Herniated abdomen

Hernia abdomen - migration of internal organs under the skin or inOther parts of the abdominal cavity as a result of a defect in the muscular layer. Hernias are formed at the weakest points of the abdominal wall. In the absence of complications, protrusion is painless and easy to recover, in contrast to a complicated hernia. Treatment of pathology is possible only surgically.

What is the abdominal hernia

Hernia abdomen is the bulging of organs located in the abdominal cavity, through the front wall of the abdomen. In some cases, there is a movement of organs and intestinal loops into the lumen of the mesentery or diaphragm. Pathology is most often detected in men. This is approximately 80% of all cases. The remaining 20% ​​fall on women and children.

Classification

The classification of abdominal hernia is based on several signs - anatomical, etiological and clinical.

Location of

The following types of hernias are distinguished: external - the hernial sac extends beyond the anterior abdominal wall, internal - the organs move into the lumen of the mesentery or diaphragm, i.e., do not extend beyond the abdominal cavity.

Localization of

There are such types of formations as:

• inguinal;
• umbilical;
• are umbilical;
• postoperative( typical for women);
• epigastric hernia( zone of location - midline of peritoneum);
• ventral - located in the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall);
• femoral.

Volume of a hernial sac

For a complete hernia, a hernial sac with all contents outside the anterior abdominal wall is typical. With an incomplete hernia, the hernial sac leaves only beyond the abdominal cavity.

The choice of tactics for getting rid of a problem depends on the kind of hernia

Causes of the development of

The reasons for the formation of a hernia are quite a lot. But the main ones are as follows: weakening of the muscular corset of the walls of the abdominal cavity, defects in the walls of the abdomen, caused by trauma or surgical intervention. To the factors capable of provoking hernial protrusions, include:

• age flabbiness of tissues;
• predisposition at the genetic level;
• abrupt weight loss on a background of illness or overly strict diet;
• presence of extra pounds - all stages of obesity;
• overgrowth of the walls of the peritoneum during gestation;
• difficult delivery;
• prolonged cough;
• frequent constipation;
• playing on wind instruments.

Provoking factors are any conditions, accompanied by a sharp increase in intra-abdominal pressure. Therefore, the cause can be hard physical work or training in power sports. Sometimes pathology develops for no reason.

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of a hernia formed on the abdomen are quite specific, which allows you to quickly recognize the condition. This protrusion of the hernial sac - formation can reach considerable dimensions and tenderness. Pain may appear early in the development of pathology. Increase during movement, as well as against the background of deep breaths, coughing. If the primary symptomatology of a hernia of the abdomen is standard, then such species as inguinal and perineal have characteristic features.

The perineal abdominal hernia in women is accompanied by a feeling of pressure, severity and general discomfort in the rectum, micturition, skin defects in the area of ​​hernial protrusion, tenderness when trying to sit, obstruction of the intestine.

The formation of inguinal hernia in men is indicated by the following symptoms: the appearance of a round tumor in the scrotal area or inside it, soreness, a feeling of strong pressure in the area of ​​the hernial sac, sharp, gradually intensifying pain.

These signs allow us to differentiate the problem of

. Depending on the area of ​​localization of the abdominal hernia, there are specific signs. The clinical picture depends on which of the organs of the abdominal cavity has filled the hernial sac.

• Intestinal loops. The condition is accompanied by the symptoms of intestinal obstruction. There are constipation, attacks of nausea, pain of an acute nature. The body temperature rises.
• Bladder. It is characterized by problems with urination.
• Herniation of the white line of the abdomen. It appears as a protrusion of the anterior abdominal wall during stress, pain in the epigastric region.
• Navel. Signs of umbilical hernia become attacks of nausea, tenderness during the probing of the hernial sac.
• Pah. The hernia of this region is characterized by growing pain in the inguinal zone and in the lower abdomen.
• Femoral hernia. A typical sign of pathology is the intensification of pain in the lower abdomen, when a person tries to fully straighten. Do not rule out problems with urination.

Features of pathology in childhood

Typical signs of the condition in children are soreness, discomfort, visible protrusion, decreasing in the supine position. Symptoms that indicate the formation of a hernia are: soreness in the area of ​​protrusion, digestive problems - attacks of nausea, resulting in vomiting, stiffening of the stool, impaired urination if the bladder is in the hernial sac.

After the diagnosis, the child is recommended surgery. The operation is performed under general anesthesia. Hernoplasty is performed either with the use of the patient's own tissues, or a special mesh is used.

Diagnostic tests

Inguinal, femoral and umbilical hernia refers to easily recognizable hernial tumors. But the perineal, ischial and formation in the area of ​​the occlusion aperture require more precise studies.

A typical sign of a hernia becomes a "cough push".During coughing, education reacts to it with a palpable thrust, which is well felt by the palm applied to the tumor. Supplementing the diagnosis of the possibility of finger examination of the hernia gates.

The following methods are used to confirm the hernia of the white line of the abdomen:

• X-ray of the stomach and duodenum;
• gastroscopy;
• X-ray with contrast medium;
• Ultrasound education.

Treatment of

Treatment of abdominal hernia in adults in most cases is performed surgically. Wearing a band is considered a palliative way. It is practiced in case of impossibility of performance of operation on age or other indications.

As a rule, uncomplicated hernias are operated on schedule. Previously, the patient undergoes a full examination in an outpatient mode.

The herniation technique is selected individually in each case. The choice depends on many factors, in particular, the form of a hernia, pathogenesis, the condition of the abdominal wall and the volume of the hernial sac. As a preparation for operating a ventral hernia, the patient is tightly bandaged for 2 weeks, which is a prevention of a sharp increase in intra-abdominal pressure.

Restricted hernia requires urgent hospitalization of the patient. Hernia must be removed during an emergency operation. The early postoperative period - the first two days - involves compliance with bed rest. In addition, the patient is recommended diet, but it does not provide for serious restrictions. From the diet, products that stimulate increased gas production and are capable of causing constipation are excluded.

Conservative methodologies

Conservative treatment regimens are practiced when surgery is not possible, particularly in pregnant women. The patient is assigned to perform a special gymnastic complex and therapeutic massage sessions, use a bandage, observe the principles of dietary nutrition, and take medication.

Treatment of abdominal hernia in children

Most often, newborns have an umbilical hernia. Its average size is 3-4 cm. The infringement of education is extremely rare. In this area, there are no muscles, capable of hampering the hernial sac during the reduction.

Treatment of a hernia in newborn babies depends on the volume of education. Surgery is recommended in exceptional cases

To strengthen the muscular corset of the child, the baby should be spread as often as possible on the abdomen and daily perform gymnastics. If the recommendations for the third-fifth year of the child's life are observed, the hernia will pass independently. If the hernial sac has not disappeared by the year 6, the child will be recommended surgical treatment. Removal of hernial education in children is carried out at the age of 5-6 years. This is the optimal period.

There are a number of symptoms that can not be avoided in the course of development. This:

• bloating, accompanied by an increase in the volume of the hernial sac and a change in its color;
• bouts of bloody vomiting;
• constipation, the presence of blood in the stool;
• inability to direct protrusion;
• strong pains - they will be indicated by the crying of the child;
• increase in the size of the hernial sac;
• increased sensitivity of the navel, puffiness.

Folk remedies

Treatment without surgery with the help of folk methods is practiced if surgery is impossible. It is important to understand that this format of therapy is a temporary measure that helps to alleviate the current symptoms. You can do compresses.

Chop oak bark( 1 tsp) pour boiling water( 200 ml) and cook in a water bath for 10 minutes. In the ready-made broth you need to wet a soft cloth, wring out excess fluid and apply to the surface of the formation. Change the compress every 3 hours.

Slightly discard the fresh cabbage leaf and spread it with thick sour cream. To put on a hernia, fix and leave for the whole night. Duration of the course is a full calendar month. Bark of larch( 5 tablespoons) brew with boiling water( 1 liter) in a thermos bottle and leave overnight. In warm infusions moisten the fabric, apply it to the surface of the formation and cover with a film. From above heat a kerchief and leave for the whole night. The compress is used twice a day until the pain is completely eliminated.

You can prepare funds for oral administration. Add cupen( 2 tbsp.) With milk( 500 ml).Cook after boiling on minimum heat for 7 minutes.1 hour and filter. Drink 2 tablespoons four times a day. Clover( 1 tbsp.) Pour boiling water( 250 ml).Insist 1 hour and strain. Take 1/3 of the glass before eating.

Probable complications of

Complications are formed in case of late treatment to the medical staff for help.

• Obturation intestinal obstruction. It develops due to the squeezing or bending of the loop of the gastrointestinal tract( calic infringement).
• Strangulation obstruction of the intestine. It is accompanied by dying and rupture of the bowel, caused by squeezing the vessels of the mesentery and subsequent violation of blood flow in the strangulated part of the intestine( elastic infringement).
• Isolated necrosis. The condition is characteristic of the hernia of Richter.

A number of complications require urgent surgical intervention

Prevention of

Prophylaxis of congenital hernia is impossible, but it is possible to reduce the probability of developing a pathological condition. Recommendations will be as follows:

• Refusal from bad habits. Especially it concerns smoking. Since the accompanying almost constant cough causes a strong strain of the muscular layer of the anterior abdominal wall.
• Timely elimination of intestinal pathologies.
• Rational nutrition. The menu should contain a lot of products rich in vegetable fiber.
• Failure or restriction of physically hard work.
• Fighting overweight.

Prevention is also becoming physical education, aimed at strengthening the muscular corset of the peritoneum. Neonates are not recommended to swaddle too tightly to avoid forming a hernia.

Forecast

Prognosis for uncomplicated abdominal hernia is quite favorable. A timely surgical treatment allows a person to return to the usual way of life in the shortest possible time. Repeated formation of the condition occurs in no more than 3-5% of all cases.

In the photo you can see what the abdominal hernia looks like

. The outcome of the infringement depends on two factors: the state of the organs in the hernial sac, the time of the operation. If a person delays with the receipt of surgical help, even after a successful operation, a lethal outcome is possible. Hernia is a serious pathology that can cause serious complications. That's why when you have the first signs you need to get a qualified medical consultation.