Cardiac insufficiency is a pathological condition manifested by disturbances in the pumping function of the heart.
The patient's cardiovascular system is not capable of providing blood circulation in accordance with the needs of the body.
There are acute and chronic forms of heart failure. Chronic heart failure( CHF) develops as a complication or a concomitant pathology in cardiovascular diseases.
General information
Sometimes manifestations of heart failure are the first signs of some cardiac diseases, particularly dilated cardiomyopathy.
Chronic heart failure can progress for years and decades, in the early stages of the disease does not practically bother the patient or is asymptomatic.
Causes of
Chronic heart failure is a consequence of the accumulation of pathophysiological changes in the myocardium after a cardiac disease or natural aging processes.
To chronic heart failure lead:
- Myocarditis .With inflammatory defeats of the cardiac muscle there are violations of conduction and contractility of the myocardium, which can lead to overstretch of the heart walls.
- Dilated cardiomyopathy .Pathological stretching of the walls of the heart without increasing the mass of the myocardium.
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .The pathological thickening of the walls of the heart is accompanied by a decrease in the volume of the ventricles. The volume of cardiac output decreases.
- Stenosis of the aortic aperture .When narrowing the aortic lumen, the vessel is not able to pass the entire volume of blood entering the ventricle. Stagnation of blood in the heart leads to mechanical stretching of the walls of the organ and weakening of the myocardium.
- Pericarditis .Inflammations of the pericardium complicate cardiac contractions and create a mechanical obstruction to the blood flow.
- Arterial hypertension .The increase in blood pressure is closely related to the increase in the volume of blood entering the chambers of the heart. Myocardium for a long time works with increased intensity, which leads to overstretching of the heart walls.
- Tachyarrhythmias of various types .With a pathologically accelerated heart rhythm, the chambers of the heart do not have time to fill up with blood in full. Myocardium works with high intensity and wears out more quickly.
- Heart valve system defects .They lead to stagnant phenomena and other violations of hemodynamics inside the heart. Over time, myocardium stretches and loses its ability to fully reduce.
- Iatrogenic lesions of the myocardium .The use of antitumor and antiarrhythmic drugs can lead to violations of myocardial contractility.
- Intoxications of , including alcohol and nicotine.
Among the possible causes of CHF are endocrine diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunction, hormone-reactive adrenal tumors.
Preconditions for circulatory failure occur against the backdrop of a lack of certain trace elements and vitamins. Background diseases for CHF can also be sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, HIV infection and renal failure in the final stage.
We offer you a video about the first symptoms of the disease:
Dependence on sex and age
Chronic heart failure in developed countries is found in 1-2% of the adult population. The risk of developing this pathology with age increases , among people over 70 this figure exceeds 10%.
Risk factors for the development of CHF
Among the risk factors for development of CHF, hypertension and lipid metabolism disorders are leading, which are the prerequisite for the formation of atherosclerotic plaques on the vessel walls. As a rule, in the patient's history there is no isolated effect of an individual factor. To overload of the myocardium lead :
- Arrhythmias;
- Psycho-emotional overload;
- Heavy physical labor;
- Diabetes mellitus;
- Alcohol and nicotine dependence;
- Cardiac blockade;
- Excess body weight;
- Bronchopulmonary chronic diseases;
- Renal failure.
People who lead a sedentary lifestyle are also at risk.
The first symptoms of
Slowly progressive heart failure may not disturb the patient for a long time, and its manifestations are perceived as usual fatigue or general malaise.
As the disease progresses, swelling spreads to the ankles, the shin. At this stage, the first manifestations of acrocyanosis - cyanosis of the peripheral parts of the body - are possible. First of all, the cyanosis becomes noticeable under the fingernails of the toes and hands, then gradually rises higher.
Patients are concerned about dry cough , with time, when coughing begins to separate a small amount of sputum.
A very characteristic symptom is difficulty in breathing when lying down. The patient is forced to sleep on a high cushion, as the disease progresses - semisidea( orthopnea).
Ideally, an routine checkup should be performed annually by the .The sooner problems are identified, the easier and more effective they are to treat. In practice, the patient comes to the doctor with severe symptoms.
Sufficiently valid argument in favor of examination is the manifestation of tachycardia and dyspnea under normal loads. The first symptoms of many diseases are nonspecific and very similar, so it's best to contact the therapist first. To clarify the diagnosis, the doctor will refer the patient to a cardiologist or other specialized specialists to exclude pathologies from other organs and systems.
Prevention and treatment of
Prevention measures CHF are divided into primary and secondary. To the primary include recommendations aimed at the overall improvement of the body and prevention of diseases that create prerequisites for the development of chronic heart failure. The complex of primary preventive measures includes :
- Balanced nutrition;
- Restriction of the use of alcoholic beverages, tobacco and other substances provoking myocardial overload;
- Normalization of the day;
- Normalization of physical activities;
- Stress Management;
- Timely detection and treatment of infectious and other diseases.
Secondary prophylaxis is aimed at slowing the progression of diagnosed chronic heart failure.
In the presence of chronic cardiac diseases , patients are assigned lifelong maintenance therapy under the supervision of .An obligatory condition - preventive examinations at the cardiologist not less often, than time in half a year. This is necessary for timely detection of possible progression of pathology and correction of treatment.
Next, watch a video about heart failure and treatment for this formidable disease:
