced in fact how many ribs a person has and, in particular, how many of them are in men and how many in women.

He claimed that people, regardless of their gender, have the same number of ribs, there are only 24 of them, and they are 12 pairs.

Of course, with his statement Vesal brought upon himself the wrath of the church and fell into her disfavor.

Only thanks to the intervention of the king, Vesalus miraculously managed to avoid the participation of the heretic, and he was not burned at the stake.

From this time beginscounting in the study and development of modern anatomy.

And the church, in order not to "surrender" its positions in the question of the origin of Eve, gives the following explanation: Eve was created by God from the rib of Adam, so he has one less than Eve. However, to the descendants of Adam this anatomical feature was not transmitted, that is, In all subsequent generations of men and women, the number of ribs was the same.

What are the edges and their number

Ribs, these are flat bones, which contain red bone marrow. They are arcuate in shape and consist of two parts:

• hindbones- spongy tissue, articulate with vertebrae;
• anterior bones- cartilaginous tissue, connect to the breastbone.

So, how many ribs does a man have? In the human skeleton there are only 24 ribs that form 12 pairs.

Count the ribs from top to bottom. They arc arched around the human body and form a thorax (behind with the spine and in front with the breast bone or sternum).

Their length from the 1st to the 7th gradually increases, and from the 8th to the 12th, it is shortened.

The rib has two surfaces:internal (concave) and external (convex).

On the inner surface there is a groove in which the nerves and blood vessels that nourish the muscles (intercostal and abdominal) and internal organs located inside the thorax and abdomen are located.

Rib cage

The thorax is important in human anatomyand performs several functions, in particular:

• protective function- protects from damage soft tissues and internal organs of a person, located in the chest cavity - the heart, trachea, bronchi, lungs and esophagus.
• wireframe function- keeps the organs of the chest cavity in the right anatomical position, due to this the heart is not displaced, and the lungs do not sag.
• function of fixing the respiratory muscles, in particular, the largest of which is the diaphragm.

The ribs are divided into two groups, depending on their connection with the sternum and each other.

• I group is "true". I group consists of seven upper pairs, which together with the spine and sternum form a dense ring. The anterior cartilaginous ends connect the ribs to the sternum.
• Group II - "false from 8 th to 12 th, which do not reach the sternum. "False" are divided into two subgroups by the way they are connected to each other:
• The 8th, 9th and 10th are joined together by cartilaginous ends (underlying with overlying ones). They form costal arches.
• The 11th and 12th move away from the spine, do not close on the sternum and are not connected with the overlying ones. Their front ends are located freely in the lateral parts of the abdominal wall and are called "wandering or "hesitant".

Adam's Edge Syndrome

Each rule can have exceptions. This applies to the number of ribs in a person.

Despite the fact that the presence of 12 pairs is considered the norm for people, there are people who have more of them (13 pairs) or less (11 pairs).

This phenomenon in the structure of the chest does not depend on the sex of the person and is called"Adam's rib syndrome".

In order to eliminate the negative consequences of the inconveniences caused by unnecessary bones, people who have this pathology, doctors recommend doing operations to remove them.

Absence of the 12th pair, as a rule, is conditioned by the desire of people to achieve more, from their point of view, perfect figure. Basically, these are women who decide on such operations to get a thinner waist and narrow the chest.

In such women's desires, nothing new is available, since even in the eighteenth century, when the so-called "wasp" was in fashion, the women were so drawn into corsets that they could not breathe normally.

Nowadays in the circle of actresses of film and show business such operations are quite in demand, there are many examples.

A source: https://LivePosts.ru/articles/education-articles/anatomiya-education-articles/skolko-reber-i-ih-par-v-grudnoj-kletke-u-cheloveka