Ankylostomidosis and its symptoms

Ankylostomidosis refers to chronic diseases caused by the development of the forms of roundworms( helminths) in the human intestine. The peculiarity of pathology is the defeat of the small intestine and the development of iron deficiency anemia.

Epidemiologists believe that infection with these helminths reaches up to a fourth of the world's population. The highest incidence remains in countries with hot and humid climates( South America, Australia, Africa).Symptoms of ankylostomidosis can be detected in children and the elderly regardless of age.

Characteristics of causative agents of

Two types of worms are causative agents of ankylostomiasis:

• hookworms, respectively, human infection is called hookworm disease;
• nekatori - the disease is called nikatorosom.

They enter the class of nematodes, which include pinworms and ascarids. There are similarities in epidemiological features, but there are also differences. Ankylostomas and nekatory similar in structure. The causative agent of ankylostomiasis was described in 1843 by Dubini.

Represents a small pinkish round worm in the sizes 10-18 mm( females) and 8-11 mm( males).Nakator is slightly shorter( from 9 to 12 mm).Revealed in the middle of the twentieth century. On the head of helminths there are 6 teeth of chitinous tissue, which allow to densely adhere to the inner wall of the intestine.

Both types of helminths are secreted from the feces into the external environment by egg-coated eggs, from which larvae hatch in the soil. It takes several weeks to mature them. High humidity and heat promote development.

Adult individuals lay eggs in the intestine of

Pathogens should be distinguished from another common representative of nematodes - pinworm, which causes enterobiasis. Female pinworms lay eggs around the anus, and not in the intestines. And "ripening" occurs when ingested through the mouth in the large intestine.

How does the infection occur?

In the intestine of a sick person there is an adult form of nematodes and eggs. It is impossible to get directly from it, because the eggs must reach the stage of the larvae. This requires a suitable land and climatic conditions. Ankylostomiasis is also called geogelmintosis, emphasizing the role of the soil. Ankylostomids fall into the person's mouth with unwashed vegetables, fruits, berries, contaminated hands. This way of infection is called fecal-oral.

Nokator, except for a similar path, have the ability to penetrate the skin( percutaneous path).This happens when you are in contact with infected soil, walking barefoot. The larvae are introduced into the skin of the feet. Are able to move up the plants, then hit the person at the level of the shins. They do not protect stockings and socks.

Children are more likely to be infected in countries of the African continent, aborigines of Australia. In the group of adults, the most risky are workers of farms, horticultural facilities, summer residents. In areas with insufficiently hot climate, miners are directly affected, directly related to excavations.

The photos of the parasite clearly show bristly suckers in the region of the head end

Symptoms and manifestations

The incubation period is for ankylostomiasis up to two months. But in some people the disease manifests itself immediately after infection. The maximum lesion is observed in the area of ​​the small intestine, where helminths parasitize.

But non-carotenosis has the potential to cause a more severe form of the disease. When the nekatorov hit through the skin at the site of introduction, there is redness, swelling, itching, rash like hives. Local reaction takes place after 2 weeks.

Larvae with a blood flow are able from the intestine to reach the bronchopulmonary system, the vessels of the heart. The patient develops a cough with phlegm, possibly hemoptysis. The temperature rises to 40 degrees.

Severe intoxication:

• with headaches;
• by dizziness;
• with nausea;
• general weakness;
• increased irritability.

Ankylostomies immediately enter the intestine. Signs of damage are associated with digestive disorders. Patients have:

• nausea and vomiting;
• perverted taste( man eats clay);
• abdominal pain of a different nature, reflecting the inflammatory response of the stomach, intestines and pancreas;
• stool disorder( diarrhea or constipation).

In contrast to hookworm disease in another helminthiasis caused by ascarid nematodes, activation of genital function in women has been established. A study of Bolivia's aborigines has shown that women with ascarids have an increased ability to become pregnant and bear a child. This is explained by the activation of helminths in the human immune system.

Indigenous tribes in Bolivia identified an indirect mechanism of influence on the processes of conception

Consequences of intestinal and extraintestinal forms:

• , adherent helminths cause ulceration of intestinal walls with vascular damage, bleeding;
• prolonged hemorrhage is accompanied by the formation of hypochromic iron deficiency anemia;
• for diseased young children may affect the nervous system with a delay in mental and physical development;
• patients lose weight due to poor eating habits;
• introduction of nekatorov in lung tissue, bronchi, pharynx causes signs of inflammation in the type of pneumonia, bronchitis, chronic tonsillitis.

Distinctive features of other nematodes

In differential diagnosis, the physician must consult with epidemiologists and consider the possibility of infection with other species of nematodes. This is the class of round worms of human parasites( and not only).

The shape of the section of the body in them represents a circle, unlike flat organisms. In the structure distinguish the system of digestion, excretion, reproduction( under a microscope you can distinguish males from females, but there are also individuals-hermaphrodites).

There are rudiments of nerve fibers. But this class of parasites does not have respiratory and circulatory organs. Any representatives of nematodes undergo the same stages of development and ripening: the egg - the active larva - the adult helminth. On average, they live 3.5 months, then they are replaced by young worms.

Enterobiosis

Pinworm infection occurs when eggs are transported from the anus surface to toys, household items, bedding. The causative agent is not characterized by the conditions of existence, it is sufficiently stable in the external environment. Often affects children's groups. The larvae concentrate in the large intestine.

In the clinic pay attention:

• the child's complaints about itching around the anus, especially at night;
• possible painful itching in the genitals, perineum;
• irritability, tearfulness;
• traces of scratching on the skin around the anus, scratches with inflammation;
• pains in the itching areas are amplified in the sitting position;
• is often heard rumbling in the abdomen;
• possible vomiting, refusal to eat;
• there are bouts of intestinal colic;
• stool is unstable, alternating constipation and diarrhea.

Helminthiasis is the cause of pain along the bowels and disturbed sleep in the baby

Infections of weakened children show syncope and paroxysmal convulsions. Older children develop bedwetting. The proximity of the focus of inflammation to the caecum is explained by the possibility of pinworm penetration into the appendix and call of a typical attack of appendicitis.

Askaridoz

The disease is caused by ascarids, which parasitize, as well as pathogens of ankylostomiasis in the small intestine. They differ in length( up to 30 cm).Infection - through dirty hands, unwashed vegetables. Just like ankylostomidosis, the disease belongs to the group of geogelmintoses, because it is also associated with infection through the soil.

The life cycle of ascarids begins with the ingress of the egg form through the mouth into the intestine. Here the larvae hatch, penetrate into the bloodstream and the lymphatic system. They are recorded in the right heart, lung tissue, liver. Return way to get into the bronchi, pharynx. Repeated ingestion of the larvae occurs. The entire cycle lasts up to three months.

The clinical picture is characterized by differences depending on the phase of the disease. When migrating the larvae - there are symptoms of allergy and intoxication:

• skin itching;
• rash;
• cough;
• a slight increase in temperature.

At this time, pronounced eosinophilia appears in the blood. The attachment of ascaris in the intestine can be judged by the attachment:

• of nausea;
• decreased appetite;
• abdominal pain along the bowel;
• drooling;
• sleepiness;
• anal itching.

Creeping of ascarids into biliary and pancreatic courses gives symptoms of mechanical jaundice, liver abscess, purulent cholangitis and acute pancreatitis. In severe cases, the onset of asphyxiation may occur, caused by the parasite overlapping the airways.

In the treatment, the following drugs are considered to be the most effective:

• Albendazole,
• Mebendazole,
• Levamisole,
• Tribendimidine,
• Nitazoxanide.

An effective "helper" in the treatment of

How is the diagnosis made?

For the diagnosis of intestinal lesion, it is necessary to detect eggs of hookworms or helminths in the patient's feces. Confirm the presence of nematodes in the body can be using serological reactions based on the detection of antibodies to pathogens in the serum.

In the general analysis of blood, there are signs of severe allergy and anemia:

• drop in red blood cells and hemoglobin;
• growth of ESR;
• reduced color index;
• drop in iron level;
• the number of eosinophils in the leukocyte formula reaches 60%.

The response to latent blood may be positive. In the biochemical analysis of blood, attention is drawn to the reduction of protein components. Inflammation of the respiratory system is diagnosed by a typical X-ray. In the analysis of sputum: blood, leukocytes, bronchial epithelium.

Treatment of ankylostomiasis

In the treatment of the disease, the main role belongs to anthelmintic drugs. They are appointed by the doctor depending on the age of the patient. The dosage is determined by the weight of the patient. Most often used:

• Pirantel;
• Naftamon;
• Vermox;
• Timol,
• Combatin,
• Levomizol.

For extraintestinal forms, the use of Ditrazine Citrate, Ivermeka is recommended.

Levamisole in human therapy is used in the form of tablets, the solution is administered for the treatment of animals

. Glistamine preparations in most cases only affect adult worm parasites. Their eggs and larvae in the intestine remain untouched. Therefore, the course is repeated after 2 weeks, when new young forms are formed in the intestine. This also prevents repeated self-infection.

The length of the course depends on the severity of the disease. A month after the clinical cure, a control study of the feces is performed. After a short course( three days), helminths in the feces disappear in 80% of patients.

To exclude the side effect of drugs on the human body, laxatives are included in the treatment regimen, which increase the excretion of killed and weakened parasites through the intestine.

The use of anthelmintic agents is contraindicated if the patient has simultaneously detected:

• acute intestinal infection;
• any viral and bacterial infectious diseases;
• exacerbation of chronic diseases.

The categorical prohibition applies to lactating women. In pregnancy, only the drug Piperazine with cleansing of the intestine is allowed. To eliminate the disorders caused by pathogens necessary in the treatment may be:

• of red blood cell transfusion;
• course of intramuscular injection of iron preparations;
• complex vitamins.

In the recovery period, drugs with enzyme action and probiotics are shown to activate the intestinal flora. Treatment is carried out in the infectious disease room of the polyclinic. The standards of prescribed therapy schemes are consistent with international recommendations.

Anthelminthic medicines in folk medicine are replaced by herbal remedies based on garlic, pumpkin seeds, fern extract, onion infusion.

They are now considered to be weakly effective. To spend time on reception at presence of specific preparations it is not necessary.

Worms-hookworms also affect the intestines in cats, so pets should be treated by a veterinarian

Prevention of

To prevent infection with ankylostomidosis, it is necessary: ​​

• to teach the population of contaminated territories of sanitary literacy;
• compliance with the rules of hand washing with soap;
• change panties and bed linen more often;
• regularly process vegetables and fruits before eating;
• long enough to comply with the mode of cooking products;
• practice wearing protective footwear;
• use of special clothes for work in mines;
• regularly treat toilets with disinfectants.

There are two opposing opinions about the prophylactic intake of antihelminthic drugs:

• alone consider it useless, because intestinal infection is possible immediately after the abolition of tablets or a few days later;
• others - insist on the protection of the intestines by at least the intake of plant folk remedies when there is a need for agricultural work, contact with the land, before traveling to southern countries, the stay of a child in a children's camp.

The detection and elimination of ankylostomiasis and intestinal lesions is necessary because of the dangerous consequences of the disease. The allergic mood of the body in a child can cause at an older age many systemic diseases that are difficult to treat.

Suppression of immunity causes frequent infections, unexpected reactions in response to the slightest damage. By the way, many preparations from worms in the intestine have an immunomodulatory effect and are assigned to activate the body's defense.