In the pathology of the digestive system, therapeutic nutrition plays an important role in therapy. With some pathologies, it is the only therapeutic factor, with others only one of the factors that enhance the therapeutic effect of taking medications.
But in any case, if there are violations in the digestive system, the patient will have to revise the diet. Diet in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract takes into account the clinical manifestations and the stage of the disease.
What diet is prescribed for the pathology of the digestive tract
Diet is different in terms of caloric content and nutrient balance, as well as the therapeutic effect that they can have on the body or on a separate organ. With the help of diet can improve metabolism, functional indicators of the endocrine, cardiovascular and nervous system, as well as immune response. When selecting a rational diet, basal metabolism and the ability of the inflamed organ to split and assimilate nutrients are taken into account.
With dysfunction of the liver and pancreas, there are usually negative changes in the functioning of the intestines and stomach, since food stays there longer. Conversely, if there is a dysfunction of the tract, it will affect the work of other digestive organs. To reduce the functional load on the sick body, diets are prescribed chemically and mechanically sparing.
In inflammatory pathologies( gastritis, gastric or duodenal ulcer, gastroduodenitis) diet table No 1 or No 2 is indicated. Its purpose is to protect the mucosa from mechanical, chemical and thermal effects. When exacerbating, regardless of the pH of the gastric juice, diet No 1A is recommended, whose goal is to reduce the excitability of the stomach and accelerate the regeneration of the mucous membrane, removing the load from it.
Excludes food that excites secretion or irritates the stomach and intestines. The daily norm of carbohydrates is reduced to 200 grams, fat should be 100 grams, and proteins 80 grams. The energy value of the diet is 2000 kcal. Such a diet is not complete, so you can eat it for no more than two weeks.
If the stomach and intestines are not restored within 14 days, the patient is assigned a diet No 1B.At the same time, the caloric content of the diet is increased to 2500 kcal, the daily fat and protein norm is 100 grams, and carbohydrates are 300. Diet table No 1B can be observed for 10 days.
In the remission phase, diet No 1 is shown, in which the energy value is 3200 kcal and 450 grams of carbohydrates are allowed. Compared with diets 1A and 1B, food can already be served not only in a puree form, but also in a more dense consistency. In addition, this diet is balanced and it can be adhered to for a long time.
As a rule, a diet for a period of 3 to 5 months is prescribed.
The diet for gastrointestinal disease takes into account the concentration of hydrochloric acid. With hypoacid gastritis, diet No 2 is shown, which restores the motor and secretory activity of the stomach and intestines, increases the synthesis of hydrochloric acid and reduces fermentation. From the menu vegetables are removed with coarse cellulose, spicy dishes, spices, and you can not drink milk in its pure form.
Food should be served shredded. When frying, do not allow the formation of a crusty crust on food. The daily norm of a kilocalorie is 3000. In case of pathology of the biliary system( liver, bile ducts, gall bladder), the treatment table No 5 and its variations are shown. It promotes the restoration of hepatocytes and liver ducts, provides mechanical shaking of the digestive tract.
According to the diet per day allowed to consume 100 grams of protein and fat and 450 grams of carbohydrates, the daily diet should not exceed 3100 kcal. If necessary, reduce the bile secretion is prescribed diet No 5CH, and if it is necessary to strengthen the production of bile, then the diet No 5Ж is indicated.
In case of disruption of the bowel, the treatment table No 3 or No 4 is prescribed. In case of an intestinal disorder, the symptomatology of the disease affects the choice of the diet table. So, if the patient complains of diarrhea, flatulence, then diet No 4 or its modifications are prescribed, which exclude foods and foods that stimulate the production of digestive juices, and those that increase fermentation and putrefaction.
Therapeutic diet depends on the phase of the disease and the severity of the clinic. For example, with spasmodic pain in the abdomen, provoked by increased gassing and stretching of the intestinal wall, table No. 4A is assigned. It prohibits the use of simple carbohydrates, which cause fermentation in the intestines, while it is recommended to increase the amount of protein to 120 grams.
In case of bowel disease, constipation, diet No 3 is prescribed. It assumes an increase in products stimulating motor activity and releasing the intestines( vegetables, dried fruits, cereals, sour milk drinks, honey, jam, syrup), as well as excluding food that increases fermentation and putrefaction(mustard, spices, horseradish).
How to prevent irritation of the mucous tissue of the digestive tract
In inflammatory pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract it is important to protect the gastric and intestinal mucosa from the mechanical and chemical effects of food, as irritation can lead to relapse.
A gentle diet for gastrointestinal diseases minimizes mucosal irritation, which allows to reduce symptoms and accelerate recovery
The intensity of mechanical irritation of the inflamed mucous membrane depends on the amount of dietary fiber( fiber), hemicellulose, pectin substances, lignin used. Fiber is not digested in the digestive tract, it collects toxins and removes them from the body, therefore plays an important role in digestion. But in inflammatory diseases it is recommended to limit its intake, so as not to "scratch" the walls of the stomach and intestines.
Low fiber content in pasta and bakery products, rice, potatoes, semolina, zucchini, tomatoes, watermelon, ripe apples. To reduce the mechanical irritation of the stomach and intestines, it is necessary to remove old leaves from the vegetables, cuttings and not to eat unripe fruits. Meat of a young animal will contain less connective tissue, which means it will not injure the inflamed tissue.
If mechanical sparing of the digestive tract is necessary, then under the prohibition of products of second-grade flour, millet, most raw vegetables, peas, beans, fruits and berries with skin, veined stale veins or poultry skin. Mechanical shaking also provides a fractional food, in which the daily ration is divided into 5-6 meals. Dishes should be served in crushed or grated form.
If necessary, avoiding the gastrointestinal tract from chemical exposure, it is forbidden to eat fried foods, or those that are cooked deep-fried, and also eliminates the passaging. From the diet, foods that contain substances that adversely affect GIT tissues are removed.
If the diet involves thermal shudder, then the food temperature should be monitored. It should not be less than 15 ° C, since cold reduces the secretory activity of the stomach and strengthens the motor, or above 60 ° C, since hot leads to increased production of gastric juice and reduces the motor activity of the organ.
The vegetable oil, sour-milk products, cold juices, bread from a flour of a rough grinding, dried fruits possess a relaxing effect. The fixing action is provided by hot dishes, flour products, rice, strong tea, coffee, cocoa. The body should receive all the necessary substances, so prolonged fasting or skipping of food negatively affects the gastrointestinal tract and causes an exacerbation of the disease.
It is advisable to eat small portions, increasing the frequency of food intake. It is best to eat every three hours and at the same time, so there will not be a feeling of hunger and digestive juices will be allocated by a conditioned reflex. It is important in gastrointestinal pathologies to thoroughly chew food, this will ensure its rapid movement through the digestive tract, and therefore there will be no process of fermentation and decay.
Food for a sick stomach should be warm and frayed
What can be eaten with pathology of the gastrointestinal tract, and what is better to refuse
With diet therapy, the therapeutic effect is achieved by eating dishes and foods that have certain properties, for example, improve motility, accelerate lipolysis, increase secretion of gastric juice, or reduce bile secretion. The list of "useful" and "harmful" products with a sick stomach will be refined after diagnosis.
In the acute phase of the disease in the pathology of the gastrointestinal tract, the following foods and foods are allowed to be consumed:
- dried bread, biscuit, biscuit biscuit;
- well-boiled porridge( rice, buckwheat, oatmeal), cooked on water;
- dietary meat( preferably in the form of puree, cutlet, souffle);
- vegetable soups with heavily boiled croup( vegetables are recommended to be finely chopped);
- vegetable purees( potatoes, zucchini, carrots, cauliflower, beets, asparagus are allowed);
- cream and milk are allowed to be added to drinks or to a dish;
- sour-milk drinks;
- curd with low fat content;
- soft-boiled eggs, steam omelette;
- vegetable oil as an additive to snacks or soup;
- sweet fruit without peel in a grated kind;
- weak tea, diluted sweet fruit juices, broth of wild rose.
In diseases of the stomach and intestines is prohibited:
- fatty meat;
- smoked and canned food;
- meat, mushroom, fish broth( stimulate the secretion of gastric juice);
- garlic, onion, radish, spinach, radish( contain essential oils);
- rye or any freshly baked bread, beans, vegetables with coarse fiber, beer( intensify fermentation in the digestive tract);
- salted, hot cheeses;
- millet, barley, pearl barley, corn porridge;
- animal fats, margarine;
- mayonnaise, mustard, ketchup;
- chocolate, ice cream, cakes, juice from grapes.
Depending on the disease clinic, the frequency of food intake, the need to limit thermal and mechanical irritation, methods for cooking food products are established.
Any medical diet with problems in the stomach and intestines prohibits eating roast, lack of a meal schedule, overeating and fasting
What exactly are useful products for the stomach and intestines at the moment, only considering the functional state of the gastrointestinal tract. So, for the normal operation of the digestive system requires fiber, which cleanses the intestines and stimulates its activity. However, it becomes an irritant if it is used during an exacerbation of gastritis, ulcers, enteritis.
Strong tea and coffee, rye bread, broths excite secretory activity, which is useful for the stomach with a decreased acidity of gastric juice, but it is harmful in hyperacid gastritis. Sour-milk products, dried fruit, vegetable oil weakens the intestines because of what they are recommended for constipation and are limited with diarrhea.
Unequivocally, it can be said that the stomach products are useful for those that have an enveloping property( oatmeal and rice porridge, mucous soups, crackers), as they protect mucous from the corrosive effects of acids and enzymes. To restore the normal functioning of the digestive tract, it is necessary to find out the cause of the pathology. Only knowing the diagnosis and understanding the pathogenesis of the disease can make a therapeutic diet.
Many factors should be considered when developing the menu for the week. This is the age of the patient, and his physical activity, and accompanying pathologies. It is important to take into account the patient's taste preferences, since the diet is often prescribed for several months, and it is impossible to maintain a diet for a long time if it is "not tasty".
Even after the disappearance of the clinical symptoms of the pathology and the normalization of the biochemical parameters of blood and urine, the patient should adhere to proper nutrition, so as not to provoke a repeated exacerbation. A healthy diet presupposes the absence of excessively sharp, salty, fatty, spicy dishes in the diet, the predominance of vegetable fats, and not the animal.