Table for testing eyesight in children

Vision is one of the five senses of man. With its help, a person receives information about the world around him, recognizes objects and their location in space. The importance of a high level of vision can not be overemphasized, because with poor eyesight the life of a person is very complicated. It is especially important to have a good vision for children, as reducing visual acuity can be a serious obstacle to the full development of the child.

Why check?

Beginning with the very period of the newborn, children need to perform regular eye examinations with the ophthalmologist.This should be done for preventive purposes, so as to prevent the child from further disturbances or visual impairment.

Eye diseases in many cases tend to progress. For example, myopia (or nearsightedness), as a rule, can intensively develop in children in school years, when the visual load on the eyes increases. Hyperopia is also a common disease in preschool or primary school children. Therefore, parents should take all measures to improve the child's visual acuity as soon as possible and prevent the development of blindness.

As a rule, progressive myopia leads to irreversible changes in the central parts of the retina, which significantly reduces visual acuity.

The vision test for newborns occurs according to the following schedule:

• For the first time the eyes of the child are examined by an ophthalmologist in the first hours after birth.With special attention are checked premature babies, children with congenital pathologies or birth trauma, newborns after severe childbirth, since this category of children most often have hemorrhages or retinal pathologies.
• The first check with an ophthalmologist in this category of children is usually given a month after birth, if there is evidence.
• A healthy child should be examined for the first time in an ophthalmic room 3 months after birth.
• The next examination in a healthy child is carried out at 6 months, and then at 12 months.

At 12 months, the child is first determined visual acuity. In norm it equals, diopters.

The table for checking vision in children was developed by Orlova. This table is applicable for preschool children who have not yet learned to count

Existing tables for testing eyesight

In modern times, many variants of tables have been created to test visual acuity in children.

The first table, according to which the child's eyesight is checked, is usually the Orlova table.According to this table, children are examined from the age of 3, when they have not yet learned to read and write. In this table, instead of letters, pictures are used that are familiar to the child and which he can easily name.

To check the visual acuity in children of an older age, already use tables with block letters.On the territory of the CIS countries the table of Sivtsev or Golovin is most often used. There is, also, their foreign analogue - the Snellen table.

In many tables, the visual acuity is determined at a distance of at least 5 meters.This distance is chosen by ophthalmologists for the reason that in the eye with normal refraction (so-called, emmetropia) at this distance the point clear vision is as it were in infinity and on the retina, thus, parallel rays are collected, forming a focused, clear picture.

Sivtsev's table

The Sivtsev table is the most common table in the territory of the former USSR, which is used to test visual acuity in children.

The table received its name in honor of the Soviet ophthalmologist DA. Sivtseva.Sivtsev's table is actively used for examination of vision in children and adult patients in modern times.

In the Sivtsev table for vision testing, 12 lines with printed signs are used, with the help of which one can effectively study the visual acuity of the patient.

As print characters 7 letters are used - Sh, B, M, H, K, Y, I. Letters have a different size, but the same width and height. Thus the size of letters decreases in lines in a direction from top to down.

In the Sivtsev table, also, there are two additional columns to the left and right of the rows. The designations on the left side indicate the distance from which the patient sees the letters of the line with a 100% level of vision.It is expressed in meters and is marked with the symbol "D = ...".

The left column shows the level of refraction deviations expressed in diopters.Refraction of the eye is the position of the focal point of the eye relative to the retina.In the normal position of the focus on the retina, the refraction, as a rule, equals zero. This position of the focal point is called emmetropia.

In case of visual impairment, the position of the focal point changes. For example, with myopia, the focal point is in front of the retina, and with farsightedness the focal point is displaced behind the retina. Thus, the image is not fixed in the center of the retina and objects appear blurred and fuzzy.

As a rule, refractive abnormalities affect visual acuity and require correction.The stronger the refraction deviates from the norm, the more the visual acuity decreases.However, there is no direct relationship between these values. If the refraction is normal, but the patient does not see well, this may indicate a possible decrease in the transparency of the optical media of the eye. For example, the patient may exhibit symptoms of amblyopia, cataracts with clouding of the lens or cornea.

The right column indicates the visual acuity of the patient, if it is from the table at a distance of 5 meters.These values ​​are marked with the sign "V = ...". Visual acuity in the professional terminology of ophthalmologists is called the ability of the eye to see and distinguish two distant points with a minimum distance between them.

In ophthalmology, the rule is accepted that an eye with normal visual acuity can distinguish two distant points with an angular distance between them equal to 1 angular minute (1/60 degree).

The normal visual acuity of a person corresponds to the indicator V = 1.0, that is, a person with 100% vision should be able to distinguish the printed characters of the first 10 lines.However, some subjects may have visual acuity that is greater than normal, for example or even, and more. When abnormalities of refraction (nearsightedness, farsightedness), astigmatism, glaucoma, cataract and others visual impairment, the visual acuity of the subject decreases below the norm and acquires the values and below.

In the Sivtsev table, the visual acuity values ​​in the first ten lines differ by a step of the last two lines - in,. In some non-standard variants of the Sivtsev table, also 3 additional lines with visual acuity values ​​from, to,.

But these tables, as a rule, do not apply in modern ophthalmology clinics.

The visual acuity of the Sivtsev table is checked by the following instruction:

• The patient should be at a distance of 5 meters from the table.Studies are conducted for each eye separately.
• The right eye must be firmly closed with the palm of your hand, so that it can not see the letters in the table.Instead of a palm, you can use a piece of dense material (for example, cardboard or plastic). Thus, the visual acuity of the left eye is examined.
• The lines must be read in order, from left to right, from top to bottom.The recognition of the sign takes no more than 2-3 seconds.

The definition of visual acuity according to the Sivtsev table is quite simple.The patient, as a rule, has normal visual acuity if he could correctly read the letters in the rows with V .Only one error is allowed. In the rows below V no more than two errors are allowed.The numerical value of visual acuity corresponds to the numerical value of V in the last row, in which no errors were exceeded in excess of the norm.

Using this table, only myopia is determined. Farsightedness according to the Sivtsev table is not determined. That is, if the subject will see all 12 lines at a distance of 5 meters, this does not mean that he suffers from hyperopia.This indicates a visual acuity above the average statistical rate.

If the result of the test is unsatisfactory and a deviation from the norm is detected, the possible reason for the reduction in visual acuity in the child may be an abnormality of refraction. In this case, a subsequent determination of refraction is necessary.

The Snellen table

Snellen table

The Snellen chart is one of the popular tables for testing visual acuity in children. In modern times, this table is especially common in the US.

The Snellen table was developed in 1862 by the Dutch ophthalmologist Hermann Snellen.The Russian analogue of this table is the Sivtsev table.

The table contains a standard set of strings, consisting of Latin letters, which are called optotypes (test types). The size of the letters, as well as in the Sivtsev table, decreases with each line in the downward direction.

The top line of the Snellen table contains the largest characters that a person with normal visual acuity can read at a distance of 6 meters (or 20 feet).Subsequent, lower lines a person with 100% vision is able to distinguish at a distance of 36, 24, 18, 12, 9, 6 and 5 meters, respectively.In the traditional Snellen diagram, as a rule, 11 lines are printed. The first line consists of the largest letter that can be E, H, N, or A.

The vision of the subject according to the Snellen table is checked as follows:

• The examinee is located at a distance of 6 meters from the table.
• With the palm of your hand or with any dense material, one eye closes, the other reads the letters in the table.

The visual acuity of the subject is checked usually according to the index of the smallest series, which was read without errors at a distance of 6 meters.

As a rule, if a person with normal visual acuity is able to distinguish one of the lower rows at a distance of 6 meters, the visual acuity value is 6/6. If the subject is able to distinguish only the lines above the line that the person with normal visual acuity is able to read at a distance of 12 meters, the visual acuity of such a patient is equal to 6/12.

Orlova's Table

Orlova's examination table is used to determine visual acuity in preschool children. In this table there are lines with special pictures, the size of which becomes smaller with each line in the direction from top to bottom.

Orlova's Table

On the left side of the table, next to each line, the distance from which a child with normal visual acuity is able to distinguish symbols is indicated.

Variations of Orlova's table

The distance is marked with the symbol "D = ...".The right side of the table indicates visual acuity if the child recognizes them at a distance of 5 meters.

Vision is considered normal if the child is able to recognize each eye of the picture of the tenth line from a distance of 5 meters.

If the visual acuity of a child is reduced and he is unable to recognize the signs of the tenth line, he is approached to the table by a distance, meter and asked to name the symbols of the upper row.The visual acuity of the child is determined by the line in which the child can correctly name all the symbols.

Before the examination, it is advisable for the child to show pictures, so that he understands what is required of him and ask him to say aloud the names of the pictures.

Golovin's Table

The Golovin table is also a fairly common table for testing visual acuity in children. Like the Sivtsev table, it is used mainly in the CIS countries. The table received its name in honor of the famous ophthalmologist S. FROM. Golovin, who lived on the territory of the USSR.

Unlike the Sivtsev table, in this table symbols are used instead of printed letters - Landolt's rings.The lines in Golovin's table, also, twelve and the rings printed in these lines, decrease in size with each line in the down direction. These rings have the same and equal width in each row.

Golovin's view table

The visual acuity indicators are indicated on the right side of the table and are marked with the symbol "V = ...".

In the traditional Golovin table, it is possible to determine the visual acuity in the interval,. The first 10 lines, as in the Sivtsev table, differ by a step of 0.1, the remaining two - in,.In some versions of the tables, three extra rows are additionally used to determine visual acuity above the average statistical rate. These lines differ in step,.

On the left side of the table, the distance in meters is indicated, from which a person with normal visual acuity is able to recognize the symbol in this line. It is marked with the symbol "D = ...".

Visual acuity is determined at a distance of 5 meters separately for each eye.

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conclusions

In childhood, ophthalmic examinations should never be ignored, since it is at this age that serious eye diseases that over time can lead to a noticeable impairment of vision and even to blindness, which can severely impede normal development child. Now different eye tables have been created to test vision, which determine both the quality of peripheral vision, and acuity, and other indicators. Especially with the view that now is actively gaining momentum such a disease as hyperopia in children.